Odontología

Introduction: head circumference is an indicator of health and global cranial growth in early childhood, so it must be monitored. Usually, the WHO reference patterns use the Box Cox Power exponential model and the LMS method to model the behavior of head circumference growth. These methods are limited because they compare each individual against the median of a population, which prevents characterizing individual growth, while mixed-effect longitudinal models allow assessing individual growth patterns and controlling variability among subjects. The objective of this study was to use mixed-effect longitudinal models to characterize growth patterns based on head circumference in children 0 to 3 years of age. Methods: being a prospective longitudinal study, the criteria for children eligibility considered inclusion and exclusion factors (WHO); 265 Colombian children (116 girls, 149 boys) living in Bogotá were distributed in 3 groups: G1: (0-12], G2: (12-24], G3: (24-36] months. They we...

3165000 ext 11615. RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue describir características de restos óseos craneales prehispánicos colombianos. Se utilizaron 40 restos óseos, entre mandíbulas, maxilares y cráneos completos o incompletos, a todos se les tomó radiografía panorámica maxilar; de ellos 17 fueron de Tunja, 12 de Sogamoso y 11 de Soacha. A 22 de los 40 se les tomó radiografía de perfil y posteroanterior, de ellos 9 eran de Tunja; 6 de Sogamoso y 7 de Soacha. Se determinó la edad cronológica por medio de la edad de maduración dental, método de Moorrees. Se agruparon en tres grupos etáreos (4 a 7, 8 a 10 y 11 a 19 años). Se determinó longitud base craneal anterior y posterior, longitud y relación del maxilar y mandíbula con base craneal, y los dos maxilares entre sí, y, posición y angulación de incisivos. Estas medidas fueron comparadas entre las muestras de Soacha, Tunja y Sogamoso, con los promedios de un referente. Se reportan aspectos patológicos visibles radiográficamente a nivel...

Locating the number and position of orifices on pulp-chamber floors can be difficult. This is especially true when the tooth being treated is heavily restored, malposed, or calcified. After evaluating 500 pulp chambers of extracted teeth, new laws for finding pulp chambers and root-canal orifices are proposed. The use of these laws can aid in the determination of the pulp-chamber position and the exact location and number of root canals in any individual tooth. Endodontic therapy is essentially a surgical procedure, a micro-neurologic surgical procedure. Because the fundamental foundation on which all surgical procedures are performed is an intimate knowledge of anatomy, any attempt to perform endodontic therapy must be preceded with a thorough understanding of the anatomy of both the pulp chamber and the root-canal system. Attempting to treat the root-canal system without detailed anatomic description would be the equivalent of a physician looking for an appendix without ever having read Gray's Anatomy. Literature describing pulp-chamber anatomy in the past has been very general and offered little specificity for determining orifice number and location. Discussions, in print and in the classroom, typically present generalizations about the average number of canals in different teeth. However, the average number of canals in a tooth is of no value when dealing with an individual tooth. Likewise, the description of the location of canal orifices has often been presented in a nonsystematic manner. Essentially, most advice has been to make an access in an appropriate position in the clinical crown and look for the orifices in the hope that they are seen. If they are not easily seen, there is little guidance for safely locating them without the danger of excessive tooth destruction or even perforation. As any experienced operator knows, looking for root-canal orifices in teeth that are heavily restored, cariously broken down, or gouged by previous accessing is very difficult. In these cases, normal anatomy is often severely distorted and the advice given in articles and textbooks is of little value We felt, after accessing thousands of teeth in our practices, that there are consistent, identifiable, anatomic configurations of the pulp chamber and the pulp-chamber floor. This study was under-taken to observe the anatomy of the pulp chamber and the pulp-chamber floor and to see if specific, consistent landmarks or configurations exist and are quantifiable. If these landmarks exist, then the task of locating orifices can be made more systematic and, therefore, with greater certainty. This could aid in a rational approach to root-canal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 500 extracted, permanent, human teeth were used. The teeth were equally distributed between maxillary and mandibular anteriors, premolars, and molars. The teeth had a wide variety of crown conditions: virgin crowns, small restorations, large restorations , metal and porcelain crowns, and caries. A total of 400 teeth had their crowns cut off horizontally at the level of the CEJ so that the outline of the pulp chamber relative to the external surface of the tooth could be observed. Fifty teeth were sectioned in a buc-colingual direction through the crown and the roots. Fifty teeth were sectioned in a mesiodistal direction through the crown and the roots. Each cut section was irrigated with water, dried, and examined. Two observers examined each specimen independently and recorded all observed anatomical relationships. These relationships included orifice location, size, color, and shape. These observations were then correlated and any consistent patterns were listed. Lines were drawn on horizontal sections to observe the relationships more easily. RESULTS Two categories of anatomic patterns were observed: relationships of the pulp chamber to the clinical crown and relationships of orifices on the pulp-chamber floor.

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that involves abnormal haemoglobin formation. The two main categories of thalassemia are alpha and beta thalassemia that are then divided into further subcategories. While some mild forms of thalassemia might even go unnoticed and only cause mild anaemia and iron deficiency problems in patients, other more severe forms of thalassemia can even result in death. Individuals with thalassemia can get treatment according to the level of severity of their condition. The main oral manifestations of thalassemia are Class II malocclusion, maxillary protrusion, high caries index, severe gingivitis. Any dental surgical procedure for such patients should be done under antibiotic cover and immediately after transfusion. Caution should be exercised in thalassemia patients due to complications related to compromised immunity and cardiovascular issues. Multidisciplinary approach involving dental surgeon, haematologist and orthodontist is the best advised approach.