Papers by Michael Milburn
Journal of Social Issues, 1983
One of the most dramatic political developments in most Western countries over the last few years... more One of the most dramatic political developments in most Western countries over the last few years has been the startling rise in response to the threat of nuclear war. At the time of this writing, a nuclear freeze resolution is being debated in the U.S. Congress, the Greens Party has just taken its first seats in the West German Bundestag on the strength of a platform opposed to the proliferation of nuclear weapons, the British Labour Party has taken a strong position against the Conservative Party's willingness to base additional nuclear weapons on British soil, and the Scandinavian countries are embroiled in a fierce controversy over the creation of a Nordic Nuclear Weapons-free Zone. Partially causing those efforts, and partially in response, the supporters of expanded nuclear arsenals are engaged in an aggressive campaign in all countries to ensure that their positions are also considered. For social scientists, these developments present both challenges and opportunities. The challenges are to explain both why the sudden interest in a topic that has been off the front pages for nearly two decades, and why, given that their interest has been aroused, different individuals assume particular positions on the question. Theories that cannot account for important phenomena such as these would seem to be
Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2021
Background: Cannabis legalization is expanding, but there are no established methods for detectin... more Background: Cannabis legalization is expanding, but there are no established methods for detecting cannabis impairment. Aim: Characterize the acute impairing effects of oral and vaporized cannabis using various performance tests. Methods: Participants ( N = 20, 10 men/10 women) who were infrequent cannabis users ingested cannabis brownies (0, 10, and 25 mg Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC) and inhaled vaporized cannabis (0, 5, and 20 mg THC) in six double-blind outpatient sessions. Cognitive/psychomotor impairment was assessed with a battery of computerized tasks sensitive to cannabis effects, a novel test (the DRiving Under the Influence of Drugs, DRUID®), and field sobriety tests. Blood THC concentrations and subjective drug effects were evaluated. Results: Low oral/vaporized doses did not impair cognitive/psychomotor performance relative to placebo but produced positive subjective effects. High oral/vaporized doses impaired cognitive/psychomotor performance and increased positive an...
Journal of Community Psychology, 2009
A collaborative school‐based intervention aimed at modifying relationships among administrators a... more A collaborative school‐based intervention aimed at modifying relationships among administrators and teachers was implemented in three middle and junior high schools. Across the intervention schools, teachers were active collaborators in identifying problems and then articulating and implementing customized interventions to redress those problems. Analyses of both teacher (N=180) and student (N=2,631) data provide support for positive outcomes. Teachers' perceptions of school climate improved, and longitudinal models suggested that these improvements mediated the impact of treatment on teacher reports of affiliation and academic focus. In addition, the treatment had a positive impact on teachers' perceptions of principal support, which led to improvements in teacher attitudes. Furthermore, students in the intervention schools reported improvements in school climate relative to students in the comparison schools. Taken together, these results suggest that a strategy of encoura...
Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2020
Background: Recently increased access to cannabis products in the United States has been associat... more Background: Recently increased access to cannabis products in the United States has been associated with increased rates of driving after cannabis use. Although numerous studies indicate that cannabis impairs psychomotor and neurocognitive functions that can affect driving ability, the determination of cannabis-impaired driving risk is complicated by the extent to which frequent cannabis users develop tolerance to THC's subjective, cognitive, and psychomotor effects, and by the fact that there is no validated behavioral or biological marker of recent cannabis use or cannabis-related impairment. This study examined the psychomotor impairment-related effects experienced by frequent cannabis users in Colorado after naturalistic consumption of smoked cannabis, both immediately and 1 h postuse. Results were then validated in a smaller replication sample from Washington state. Methods: In the primary Colorado study, participants (n = 70) used the DRUID Ò mobile app, a brief measure of psychomotor and cognitive domains that are sensitive to the effects of cannabis. First, participants used DRUID to establish a sober baseline impairment score. During a second appointment, they used DRUID at three time points: preuse, immediately after acutely using cannabis, and 1 h postuse. In the Washington replication sample, participants (n = 39) used DRUID before acute cannabis consumption and then every half hour for 2.5 h. Results: In both studies, peak DRUID impairment effects were seen immediately after cannabis use, with recovery of performance at 1 h postuse. Specifically, significant quadratic effects of time emerged for both studies (Colorado study: (b = À0.935, SE = 0.204, p < 0.001); Washington study: b = 3.0299, SE = 1.3085, p < 0.01). Domain-specific effects were tested in the larger Colorado study and were observed for reaction time within a complex divided attention task and a postural-stability balance task. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that psychomotor impairment emerges immediately after acute cannabis use even in regular users, but decreases significantly 1 h postuse. These results underscore the potential utility of the DRUID app for assessing acute cannabis-related psychomotor impairment. Further research is needed to explore whether the DRUID app and/or the specific psychomotor functions it assesses might serve as a tool for measuring cannabis-related driving impairment. Clinical trials registration number for the Colorado Study: NCT03522103.
Youth & Society, 2009
Many studies have pointed to a troubling phenomenon known as the “immigrant paradox.” Despite an ... more Many studies have pointed to a troubling phenomenon known as the “immigrant paradox.” Despite an initial advantage length of residence in the United States appears to be associated with declining academic achievement and aspirations. To date, this line of research has taken a largely cross-sectional approach, comparing first, second, and third generations. The Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study (LISA) combines longitudinal, interdisciplinary, and comparative approaches to document the patterns of adaptation of 408 recently arrived immigrant origin youth from Central America, China, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico over the course of five years. Here, we present data that demonstrate patterns of academic engagement and achievement of these youths over time, as well as a structural equations model (SEM) that sheds light on the factors contributing to these patterns. These data suggest that supportive relationships significantly mediate the academic engagement and...
Appetite, Jun 8, 2017
Beliefs surrounding the practice of eating animals are widely held, and have been argued to const... more Beliefs surrounding the practice of eating animals are widely held, and have been argued to constitute an ideology named carnism (Joy, 2009). We developed and validated the novel Carnism Inventory to measure two positively related components of carnistic beliefs: carnistic defense and carnistic domination. We anticipated that carnistic defense would legitimate the practice of eating animals, while carnistic domination would support the killing of animals for their meat. The Carnism Inventory showed the hypothesized two-dimensional structure as well as good internal consistencies and stability (N = 302, Study 1). We also demonstrated the convergent and discriminant validity of the Carnism Inventory (N = 781, Study 2a). As expected, carnistic defense predicted meat consumption, while carnistic domination was a significant predictor of having slaughtered an animal (N = 478, Study 2b). Both scales were significantly related to sociopolitical beliefs, including right-wing authoritarianis...
Encyclopedia of Deception, 2014
Teaching Statistics, 2007
Turkey cooking provides an opportunity to show off a real use of statistics.
Psychological Science, 1995
... Address correspondence to Deborah Kelley-Milburn, Research Ser-vices, Widener Library, Harvar... more ... Address correspondence to Deborah Kelley-Milburn, Research Ser-vices, Widener Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; e-mail: [email protected], or to MichaelMilburn, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts-Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd ...
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1989
The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of hydrocolloid membrane dressings in t... more The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of hydrocolloid membrane dressings in the treatment of finger and hand ulcers of scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis). Ten pairs of ulcers occurring in seven patients were studied. The ulcers in each patient were treated in a paired comparison trial: one ulcer in each pair was treated with a hydrocolloid membrane; the other was a control. Treatment was continued until at least one ulcer of each pair was healed. The rate of healing of the hydrocolloid membrane-treated ulcers was significantly faster than that of the control ulcers. Pain was rapidly and dramatically reduced in all hydrocolloid membrane-treated ulcers. An infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurred in a hydrocolloid membrane-treated ulcer but rapidly responded to topical therapy. Hydrocolloid membrane treatment of sclerodermatous hand ulcers appears to be an effective method of accelerating healing and reducing pain.
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2008
To examine the level of job satisfaction and test a theoretical model of the direct and indirect ... more To examine the level of job satisfaction and test a theoretical model of the direct and indirect effects of job satisfaction, and individual nurse and agency characteristics, on intent to stay and retention for home healthcare nurses. Design: A descriptive correlation study of home healthcare nurses in six New England states. Methods: Home healthcare nurse job satisfaction self-report data was collected with the HHNJS survey questionnaire & Retention Survey Questionnaire. Findings: Based on a structural equation model, job tenure and job satisfaction were the strongest predictors of nurse retention. Conclusions: Understanding the variables associated with home healthcare nurse retention can help agencies retain nurses in a time of severe nurse shortages and increased patient demand.
Sex Roles, 2000
The contribution of sexualized images of women in the media to rape and beliefs that support rape... more The contribution of sexualized images of women in the media to rape and beliefs that support rape has been the subject of considerable research. The present study tested the effects of viewing scenes from R-rated popular films on perceptions of female responsibility for and enjoyment of either a date rape or a stranger rape, using a sample of participants that was both ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. Participants viewed either nonviolent scenes that objectified and degraded women sexually or scenes from an animation festival. In a supposedly unrelated second experiment, participants then read a fictitious magazine account of a date rape or a stranger rape. Results indicated a significant three-way interaction among gender, video condition, and rape scenario on perceptions of the rape, such that males who viewed the sexually objectifying video felt that the victim in the date-rape condition experienced pleasure and "got what she wanted.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2009
A growing body of literature supports the contention that both women and men employ various seduc... more A growing body of literature supports the contention that both women and men employ various seductive, manipulative, intoxication, and even forceful tactics of sexual coercion to obtain sexual contact from unwilling partners. Although the self-reported coercive behavior of men and women may appear similar in many respects, predictors of such behavior seem to vary in important ways across gender. In addition to examining the prevalence of coercive behaviors reported across gender, the present study examined the extent to which four variables found in models of male sexual coercion predicted self-reported use of sexual coercion in a sample (n = 186) of college men and women: prior sexual abuse, sexual dominance, sociosexuality, and sexual compulsivity. Although prior sexual abuse seemed to be part of a cycle of sexual coercion among both men and women, key predictors of sexual coercion among men were sexual dominance and sociosexuality, whereas the key predictor of sexual coercion among women was sexual compulsivity. These findings support the notion that whereas men may behave coercively to obtain or maintain an impersonal sense of power and control, women may behave coercively to achieve some level of interpersonal connection when feeling out of control. Keywords Sexual coercion Á Dominance Á Compulsivity Á Sociosexuality Á Sexual abuse Á Gender Prevalence of Female Sexual Coercion Research indicates that women employ a range of sexual coercion tactics, including seduction of unwilling partners, manipulation, use of alcohol and/or drugs, and physical force. Though few studies have compared sexual coercion tactics used by men and women directly, some research suggests that women use a similar range of tactics and that women's rates of use are not drastically different than men's (Hunter & Mathews, 1997; Struckman-Johnson, Struckman-Johnson, & Anderson, 2003). For example, Struckman-Johnson et al. (2003) found that 26% of women compared to 43% of men reported having used at least one type of sexually coercive tactic with a person of the opposite sex. Also, although the
The Journal of head …, 1999
Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) affects 750,000 persons in the United States annua... more Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) affects 750,000 persons in the United States annually. Five to fifteen percent have persistent dysfunction and disability. No effective, standard pharmacological treatment exists specifically for this problem. We designed a pilot research project to study the clinical effectiveness of homeopathic medicine in the treatment of persistent MTBI. Method: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 60 patients, with a four-month follow-up (N = 50), was conducted at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (SRH). Patients with persistent MTBI (mean 2.93 years since injury, SD 3.1) were randomly assigned to receive a homeopathic medicine or placebo. The primary outcome measure was the subject-rated SRH-MBTI Functional Assessment, composed of three subtests: a Difficulty with Situations Scale (DSS), a Symptom Rating Scale (SRS), and a Participation in Daily Activities Scale (PDAS). The SRH Cognitive-Linguistic Test Battery was used as the secondary measure. Results: Analysis of covariance demonstrated that the homeopathic treatment was the only significant or near-significant predictor of improvement on DSS subtests (P = .009; 95% CI −.895 to −.15), SRS (P = .058; 95% CI −.548 to .01) and the Ten Most Common Symptoms of MTBI (P = .027; 95% CI −.766 to −.048). These results indicate a significant improvement from the homeopathic treatment versus the control and translate into clinically significant outcomes. Conclusions: This study suggests that homeopathy may have a role in treating persistent MTBI. Our findings require large-scale, independent replication.
Journal of Community Psychology, 2009
A collaborative school-based intervention aimed at modifying relationships among administrators a... more A collaborative school-based intervention aimed at modifying relationships among administrators and teachers was implemented in three middle and junior high schools. Across the intervention schools, teachers were active collaborators in identifying problems and then articulating and implementing customized interventions to redress those problems. Analyses of both teacher (N=180) and student (N=2,631) data provide support for positive outcomes. Teachers' perceptions of school climate improved, and longitudinal models suggested that these improvements mediated the impact of treatment on teacher reports of affiliation and academic focus. In addition, the treatment had a positive impact on teachers' perceptions of principal support, which led to improvements in teacher attitudes. Furthermore, students in the intervention schools reported improvements in school climate relative to students in the comparison schools. Taken together, these results suggest that a strategy of encouraging and supporting teacher-led interventions, customized to the needs and circumstances of each particular school, can successfully revitalize school settings, leading to improvements not only in school's climate, but also in the quality of interactions within the settings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical Care, Jan 1, 1993
Patients with better health status have often been shown to be more satisfied with their medical ... more Patients with better health status have often been shown to be more satisfied with their medical care, but the causal factors in this relation have not been determined. In this study, a longitudinal assessment of these two constructs was undertaken in which older patients in a health maintenance organization were interviewed at baseline (N = 590) and again 1 year later (N = 526) about their health status and satisfaction with their medical care. Structural equation modeling using LISREL procedures revealed that the predominant direction of causation went from earlier self-perceived overall health and functional ability to later levels of satisfaction. There was no evidence for causal paths going from satisfaction to later health. In addition, a test of spuriousness indicated that for self-perceived overall health, the significant longitudinal path was unlikely to be explained by unmeasured confounding variables.
American Sociological Review, Jan 1, 1980
Page 1. THE STRUCTURE OF ATTITUDE SYSTEMS IN THE GENERAL PUBLIC: COMPARISONS OF A STRUCTURAL EQUA... more Page 1. THE STRUCTURE OF ATTITUDE SYSTEMS IN THE GENERAL PUBLIC: COMPARISONS OF A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL* CHARLES M. JUDD MICHAEL A. MILBURN Harvard University University of Massachusetts-Boston ...
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Papers by Michael Milburn