Papers by Isoken Igbinosa
Tropical Animal Health and Production, Oct 28, 2014
Salmonella spp. infections are considered as the most common food-borne disease globally. The con... more Salmonella spp. infections are considered as the most common food-borne disease globally. The contamination of food products with Salmonella has given rise to severe health and economic challenges. This study assessed the prevalence of Salmonella in the faeces of cows and goats in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, their antibiotic resistance patterns as well as antibiotic-resistant gene determinant. Antibiotic disc was used for antibiogram profiles while polymerase chain reaction was employed for the detection of antibiotic-resistant genes. A total of 150 Salmonella were isolated from the faecal samples. Eighty two (55%) isolates were recovered from cow faeces while 68 (45%) were isolated from goat faeces. All Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%) while 95% were sensitive to ofloxacin. Also, a high sensitivity of 93 and 89% was observed against nalidixic acid and ofloxacin, respectively. Salmonella isolates demonstrated moderate sensitivity against cephalothin (70%), chloramphenicol (75%) and minocycline (68%) while 49% were resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin. The prevalence of the antibiotic-resistant genes in Salmonella isolates were detected as follows: integron conserved segment 28% (42/150), bla TEM gene 19.3% (29/150), blapse₁ 7.3% (11/150) and blaampC 4.7% (7/150). The results obtained in the study imply that cow and goat faeces could be potential reservoirs of Salmonella and could possibly cause infections as a result of contamination of food products. There is a need for a surveillance system to track resistance patterns of Salmonella circulating in South Africa.
African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, Apr 8, 2021
Background: Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless commensals, but some serotypes can cause s... more Background: Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless commensals, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are infrequently responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The present study was carried out to determine the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and other E. coli strains from raw and fermented (nono) milk in Benin City, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 66 (33 raw and 33 nono) milk samples were obtained from retailers from 3 different stations in Aduwawa market, Benin City, Nigeria between January and June, 2017. Samples were analysed by cultural methods for faecal coliforms using M-Fc agar, E. coli using Chromocult coliform agar, and E. coli O157:H7 using sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite. Presumptive E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using specific primers. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of confirmed isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with zones of inhibition interpreted according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data were analysed using the SPSS version 21.0. Results: From the 66 nono and raw milk samples assessed in this study, all (100%) were phenotypically positive for E. coli O157:H7. A total of 19 E. coli O157:H7 and 41 other strains of E. coli were confirmed by PCR. The resistance profile of the 19 E. coli O157:H7 isolates showed 100% (19/19) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 94.7% (18/19) to chloramphenicol; 89.5% (17/19) to erythromycin; and 78.9% (15/19) to sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline, while the sensitivity profile showed that 100% (19/19) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and ofloxacin. The resistance profile of other 41 E. coli isolates showed 100% (41/41) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 97.6% (40/41) to chloramphenicol; and 92.7% (38/41) to erythromycin, while 97.6% (40/41) were sensitive to gentamicin and kanamycin. Ten E. coli O157:H7 isolates (52.6%) showed extensive drug resistance pattern to 11 antibiotics in 7 antimicrobial classes with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.46. Conclusion: Findings from the present study clearly indicated that the safety and quality of fresh and fermented milk were not satisfactory and could be of public health concern.
Background: Poisoning is a common medico-social problem globally that results in significant morb... more Background: Poisoning is a common medico-social problem globally that results in significant morbidity and mortality. The extent of the problem differs among age groups, social-economic classes, and country to country. However, there is a dearth of information on the pattern of poisoning in adolescents in Nigeria. Objective: The study aims to assess the poisoning pattern among adolescent patients admitted into Tertiary Care Hospitals in Nigeria. Methods: In this study, a critical, constructive analysis of relevant literature on the subject areas of poisoning cases in tertiary care hospitals in Nigeria was carried out. Published cases between the periods of 2000 and 2019 were analysed. Results: The study showed that 24 patients made up of 13 females and 11 males were involved in poisoning cases during the studied period (2000–2019). About 85% of the patients were aged 10–15 years, while 12.5% were aged 16–30 years. Most of the poisoning cases (83%) occurred at home. Accidental cases were 29.16%, while 70.8% of the cases were intentional. Among the 17 intentional cases, 28.6% were ingested for the hallucinating effect and 17.6%) were suicidal cases. The agents used for poisoning included organophosphates, plant extracts, alcohol, drugs, food, kerosene and herbal mixture, among others. Some reasons for poisoning or suicidal intent observed in the study include peer influence, edgy relationships in the family system, disagreement with parents, failure in examination, and clashes with the boyfriend. Conclusion: There is a need for the government to establish poisoning control centres in each region of the country for proper profiling of the poisoning epidemic. Furthermore, parents and guardians are strongly advised to closely observe their teenage children and educate them about the dangers of any poisoning. Also, schools should provide friendly and accommodating environments to minimize and possibly eliminate suicidal intentions in youths and adolescents.
Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie, Nov 1, 2022
In this study, we examined the antimicrobial susceptibility of 16 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates... more In this study, we examined the antimicrobial susceptibility of 16 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates obtained from horses, and applied several genetic methods, namely polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting class 1 integrons, multiplex PCR for detecting multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (MR-DT104), and fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP). Seven isolates with an ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline (ACSSuT) type resistance pattern, harbored two class 1 integrons with sizes of 1.2 and 1.0 kb, and were identified as DT104 by bacteriophage typing. These isolates also showed a typical MR-DT104 amplification pattern, which was positive for flo st , spvC, invA and int, in multiplex PCR. In the FAFLP analysis, the equine DT104 isolates and the previously reported ACSSuT-type resistant bovine isolates, which were also isolated in Hokkaido were included in the same genetic cluster. Our results retrospectively indicate that MR-DT104 infection has existed in horses in Japan at least since 1996, and it was suggested that there is a highly epidemiological relationship between the equine MR-DT104 isolates and certain multidrug resistant bovine isolates in the same area.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, Feb 8, 2018
This study was carried out to assess the microbial, physicochemical and heavy metal characteristi... more This study was carried out to assess the microbial, physicochemical and heavy metal characteristics of soil samples from five different waste collection sites within the University of Benin, Benin City and evaluated using standard analytical and classical microbiological methods. The heavy metal concentration includes Zn (4.45±0.00-5.76±0.02 mg g −l); Cd (1.59±0.00-2.54±0.00 mg g −l); and Fe (1.02±0.02-1.07±0.00 mg g −l). The physicochemical properties include pH (4.91±0.01-5.82±0.04); TOC (6.49±0.01-7.65±0.02 %); NO2 − (29.32±0.07-32.81±0.11 mg g −l); and SO4 2− (47.30±0.12-63.25±0.04 mg g −l). The mean of culturable heterotrophic and coliform bacteria ranged from 4.03×10 7 ± 0.35-4.51×10 8 ± 0.12 CFU/g and 1.02×10 4 ± 0.12-3.10×10 5 ± 0.02 CFU/g respectively. At p-value < 0.01 level EC significantly correlates total heterotrophic bacteria (r= 0.971); coliform bacteria significantly correlate NO3 − (r= 0.989); while clay significantly but negatively correlates coliform bacteria (r=-0.989). Some of the bacteria isolated and identified from the waste collection sites include Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas putida, and Bacillus macerans. Findings from this study reveal that the municipal solid waste on the collection sites has impacts on the indicator variables of the resident soil as well as serving as breeding sites for pathogenic organisms.
Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie, Jun 1, 2023
Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, Mar 12, 2020
Cassava peels are waste generated from cassava processing and are mostly disposed of in Nigeria b... more Cassava peels are waste generated from cassava processing and are mostly disposed of in Nigeria by dumping indiscriminately in landfills/waste dumps where they remain as huge mounds and constitute nuisance to the environment. This study was carried out using cassava peels as substrate for the production of α-amylase from three fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum) selected from twelve microbial isolates obtained from biodegrading cassava peels. The fungi were isolated using cassava peel agar medium and the α-amylase was produced by the solid state fermentation process. The αamylase was assayed by measuring the decrease in staining power of starch with iodine reagent at 620nm and purified by using Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex C-50. The αamylase was characterized by examining the effect of temperature, stability at 70 o C, pH, substrate concentration, metal ions and EDTA. The results show that the purification fold and specific activity were 95.727, 1.053 Units/mg protein; 81.830, 0.982 Units/mg protein and 85.784, 0.686 Units/mg protein for A. flavus, A. niger and P. expansum respectively. The optimum temperature and pH were 45 o C and 4.5 respectively. It was observed that the αamylase still retained some activity after heating at 70 o C for 35 min. The α-amylase activity increased with increase in substrate concentration and metal ion concentration (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+) but decreased with increase in heavy metal ion concentration (Hg 2+ and Pb 2+) and EDTA.
The Scientific World Journal, 2012
This study assessed the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas species isolated from Alice ... more This study assessed the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas species isolated from Alice and Fort Beaufort wastewater treatment plant in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed for the detection of antibiotics resistance genes. Variable susceptibilities were observed against ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, minocycline, among others. Aeromonas isolates from both locations were 100% resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, and vancomycin. Higher phenotypic resistance was observed in isolates from Fort Beaufort compared to isolates from Alice. Class A pse1 β-lactamase was detected in 20.8% of the isolates with a lower detection rate of 8.3% for bla TEM gene. Class 1 integron was present in 20.8% of Aeromonas isolates while class 2 integron and TetC gene were not detected in any isolate. The antibiotic resistance phenotypes observed in the isolates and the presence of β-lactamases genes detected in some isolates are of clinical and public health concern as this has consequences for antimicrobial chemotherapy of infections associated with Aeromonas species. This study further supports wastewater as potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance determinants in the environment.
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Nov 1, 2014
Poultry meat and its products are widely consumed by humans globally, however, Aeromonas infectio... more Poultry meat and its products are widely consumed by humans globally, however, Aeromonas infections in poultry have been reported in different parts of the world with devastating effects. This study was carried out to assess the antibiogram and biofilm forming potential of Aeromonas isolated from chicken fecal samples. Aeromonas isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility using antibiotics disk and biofilm producing potentials on abiotic surfaces. Nineteen isolates recovered from chicken feces were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and the tetracyclines. About 53% of Aeromonas isolates were resistant to erythromycin and 47% resistant to streptomycin. Eight isolates (42.1%) were found to be moderate producers of biofilm, 31.6% (6/19) were weak producers of biofilm, 10.5% (2/19) were non biofilm producers while 15.8% (3/19) were strong producers. The present investigation shows a prevalence of potentially pathogenic Aeromonas strains in chicken feces, suggesting potential group at risk for Aeromonas infection which could be dissemination to other animals or humans with close contact and the wider community.
Journal of Basic Microbiology, Jan 15, 2013
The detection of genes responsible for Aeromonas virulence is a vital tool in establishing the po... more The detection of genes responsible for Aeromonas virulence is a vital tool in establishing the potential pathogenicity of the bacteria, as these virulence genes may act alone or in synergy in the establishment of infections. Freshwater and wastewater mixed liquor samples were collected from Kat river and Fort Beaufort wastewater treatment plant in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Polymerase chain reaction was utilized for the amplification of the different genes coding for virulence. All virulence associated genes screened (alt, lip, fla, aer, ast, hlyA) were detected in at least one Aeromonas isolates. In fresh water sample, virulence genes were distributed as follows: lip (67%), aer (43%), alt (33%), fla (62%), ast (10%), and hlyA (86%), while in wastewater samples the occurrence were as follows: lip (92%), aer (21%), alt (54%), fla (83%), ast (29%), and hlyA (88%). The presence of these virulence genes in environmental Aeromonas isolates is of concern to public health as these organisms are potential pathogens in the environment and the virulence determinants could be transferred to aquatic organisms and humans by one mechanism or the other.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Jul 23, 2012
Pseudomonas species are opportunistic pathogens with implications in a wide range of diseases inc... more Pseudomonas species are opportunistic pathogens with implications in a wide range of diseases including cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia. Because of their status as multidrug resistant (MDR) and extremely drug resistant (XDR) bacteria Pseudomonas species represent a threat to public health. Prevalence, antibiogram and associated antibiotic resistant genes of Pseudomonas species isolated from freshwater and mixed liquor environments in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa were assessed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based technique was used to identify the isolates and screen for antibiotic resistant genes. The result shows occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. in freshwater and mixed liquor as follows: 71.42% and 37.5% (P. putida), 14.28% and 31.25% (P. flourescens), 7.14% and 6.25% (P. aeruginosa) and 7.14% and 25% for other Pseudomonas species respectively. Disk diffusion antibiogram of the Pseudomonas isolates from the two locations showed 100% resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, clindamycin, rifampicin and 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin with varied percentage resistances to cephalothin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and ampicillin. The bla TEM antibiotic resistant gene was detected in 12.5% of P. putida, 57.14% of P. fluorescens, 100% P. aeruginosa and 40% in other Pseudomonas species. Similarly, OPEN ACCESS Integrons conserved segment were detected in 12.5% of P. putida, 57.14% of P. fluorescens, 100% of P. aeruginosa and 40% of other Pseudomonas species. The presence of bla TEM gene and integrons conserved segment in some of the isolates is worrisome and suggest Pseudomonas species as important reservoirs of multidrug resistance genes in the Eastern Cape Province environment.
PLOS ONE, Mar 10, 2023
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern, especially the extendedspectrum ... more Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern, especially the extendedspectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli bacteria are emerging as a global human health hazard. This study characterized extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) isolates from farm sources and open markets in Edo State, Nigeria. A total of 254 samples were obtained in Edo State and included representatives from agricultural farms (soil, manure, irrigation water) and vegetables from open markets, which included ready-to-eat (RTE) salads and vegetables which could potentially be consumed uncooked. Samples were culturally tested for the ESBL phenotype using ESBL selective media, and isolates were further identified and characterized via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for β-lactamase and other antibiotic resistance determinants. ESBL E. coli strains isolated from agricultural farms included 68% (17/25) from the soil, 84% (21/25) from manure and 28% (7/25) from irrigation water and 24.4% (19/78) from vegetables. ESBL E. coli were also isolated from RTE salads at 20% (12/60) and vegetables obtained from vendors and open markets at 36.6% (15/41). A total of 64 E. coli isolates were identified using PCR. Upon further characterization, 85.9% (55/64) of the isolates were resistant to � 3 and � 7 antimicrobial classes, which allows for characterizing these as being multidrug-resistant. The MDR isolates from this study harboured �1 and �5 AMR determinants. The MDR isolates also harboured �1 and �3 beta-lactamase genes. Findings from this study showed that fresh vegetables and salads could be contaminated with ESBL-E. coli, particularly fresh produce from farms that use untreated water for irrigation. Appropriate measures, including improving irrigation water quality and agricultural practices, need to be implemented, and global regulatory guiding principles are crucial to ensure public health and consumer safety.
Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Jun 30, 2018
The Scientific World Journal, 2012
Aeromonas species are ubiquitous bacteria in terrestrial and aquatic milieus. They are becoming r... more Aeromonas species are ubiquitous bacteria in terrestrial and aquatic milieus. They are becoming renowned as enteric pathogens of serious public health concern as they acquire a number of virulence determinants that are linked with human diseases, such as gastroenteritis, soft-tissue, muscle infections, septicemia, and skin diseases. Proper sanitary procedures are essential in the prevention of the spread of Aeromonas infections. Oral fluid electrolyte substitution is employed in the prevention of dehydration, and broad-spectrum antibiotics are used in severe Aeromonas outbreaks. This review presents an overview of emerging Aeromonas infections and proposes the need for actions necessary for establishing adequate prevention measures against the infections.
Global challenges, Jul 17, 2017
or international guidelines exist regarding routine analysis and monitoring of rainwater, althoug... more or international guidelines exist regarding routine analysis and monitoring of rainwater, although potential users should understand the possible threats and hazards associated with harvested rainwater. In a few cases, local authorities have formulated guidelines for the use of harvested rainwater. In Austin, Texas, for example, the Texas Water Development Board collaborated with other investors in 2005 to produce a Rainwater Harvesting Manual that has been recently published as the third edition. This manual aims to instruct the populace on the potential use and application of harvested rainwater. [7] Poor sanitation and inadequate water supplies impact the socioeconomic status of individuals and communities. [8-10] Several countries around the world rely on harvested rainwater as a vital means of potable water, particularly in rural areas. [11] The specific health hazards linked to the use of untreated rainwater have yet to be identified. Regulations for the use of rainwater in developing countries, such as in Africa, have yet to be specified. [12] To be used as an alternative source of water to help mitigate water crises, harvested rainwater must be quantitatively and qualitatively screened. [13] The quality of harvested rainwater, however, is dependent on several variables or factors, such as atmospheric conditions, the proximity of pollution sources, the maintenance quality of water reservoirs, the type of catchment area and the structure of the storage system. [12] In addition, increased warnings about the composition of chemical constituents in potable water, especially metals and metalloids, are needed. [14] In developed countries, there is evidence of harmful concentrations of certain chemical constituents in water, [15,16] giving rise to controversial definitions of maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) figures for some elements of ground water, surface water, and spring water, resulting in biological and chemical research and governmental debates in many countries [17] due to their health implications. The availability of potable water has been a major challenge in most rural and urban areas of Nigeria, a phenomenon related to poverty. Similar scenarios are evident in many other developing areas around the globe. [18] This has resulted in an overreliance on untreated supplemental sources for domestic and drinking water, such as manmade wells, rivers, and harvested This study is conducted to assess the quality of harvested rainwater. Rooftop rainwater samples are collected between April and September 2015 from Ugbihioko village near Benin City, Nigeria. Heavy metal concentration and physicochemical quality are determined with the use of standard analytical techniques for water quality, and the results are compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) acceptable limits for drinking water. Of the different water quality parameters, the results show that temperature is within WHO drinking water standards for all locations, but pH, turbidity, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate concentrations vary considerably and do not meet the standards for all locations. Regarding the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC), electrical conductivity is well below the MAC for all cases; the heavy metals copper and iron are above the MAC for all cases; the light metals sodium and potassium are below the MAC for all cases. Lead is above the MAC for all locations, except for in one location; and selenium varied, with some sites having selenium concentrations above the MAC. The results from this study show that public health education or advising is vital for mitigating the possible risks that can be linked to the use of harvested rainwater without treatment. Rainwater
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus causes staphylococcal food poisoning and several difficult-to-t... more IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus causes staphylococcal food poisoning and several difficult-to-treat infections. The occurrence and dissemination of methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) in Nigeria is crucial and well documented in hospitals. However, findings on MRSA from meat in the country are yet to be adequately reported. The current study determined the prevalence, virulence profile and antibiogram characteristics of MRSA from a raw chicken product from retail outlets within Edo.MethodsA total of 368 poultry meat samples were assessed for MRSA using a standard culture-based approach and characterized further using a molecular method. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. The biofilm profile of the isolates was assayed via the crystal violet microtitre-plate method. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were screened using polymerase chain reaction via specific primers.ResultsOf the samples tested, 110...
PLOS ONE
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern, especially the extended-spectrum... more Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern, especially the extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli bacteria are emerging as a global human health hazard. This study characterized extended-spectrum β-lactamase Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) isolates from farm sources and open markets in Edo State, Nigeria. A total of 254 samples were obtained in Edo State and included representatives from agricultural farms (soil, manure, irrigation water) and vegetables from open markets, which included ready-to-eat (RTE) salads and vegetables which could potentially be consumed uncooked. Samples were culturally tested for the ESBL phenotype using ESBL selective media, and isolates were further identified and characterized via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for β-lactamase and other antibiotic resistance determinants. ESBL E. coli strains isolated from agricultural farms included 68% (17/25) from the soil, 84% (21/25) from manure and 28% (7/25) from irr...
PLOS ONE
Salmonella is responsible for some foodborne disease cases worldwide. It is mainly transmitted to... more Salmonella is responsible for some foodborne disease cases worldwide. It is mainly transmitted to humans through foods of animal origin through the consumption of poultry products. The increased international trade and the ease of transboundary movement could propel outbreaks of local origin to translate into severe global threats. The present study aimed to characterize Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry farms in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. A total of 150 samples (faecal, water and feed) were collected from ten poultry farms between January and August 2020 and analyzed for Salmonella characterization using standard bacteriological and molecular methods. Salmonella serovars identified include: Salmonella Enteritidis [n = 17 (39.5%)], Salmonella Typhimurium [n = 13 (30.2%)] and other Salmonella serovars [n = 13 (30.2%)]. All Salmonella serovars were cefotaxime and ampicillin resistant. The presence of the invA gene ranged from 9(69.2%) to 15(88.2%). The spvC gene ranged fro...
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2015
The aim of the study was to isolate Salmonella from fresh cabbage and spinach vegetables, determi... more The aim of the study was to isolate Salmonella from fresh cabbage and spinach vegetables, determine antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of the isolates. Spinach and cabbage farm vegetables were found to harbour Salmonella. A total of eighty-two Salmonella isolates were recovered from both vegetables and subjected to antimicrobial reactions. Salmonella isolate showed sensitivity against the aminoglycoside and quinolones. Isolates from cabbage showed ≥ 80% susceptibility to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin and an average of 72% susceptibility was exhibited against gentamicin and ofloxacin. Also, isolates from spinach vegetable demonstrated excellent sensitivity against chloramphenicol (94%), nalidixic acid (90%) and ofloxacin (82%). Variable resistant patterns was observed for tetracycline (58%: 47%), ampicillin (55.5%: 31.4%), erythromycin (58.1%: 62.7%), streptomycin (64.5%: 76.5%), cephalothin (35.5%: 39.2%) against isolates from cabbage and spinach respectively. The assessment of biofilm formation by Salmonella on microtitre plate showed that all Salmonella isolates were able to form biofilms. Isolates from cabbage were mainly strong producer 15(48.3%), while 11(35.5%) of the isolates were moderate producers and 6(16.1%) weak producer. On the other hand, 28(54.9%) of Salmonella isolates from spinach vegetable were moderate producer, 12(23.5%) weak producer and 11(21.5%) strong producer. The finding of this study shows that cabbage and spinach is potential host for the transmission of Salmonella to humans or other animals. The ability of the isolates to form biofilm reveals the potential of the isolates to persist on the vegetable and the pathogenic status of the isolates as well as ability to resist antimicrobial chemotherapy. © JASEM
University of Lagos Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, Feb 21, 2021
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Papers by Isoken Igbinosa
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in food-animal environments poses a potential public health concern. Staphylococcal is an important opportunistic pathogen both in humans and in dairy cattle. It can be transferred between animals and humans either by direct contact or the food chain. In the present study, the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci was recovered from dairy cattle in a rural community Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.
Methods & Materials
A total of 283 samples from cattle (137 milk samples and 146 nasal swabs) were assessed between February and April 2015. Phenotypic reactions were conducted using Modified Hodge Test (MHT), and Double Disk Synergistic Test (DDST). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to CLSI standard. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were employed for the detection of 16S rRNA, mecA, nuc and PVL genes.
Result
The Staphylococcal was identified through partial 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNA) nucleotide sequencing and BLAST analysis of the gene sequence showed the staphylococcal to have 98% - 100% similarity to Staphylococcus aureus (30), S. epidermidis (17), S. haemolyticus (15), S. saprophyticus (13), S. chromogenes (8), S. simulans (7), S. intermedius (6) and S. xylosus (4). MHT showed 90% and 96% of the isolates from nasal and raw milk respectively, revealed carbapernemase. Also, 4% of the isolates from the nasal cavity and 8% of the isolates from raw milk were positive to DDST, thus revealing metallo-β-lactamases production. Resistance of 100% was observed in all Staphylococcus spp., against MET, PEN, CLN, CHL and SXT. Multidrug resistant (MDR) from nasal cavity and raw milk reveals 13 isolates were MDR against METR, PENR, AMXR, CLNR, CHLR, SXTR CLXR, KANR, ERYR, and VANR. Of all isolates, 100% harboured the mecA gene, 46% of the isolates nuc gene while 30% of the isolates possess the PVL gene. All S. aureus harboured the PVL gene while other Staphylococcus spp., were negative to the PVL gene. S. aureus were 90% positive to the nuc gene.
Conclusion
The presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolates in dairy cattle is a potential public health risk and thus findings in this study can be used as a baseline for further surveillance.