Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2017
Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative ... more Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative organizational outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which increased perceptions of workplace bullying were associated with stronger expressions of (subclinical) psychopathic traits and weakened ethical decision making. Data were collected from national and regional samples of selling and business professions using a self-report questionnaire that contained relevant measures and an ethics scenario, and structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the proposed relationships. Findings indicated that perceived workplace bullying operated through psychopathy to influence the recognition of an ethical issue (or full mediation). The implications of these findings are discussed, along with the study's limitations and suggestions for future research.
Journal of medical Internet research, Jun 22, 2016
Some evidence suggests parents are drawn to media-based interventions over face-to-face intervent... more Some evidence suggests parents are drawn to media-based interventions over face-to-face interventions, but little is known about the factors associated with parents' use of Internet-based or Internet-enhanced programs, especially among military families. Research is needed to understand characteristics of parents who may be most likely to use online components or attend face-to-face meetings in order to ensure maximum engagement. In this study, we examined characteristics that predict various patterns of Internet use and face-to-face attendance in a parenting program designed for military families. An ecological framework guided analysis of differences in patterns of Internet-based use and face-to-face attendance by parents' demographic characteristics (gender, education, employment, and child age), incentives offered, and number of months the parent was deployed. We reported differences in the total number of online components completed over the 14 modules, total number of ...
Introduction: Information technology holds promise for the dissemination of empirically based par... more Introduction: Information technology holds promise for the dissemination of empirically based parenting interventions. Little is known, however, about which parents are most likely to be the consumers of such tools. This research is guided by the stages of change model which suggests that participants who are motivated to change take action and are reinforced by positive experiences. Utilizing data collected as part of an ongoing randomized controlled trial targeting military families who have experienced deployment (N=250), the current study seeks to examine the use of online supplements in After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools/ADAPT, a parenting intervention for military parents. We hypothesized that parents’ demographic characteristics, pre-intervention attitudes towards parent training, and attendance at face-to-face sessions would differentiate between parents who used online tools and those who did not. Methods: Descriptive analyses were conducted for participants assigne...
The utility of mindfulness techniques to regulate emotions and enhance distress tolerance is an a... more The utility of mindfulness techniques to regulate emotions and enhance distress tolerance is an area of expanding research interest. Decentering, a mindfulness mechanism believed to exert therapeutic influence, is the realization that thoughts, feelings, and reactions are transitory patterns of mental activity. Existing research indicates that decentering may occur through brief mindfulness interventions. Most studies concerning brief mindfulness induce a state of mindfulness prior to a task to examine its influence on dependent variables, such as cognitive or emotional outcomes after mindfulness. This study is novel and fills a gap in the literature regarding the utility of inducing state mindfulness both before and after a distressing task for producing state mindfulness, subjective distress, positive affect, and negative affect. Undergraduate student participants were randomly assigned either to a control group or one of three intervention groups: (1) preventive mindfulness befor...
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent... more The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent. Grit involves maintaining effort and interest in the pursuit of long-term goals, despite adversity, stagnation, or failure. Entrepreneurial intentions are a well-established indicator that represents an individual's conscious determination to start a new business. Secondary variables included the personality traits measured in the Big Five model (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Survey data were collected from over 500 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university in the United States. The results confirmed that there was a strong positive association between grit and entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, independent samples t-tests revealed that high grit students showed greater entrepreneurial intent than low grit students. The data also indicated that grit fully mediated the predictive effect of conscientious and neuroticism on entrepreneurial intent. Overall, a better understanding of the influence of grit on entrepreneurial intent, given the presence of various diverse personality constellations, may help inform educators in preparing and delivering course content. The influence of grit may reduce the failure rate of new and young businesses launched by college-educated entrepreneurs.
Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative ... more Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative work outcomes in organizations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the degree to ...
Benedictine organizations operate in a variety of industries and are found worldwide. A uniting f... more Benedictine organizations operate in a variety of industries and are found worldwide. A uniting feature of Benedictine monasteries is the Rule of Saint Benedict, which provides the guidance and inspiration for the lives of the monks and nuns. This ancient text provides multiple life, business, and entrepreneurial lessons. Characterized by approximately 1,500 year histories, the Benedictines demonstrate remarkable longevity, utilizing entrepreneurial practices rooted in a strong ethical framework. We establish how the Benedictines function as families and propose that Benedictine communities, their history, and long-term entrepreneurial activities may be considered as a form of family entrepreneurship. Further, we explore how the functioning of the Benedictine family influences their family business endeavors and derive important lessons that we can learn from the Benedictines. This research contributes in several important ways as we offer a novel perspective of family entrepreneurship in the monastic con...
In April 2005, representatives of the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, led by the Energy ... more In April 2005, representatives of the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, led by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota, held two focus groups in Williston, North Dakota. A total of sixteen people participated; seven on April 20 and nine on April 21. The purpose of the focus group research was to gain insight into the public perception of carbon sequestration from two groups representative of citizens in the north-central Williston basin, an area with potential for both geological and terrestrial sequestration projects. Focus group participants were shown a 30-minute informational video developed by the PCOR Partnership and entitled “Nature in the Balance – CO2 Sequestration,” introducing participants to the greenhouse effect, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and terrestrial and geologic sequestration. These concepts were discussed in the context of activities in the PCOR Partnership region. Prior to the focus group sessions, participant...
Our work is motivated by the empirical finding that Benefit Corporations (B Corps) that pursue ce... more Our work is motivated by the empirical finding that Benefit Corporations (B Corps) that pursue certification experience a short-term slow down in financial performance. To shed light on this findin...
ABSTRACT We developed a conceptual model that links central constructs of family functioning to H... more ABSTRACT We developed a conceptual model that links central constructs of family functioning to HR flexibility and subsequent HR outcomes in family businesses. We proposed that family functioning was associated with two fundamental leadership decisions (i.e. family-business integration and family involvement) in family businesses. We posited that family business leaders have immense discretion to make these critical decisions that establish the degree to which the family firms would exhibit HR flexibility. We distinguished the three dimensions of HR flexibility – skill, behavioral, and HR practices flexibility and proposed that skill and behavioral HR flexibility generally lead to positive HR outcomes whereas the effects of HR practice flexibility on HR outcomes would be moderated by whether the employee is a family or non-family employee.
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent... more The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent. Grit involves maintaining effort and interest in the pursuit of long-term goals, despite adversity, stagnation, or failure. Entrepreneurial intentions are a well-established indicator that represents an individual's conscious determination to start a new business. Secondary variables included the personality traits measured in the Big Five model (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Survey data were collected from over 500 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university in the United States. The results confirmed that there was a strong positive association between grit and entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, independent samples t-tests revealed that high grit students showed greater entrepreneurial intent than low grit students. The data also indicated that grit fully mediated the predictive effect of conscientious and neuroticism on entrepreneurial intent. Overall, a better understanding of the influence of grit on entrepreneurial intent, given the presence of various diverse personality constellations, may help inform educators in preparing and delivering course content. The influence of grit may reduce the failure rate of new and young businesses launched by college-educated entrepreneurs.
Abstract The study purpose is to empirically demonstrate a theoretically grounded method for eluc... more Abstract The study purpose is to empirically demonstrate a theoretically grounded method for elucidating the underlying family relational processes that lead to resiliency that sustains an entrepreneurial culture across generations. The study is grounded in Sustainable Family Business and Contextual Family Therapy theories. Data were multi-informant (parents, adult child) and multi-method (videotaped business decision team interviews with verifying individual member interviews) allowing for coding of both verbal content and affect within interactions. Relational ethics, fairness, and justice in family relationships were used to interpret observable family behaviors indicative of underlying family resilience processes. The state of the family ledger, an overall accounting of the balance of give and take in family relationships over time, was assessed to better understand family resiliency (a capacity from which to draw to facilitate adaptation to change or adversity) and ultimately transgenerational transfer of entrepreneurial culture. Results indicate that entrepreneurial culture is influenced by relational ethics and the family ledger and may be altered across generations. Specifically, a more balanced ledger representing a higher degree of resiliency (a protective factor) opens the door to access and use of other family capital (financial, human, other social capital) that feeds and sustains an entrepreneurial culture across generations.
Workplace incivility is a current challenge in organizations, including smaller firms, as is the ... more Workplace incivility is a current challenge in organizations, including smaller firms, as is the development of programs that enhance employees' treatment of coworkers and ethical decision making. Ethics programs in particular might attenuate tendencies toward interpersonal misconduct, which can harm ethical reasoning. Consequently, this study evaluated the relationships among the presence of ethics codes and employees' locus of control, social aversion/malevolence, and ethical judgments of incivility using information secured from a sample of businesspersons employed in smaller organizations (N = 189). Results indicated that ethics code presence was associated with a more internal locus of control and stronger ethical judgment of workplace incivility. Social aversion/malevolence was negatively related to ethical judgment, and internal locus of control was positively related to ethical judgment. Smaller firms should develop ethics codes to manage individuals' perceptions of control, thus encouraging enhanced ethical reasoning in situations that involve the mistreatment of coworkers; they should also monitor counterproductive tendencies that harm such reasoning and precipitate incivility.
Military deployment of a parent is a risk factor for children's internalizing and externalizi... more Military deployment of a parent is a risk factor for children's internalizing and externalizing problems. This risk may be heightened in National Guard and Reserve (NG/R) families who tend to be isolated from other NG/R families and do not benefit from the centralized support system available to active duty families living on military bases. Isolation and trauma-related disorders may complicate the adjustment of military families during reintegration. An evidence-based parent training intervention was modified to meet the unique needs of recently deployed NG/R parents and their spouses, and the modified program was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. The current study examines engagement and satisfaction with the program. Modifications such as employment of military-connected facilitators sought to maximize engagement in and satisfaction with the program. Engagement and satisfaction were examined between mothers and fathers, as well as between groups led by a military-co...
The importance of trust in numerous dyadic relationships (e.g., romantic relationships, coworkers... more The importance of trust in numerous dyadic relationships (e.g., romantic relationships, coworkers) is well documented, yet trust within the context of entrepreneurship-specifically, enabling the emergence of new ventures-is largely unexplored. In particular, we know very little about how entrepreneurs use trust to establish each of the unique strategic alliances they must form with stakeholders to enable a new venture to enter the market. We present a theory-based approach, developed from existing literature on trust, to specify multiple stakeholder-oriented insights related to trust that may facilitate new venture creation. In sum, during venture initiation, stakeholders require entrepreneurs to convey nuanced interpersonal messages to develop, initially, dimensions of trustability, benevolence, and integrityto effectively build these relationships that enable successful new firm emergence.
We applied a new approach to the study of entrepreneurial networking groups-a social network pers... more We applied a new approach to the study of entrepreneurial networking groups-a social network perspective merged with team-member exchange (TMX) theory. This enabled us to take a unique look at how the quantity and the quality of entrepreneurs' social network ties impact networking performance. Entrepreneurs (N = 302) in formal networking groups provided data about the quantity of their social ties (i.e., weekly interactions with group members), the quality of those relationships (i.e., team-member exchange), the actual number of members to whom they gave referrals, as well as from whom they received referrals. Our novel approach revealed a direct relationship between tie quantity and the two networking performance outcomes, while we observed no direct relationship between tie quality and the same outcomes. However, affective organizational commitment mediates this latter relationship between tie quality and networking performance. And, interestingly, we find that it is the quality of ties that more strongly predicts the mediator of affective commitment, not the quantity of ties. We discuss the theory-based as well as practical implications of our work and describe areas for future research based on these findings.
Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2017
Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative ... more Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative organizational outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which increased perceptions of workplace bullying were associated with stronger expressions of (subclinical) psychopathic traits and weakened ethical decision making. Data were collected from national and regional samples of selling and business professions using a self-report questionnaire that contained relevant measures and an ethics scenario, and structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the proposed relationships. Findings indicated that perceived workplace bullying operated through psychopathy to influence the recognition of an ethical issue (or full mediation). The implications of these findings are discussed, along with the study's limitations and suggestions for future research.
Journal of medical Internet research, Jun 22, 2016
Some evidence suggests parents are drawn to media-based interventions over face-to-face intervent... more Some evidence suggests parents are drawn to media-based interventions over face-to-face interventions, but little is known about the factors associated with parents' use of Internet-based or Internet-enhanced programs, especially among military families. Research is needed to understand characteristics of parents who may be most likely to use online components or attend face-to-face meetings in order to ensure maximum engagement. In this study, we examined characteristics that predict various patterns of Internet use and face-to-face attendance in a parenting program designed for military families. An ecological framework guided analysis of differences in patterns of Internet-based use and face-to-face attendance by parents' demographic characteristics (gender, education, employment, and child age), incentives offered, and number of months the parent was deployed. We reported differences in the total number of online components completed over the 14 modules, total number of ...
Introduction: Information technology holds promise for the dissemination of empirically based par... more Introduction: Information technology holds promise for the dissemination of empirically based parenting interventions. Little is known, however, about which parents are most likely to be the consumers of such tools. This research is guided by the stages of change model which suggests that participants who are motivated to change take action and are reinforced by positive experiences. Utilizing data collected as part of an ongoing randomized controlled trial targeting military families who have experienced deployment (N=250), the current study seeks to examine the use of online supplements in After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools/ADAPT, a parenting intervention for military parents. We hypothesized that parents’ demographic characteristics, pre-intervention attitudes towards parent training, and attendance at face-to-face sessions would differentiate between parents who used online tools and those who did not. Methods: Descriptive analyses were conducted for participants assigne...
The utility of mindfulness techniques to regulate emotions and enhance distress tolerance is an a... more The utility of mindfulness techniques to regulate emotions and enhance distress tolerance is an area of expanding research interest. Decentering, a mindfulness mechanism believed to exert therapeutic influence, is the realization that thoughts, feelings, and reactions are transitory patterns of mental activity. Existing research indicates that decentering may occur through brief mindfulness interventions. Most studies concerning brief mindfulness induce a state of mindfulness prior to a task to examine its influence on dependent variables, such as cognitive or emotional outcomes after mindfulness. This study is novel and fills a gap in the literature regarding the utility of inducing state mindfulness both before and after a distressing task for producing state mindfulness, subjective distress, positive affect, and negative affect. Undergraduate student participants were randomly assigned either to a control group or one of three intervention groups: (1) preventive mindfulness befor...
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent... more The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent. Grit involves maintaining effort and interest in the pursuit of long-term goals, despite adversity, stagnation, or failure. Entrepreneurial intentions are a well-established indicator that represents an individual's conscious determination to start a new business. Secondary variables included the personality traits measured in the Big Five model (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Survey data were collected from over 500 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university in the United States. The results confirmed that there was a strong positive association between grit and entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, independent samples t-tests revealed that high grit students showed greater entrepreneurial intent than low grit students. The data also indicated that grit fully mediated the predictive effect of conscientious and neuroticism on entrepreneurial intent. Overall, a better understanding of the influence of grit on entrepreneurial intent, given the presence of various diverse personality constellations, may help inform educators in preparing and delivering course content. The influence of grit may reduce the failure rate of new and young businesses launched by college-educated entrepreneurs.
Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative ... more Workplace bullying can potentially spiral into numerous counterproductive behaviors and negative work outcomes in organizations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the degree to ...
Benedictine organizations operate in a variety of industries and are found worldwide. A uniting f... more Benedictine organizations operate in a variety of industries and are found worldwide. A uniting feature of Benedictine monasteries is the Rule of Saint Benedict, which provides the guidance and inspiration for the lives of the monks and nuns. This ancient text provides multiple life, business, and entrepreneurial lessons. Characterized by approximately 1,500 year histories, the Benedictines demonstrate remarkable longevity, utilizing entrepreneurial practices rooted in a strong ethical framework. We establish how the Benedictines function as families and propose that Benedictine communities, their history, and long-term entrepreneurial activities may be considered as a form of family entrepreneurship. Further, we explore how the functioning of the Benedictine family influences their family business endeavors and derive important lessons that we can learn from the Benedictines. This research contributes in several important ways as we offer a novel perspective of family entrepreneurship in the monastic con...
In April 2005, representatives of the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, led by the Energy ... more In April 2005, representatives of the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, led by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota, held two focus groups in Williston, North Dakota. A total of sixteen people participated; seven on April 20 and nine on April 21. The purpose of the focus group research was to gain insight into the public perception of carbon sequestration from two groups representative of citizens in the north-central Williston basin, an area with potential for both geological and terrestrial sequestration projects. Focus group participants were shown a 30-minute informational video developed by the PCOR Partnership and entitled “Nature in the Balance – CO2 Sequestration,” introducing participants to the greenhouse effect, anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and terrestrial and geologic sequestration. These concepts were discussed in the context of activities in the PCOR Partnership region. Prior to the focus group sessions, participant...
Our work is motivated by the empirical finding that Benefit Corporations (B Corps) that pursue ce... more Our work is motivated by the empirical finding that Benefit Corporations (B Corps) that pursue certification experience a short-term slow down in financial performance. To shed light on this findin...
ABSTRACT We developed a conceptual model that links central constructs of family functioning to H... more ABSTRACT We developed a conceptual model that links central constructs of family functioning to HR flexibility and subsequent HR outcomes in family businesses. We proposed that family functioning was associated with two fundamental leadership decisions (i.e. family-business integration and family involvement) in family businesses. We posited that family business leaders have immense discretion to make these critical decisions that establish the degree to which the family firms would exhibit HR flexibility. We distinguished the three dimensions of HR flexibility – skill, behavioral, and HR practices flexibility and proposed that skill and behavioral HR flexibility generally lead to positive HR outcomes whereas the effects of HR practice flexibility on HR outcomes would be moderated by whether the employee is a family or non-family employee.
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent... more The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between grit and entrepreneurial intent. Grit involves maintaining effort and interest in the pursuit of long-term goals, despite adversity, stagnation, or failure. Entrepreneurial intentions are a well-established indicator that represents an individual's conscious determination to start a new business. Secondary variables included the personality traits measured in the Big Five model (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism). Survey data were collected from over 500 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university in the United States. The results confirmed that there was a strong positive association between grit and entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, independent samples t-tests revealed that high grit students showed greater entrepreneurial intent than low grit students. The data also indicated that grit fully mediated the predictive effect of conscientious and neuroticism on entrepreneurial intent. Overall, a better understanding of the influence of grit on entrepreneurial intent, given the presence of various diverse personality constellations, may help inform educators in preparing and delivering course content. The influence of grit may reduce the failure rate of new and young businesses launched by college-educated entrepreneurs.
Abstract The study purpose is to empirically demonstrate a theoretically grounded method for eluc... more Abstract The study purpose is to empirically demonstrate a theoretically grounded method for elucidating the underlying family relational processes that lead to resiliency that sustains an entrepreneurial culture across generations. The study is grounded in Sustainable Family Business and Contextual Family Therapy theories. Data were multi-informant (parents, adult child) and multi-method (videotaped business decision team interviews with verifying individual member interviews) allowing for coding of both verbal content and affect within interactions. Relational ethics, fairness, and justice in family relationships were used to interpret observable family behaviors indicative of underlying family resilience processes. The state of the family ledger, an overall accounting of the balance of give and take in family relationships over time, was assessed to better understand family resiliency (a capacity from which to draw to facilitate adaptation to change or adversity) and ultimately transgenerational transfer of entrepreneurial culture. Results indicate that entrepreneurial culture is influenced by relational ethics and the family ledger and may be altered across generations. Specifically, a more balanced ledger representing a higher degree of resiliency (a protective factor) opens the door to access and use of other family capital (financial, human, other social capital) that feeds and sustains an entrepreneurial culture across generations.
Workplace incivility is a current challenge in organizations, including smaller firms, as is the ... more Workplace incivility is a current challenge in organizations, including smaller firms, as is the development of programs that enhance employees' treatment of coworkers and ethical decision making. Ethics programs in particular might attenuate tendencies toward interpersonal misconduct, which can harm ethical reasoning. Consequently, this study evaluated the relationships among the presence of ethics codes and employees' locus of control, social aversion/malevolence, and ethical judgments of incivility using information secured from a sample of businesspersons employed in smaller organizations (N = 189). Results indicated that ethics code presence was associated with a more internal locus of control and stronger ethical judgment of workplace incivility. Social aversion/malevolence was negatively related to ethical judgment, and internal locus of control was positively related to ethical judgment. Smaller firms should develop ethics codes to manage individuals' perceptions of control, thus encouraging enhanced ethical reasoning in situations that involve the mistreatment of coworkers; they should also monitor counterproductive tendencies that harm such reasoning and precipitate incivility.
Military deployment of a parent is a risk factor for children's internalizing and externalizi... more Military deployment of a parent is a risk factor for children's internalizing and externalizing problems. This risk may be heightened in National Guard and Reserve (NG/R) families who tend to be isolated from other NG/R families and do not benefit from the centralized support system available to active duty families living on military bases. Isolation and trauma-related disorders may complicate the adjustment of military families during reintegration. An evidence-based parent training intervention was modified to meet the unique needs of recently deployed NG/R parents and their spouses, and the modified program was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. The current study examines engagement and satisfaction with the program. Modifications such as employment of military-connected facilitators sought to maximize engagement in and satisfaction with the program. Engagement and satisfaction were examined between mothers and fathers, as well as between groups led by a military-co...
The importance of trust in numerous dyadic relationships (e.g., romantic relationships, coworkers... more The importance of trust in numerous dyadic relationships (e.g., romantic relationships, coworkers) is well documented, yet trust within the context of entrepreneurship-specifically, enabling the emergence of new ventures-is largely unexplored. In particular, we know very little about how entrepreneurs use trust to establish each of the unique strategic alliances they must form with stakeholders to enable a new venture to enter the market. We present a theory-based approach, developed from existing literature on trust, to specify multiple stakeholder-oriented insights related to trust that may facilitate new venture creation. In sum, during venture initiation, stakeholders require entrepreneurs to convey nuanced interpersonal messages to develop, initially, dimensions of trustability, benevolence, and integrityto effectively build these relationships that enable successful new firm emergence.
We applied a new approach to the study of entrepreneurial networking groups-a social network pers... more We applied a new approach to the study of entrepreneurial networking groups-a social network perspective merged with team-member exchange (TMX) theory. This enabled us to take a unique look at how the quantity and the quality of entrepreneurs' social network ties impact networking performance. Entrepreneurs (N = 302) in formal networking groups provided data about the quantity of their social ties (i.e., weekly interactions with group members), the quality of those relationships (i.e., team-member exchange), the actual number of members to whom they gave referrals, as well as from whom they received referrals. Our novel approach revealed a direct relationship between tie quantity and the two networking performance outcomes, while we observed no direct relationship between tie quality and the same outcomes. However, affective organizational commitment mediates this latter relationship between tie quality and networking performance. And, interestingly, we find that it is the quality of ties that more strongly predicts the mediator of affective commitment, not the quantity of ties. We discuss the theory-based as well as practical implications of our work and describe areas for future research based on these findings.
Uploads
Papers by Sheila Hanson