Cities are complex systems that comprise of various interacting sub-systems . To be able to take ... more Cities are complex systems that comprise of various interacting sub-systems . To be able to take appropriate policies and strategies to attain a desired future it is required to understand the behaviour of the city in question and foresee the changes that are likely to occur. Given the complexity of cities their behaviour is highly unpredictable. Hence it is required to develop tools that can be used to study the impacts of the strategies taken up today on the emerging structure of the city in question. The human's zeal and the requirements laid by various organizations and institutes have resulted in development of various modelling tools through time to represent spatial behaviour of cities. Ahmedabad city, India, is in the developing stage and is experiencing unseeingly high growth rates demographically, economically and spatially. To set up a model relevant to represent this behaviour the city's land use is modelled from the year 1983 to 2001 using SL-METRONAMICA. The simulated land use map of 2001 is compared with the actual land use map of 2001. The model is able to represent the behaviour of changing land use patterns of the city. However, disparities lie between the actual and simulated land use map. This can be accounted to the fact that Ahmedabad city represents a heterogeneous structure that this particular model is not able to deal with. The paper in the end discusses the need to develop a model that can simultaneously deal with the other dimensions of city structure like built up density and mix intensity of land uses.
To determine whether the inclusion of spatial neighbourhood comparison factors in Preference Mode... more To determine whether the inclusion of spatial neighbourhood comparison factors in Preference Modelling allows spatial decision support systems (SDSSs) to better address spatial equity, we introduce Spatial Preference Modelling (SPM). To evaluate the effectiveness of this model in addressing equity, various standardisation functions in both Non-Spatial Preference Modelling and SPM are compared. The evaluation involves applying the model to a resource locationallocation problem for transport infrastructure in the Special Province of Yogyakarta in Indonesia. We apply Amartya Sen's Capability Approach to define opportunity to mobility as a non-income indicator. Using the extended Moran's I interpretation for spatial equity, we evaluate the distribution output regarding, first, 'the spatial distribution patterns of priority targeting for allocation' (SPT) and, second, 'the effect of new distribution patterns after location-allocation' (ELA). The Moran's I index of the initial map and its comparison with six patterns for SPT as well as ELA consistently indicates that the SPM is more effective for addressing spatial equity. We conclude that the inclusion of spatial neighbourhood comparison factors in Preference Modelling improves the capability of SDSS to address spatial equity. This study thus proposes a new formal method for SDSS with specific attention on resource location-allocation to address spatial equity.
A CA-based land-use transport interaction model was applied to the city of Jeddah. A stage-wise c... more A CA-based land-use transport interaction model was applied to the city of Jeddah. A stage-wise calibration procedure allows calibrating such complex model. Results from this model outperform results from a standalone CA-based land-use model. This indicates the importance of transport for explaining dynamics in rapidly growing cities.
Page 1. FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TRIPS IN TWO LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS IN RIO DE JANEIRO Flávia C... more Page 1. FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TRIPS IN TWO LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS IN RIO DE JANEIRO Flávia Carvalho de Souza University of Twente, ITC The Netherlands Sherif Amer University of Twente, ITC ...
During the past decades, the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia has witnessed dramatic changes in its... more During the past decades, the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia has witnessed dramatic changes in its urban area, population and transportation. To better understand the relationship between urban growth and transportation, this paper aims to quantify and analyze the spatial-temporal relationship between urban growth and transportation for Jeddah using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches. In this paper, eight urban growth and transportation indices were developed to analyze the relationship between spatial-temporal urban growth and transportation changes: (1) annual urban spatial expansion index, (2) land use change index, (3) population density index, (4) transportation infrastructure expansion index, (5) road density index, (6) road area density index, (7) urban trips density index, and (8) modal split change index. The results show that in the past four decades , Jeddah has experienced a rapid population growth, a large spatial expansion, rapidly changing land use and expanding transportation infrastructure. As transportation infrastructure expands with population growth, this expansion has not been able to accommodate increases in travel demand. This has led to an increase in urban congestion. The analysis further shows that transportation infrastructure expansion has stimulated Jeddah's urban spatial expansion and residential area growth. The enormous spatial expansion has also caused significant changes in the daily share of travel modes. The developed indicators in the paper bridge the knowledge gap between urban growth and transportation research, as the results of this study provide a rich understanding of the relationship between urban growth and transportation in rapidly growing cities.
Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2013
This article describes the COSMA (COntext Sensitive Multimodal Assessment) method that uses conte... more This article describes the COSMA (COntext Sensitive Multimodal Assessment) method that uses contextual information to develop road infrastructure recommendations for the purpose of improved road design. The method uses a GIS-based Spatial Multi-criteria Analysis (SMCA) that is combined with statistical clustering techniques to identify contextually similar areas along arterials. The context is defined in terms of a range of land use, socioeconomic, environmental, and transportation information, presented spatially, which are used as inputs to the SMCA. The results of this analysis describe the relative suitability of different modes of transport to locations along an arterial route. Clustering the output of this analysis allows for sections of the route with similar contexts to be identified. The attributes of these clusters are then used to derive descriptive statements of contextually appropriate operational conditions for each mode in a particular section of the route in terms of access, right of way, and independence of movement. These can be used by road designers to develop proposals for road infrastructure design. We demonstrate the workings of the method for an arterial road in Cape Town, South Africa. The method described is explicitly multimodal and sensitive to the variations in local context. It can be used by planners and roads authorities to provide additional perspective on road user needs and facility provision, and introduces quantification, and the concomitant benefits thereof, to the largely qualitative field of Context Sensitive Design.
The Climate Value of Cycling (CVoC) model provides a methodology for the assessment of cycling mo... more The Climate Value of Cycling (CVoC) model provides a methodology for the assessment of cycling mobility in terms of avoided CO2 emissions. The paper analyses the spatial and transport determinants of the climate value of cycling for Dutch cities.
De potentie van fietsen in ontwikkelingslanden wordt onvoldoende benut, ondanks toenemende beleid... more De potentie van fietsen in ontwikkelingslanden wordt onvoldoende benut, ondanks toenemende beleidsmatige interesse. Wij beargumenteren dat het weinig zinvol is Nederlandse kennis van fietsinclusieve planning, hoe waardevol ook, direct over te zetten naar ontwikkelingslanden zonder dat specifiek lokale kennis wordt ontwikkeld.
ABSTRACT Improving mobility is seen as key to facilitating the economic uplift of the urban poor.... more ABSTRACT Improving mobility is seen as key to facilitating the economic uplift of the urban poor. In South Africa, the majority of the urban poor live on the periphery of cities. They travel long distances at great cost to go to work and school and are dependent on public transport and nonmotorized transport (NMT) (walking or cycling) for their travel needs. Despite legislation and policies that emphasize the role of public transport and NMT, road planning practice in South Africa continues to be automobile-centric. The needs of other road users are often overlooked, even in areas where they are in the majority. This paper describes the use of spatial multicriteria evaluation to rank modes according to their suitability at points along a defined route by using land use, socioeconomic, environmental, and transportation factors in combination to describe the contextual setting of the route. A case study conducted along an existing arterial route in Cape Town, South Africa, is used to demonstrate the method and the results of the analysis. The research finds that contextual regimes can be identified along the route and shows that each of these regimes has differing implications for the various modes that pass through these corridors.
The role of urban mobility in (re)shaping cities 22 to 25 October 2012-Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) COD... more The role of urban mobility in (re)shaping cities 22 to 25 October 2012-Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) CODATU XV -Le rôle de la mobilité urbaine pour (re)modeler les villes 1 CODATU XV -Le rôle de la mobilité urbaine pour (re)modeler les villes 2 Conference CODATU XV « The role of urban mobility in (re)shaping cities » 22 to 25 October 2012-Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
To determine whether the inclusion of conditions in neighbouring villages and infrastructure inte... more To determine whether the inclusion of conditions in neighbouring villages and infrastructure interdependency are able to improve the performance of infrastructure-economy interaction models, we compare three related and progressive concepts. The first concept defines economic opportunity in a village as a function of available infrastructure within that village. The second concept includes the effect of economic opportunity in neighbouring villages in addition to available infrastructure within the village. In the third concept, we include the interdependency of infrastructures as another factor affecting the potential level of economic development in the village. We use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to model the first concept, and we add a spatial-lag model for the second. The third model expands on the second by introducing a Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and a rule-based OLS to capture the nature of infrastructure interdependency. The result of the three models is validated by a known spatial distribution of poverty levels and subjective well-being that serve as proxies for economic opportunity in the Yogyakarta region in Indonesia. The results demonstrate that the third model provides a more accurate prediction of the real conditions and performs consistently better than the other two models. We therefore conclude that conditions in neighbouring villages and infrastructure interdependency influence the economic opportunity of a village and should be considered in policy making regarding resource allocation in infrastructure development.
ABSTRACT This study presents a hybrid simulation model that combines logistic regression and cell... more ABSTRACT This study presents a hybrid simulation model that combines logistic regression and cellular automata-based modelling to simulate future urban growth and development for the city of Ahmedabad in India. The model enables to visualize the consequence of development projections in combination with present zoning and development control regulations. The growth in activities’ floor space is projected at a zonal level using time series data. Then, a logistic regression model is used to calculate a probability surface of development transition, while a cellular automata-based spatial interaction model is used to simulate change in activity floor space per activity, and thus urban growth. The developed model has the capacity to simulate urban growth space and hence vertical growth. The structure of the model allows for a detailed urban growth simulation and is flexible enough to incorporate changes in development control regulations and settings for spatial interaction. Therefore, it carries scope of being used to visualize growth for other, similar, cities and help urban planners and decision makers to understand the consequences of their decisions on urban growth and development.
This paper aims to use spatial statistical tools to explore the reciprocal spatial-temporal effec... more This paper aims to use spatial statistical tools to explore the reciprocal spatial-temporal effects of transport infrastructure and urban growth of Jeddah city, a fast developing polycentric city in Saudi Arabia. Global spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) are first used to analyze the spatial-temporal clustering of urban growth and transport infrastructure from 1980 to 2007. Then, spatial regression analysis is conducted to investigate the mutual spatial-temporal effects of urban growth and transport infrastructure. Results indicate a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation of all defined variables between 1980 and 2007. LISA results also reveal a constant significant spatial association of transport infrastructure expansion and urban growth variables from 1980 to 2007. The results not only indicate a mutual spatial influence of transport infrastructure and urban growth but also reveal that spatial clustering of transport infrastructure seems to be influenced by other factors. This study shows that transport infrastructure is a constant and strong spatial influencing factor of urban growth in the polycentric urban structure that Jeddah has. Overall, this study demonstrates that exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial regression analysis are able to detect the spatial-temporal mutual effects of transport infrastructure and urban growth. Further studies on the reciprocal relationship between urban growth and transport infrastructure using the study approach for the case of monocentric urban structure cities are necessary and encouraged.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a planning approach that can stimulate sustainable developm... more Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a planning approach that can stimulate sustainable development by encouraging better land use and transport integration. Arnhem Nijmegen City Region, a regional planning body, in the Netherlands, aims to promote sustainable development in their region and control the current pattern of increased use of cars vis-à-vis transit for longer commutes. Planning for TOD can help achieve this aim. It is believed that measuring the existing levels of TOD is a prerequisite for TOD planning and that it can be done using a TOD Index proposed in this research. A TOD Index measures multiple spatial indicators and aggregates them under the SMCA framework to arrive at a comprehensive value depicting the existing levels of TOD at a location or an area. Using this TOD Index, TOD levels were measured over the entire City Region covering approx. 1000 km 2 . High levels of TOD imply that the urban development's characteristics, at that location, are ripe for use of transit and these high levels, as expected, were found in the urban areas of Arnhem and Nijmegen. From the results of TOD Index measurement, using hot-spot analysis, those locations were identified that have high TOD levels but poor transit connectivity. These locations are accordingly recommended for better transit connectivity. As a part of our future work, it is intended to use the TOD Index to elevate TOD levels around existing transit nodes. (Y.J. Singh), [email protected] (P. Fard), [email protected] (M. Zuidgeest), [email protected] (M. Brussel), [email protected] (M.van Maarseveen).
Cities are complex systems that comprise of various interacting sub-systems . To be able to take ... more Cities are complex systems that comprise of various interacting sub-systems . To be able to take appropriate policies and strategies to attain a desired future it is required to understand the behaviour of the city in question and foresee the changes that are likely to occur. Given the complexity of cities their behaviour is highly unpredictable. Hence it is required to develop tools that can be used to study the impacts of the strategies taken up today on the emerging structure of the city in question. The human's zeal and the requirements laid by various organizations and institutes have resulted in development of various modelling tools through time to represent spatial behaviour of cities. Ahmedabad city, India, is in the developing stage and is experiencing unseeingly high growth rates demographically, economically and spatially. To set up a model relevant to represent this behaviour the city's land use is modelled from the year 1983 to 2001 using SL-METRONAMICA. The simulated land use map of 2001 is compared with the actual land use map of 2001. The model is able to represent the behaviour of changing land use patterns of the city. However, disparities lie between the actual and simulated land use map. This can be accounted to the fact that Ahmedabad city represents a heterogeneous structure that this particular model is not able to deal with. The paper in the end discusses the need to develop a model that can simultaneously deal with the other dimensions of city structure like built up density and mix intensity of land uses.
To determine whether the inclusion of spatial neighbourhood comparison factors in Preference Mode... more To determine whether the inclusion of spatial neighbourhood comparison factors in Preference Modelling allows spatial decision support systems (SDSSs) to better address spatial equity, we introduce Spatial Preference Modelling (SPM). To evaluate the effectiveness of this model in addressing equity, various standardisation functions in both Non-Spatial Preference Modelling and SPM are compared. The evaluation involves applying the model to a resource locationallocation problem for transport infrastructure in the Special Province of Yogyakarta in Indonesia. We apply Amartya Sen's Capability Approach to define opportunity to mobility as a non-income indicator. Using the extended Moran's I interpretation for spatial equity, we evaluate the distribution output regarding, first, 'the spatial distribution patterns of priority targeting for allocation' (SPT) and, second, 'the effect of new distribution patterns after location-allocation' (ELA). The Moran's I index of the initial map and its comparison with six patterns for SPT as well as ELA consistently indicates that the SPM is more effective for addressing spatial equity. We conclude that the inclusion of spatial neighbourhood comparison factors in Preference Modelling improves the capability of SDSS to address spatial equity. This study thus proposes a new formal method for SDSS with specific attention on resource location-allocation to address spatial equity.
A CA-based land-use transport interaction model was applied to the city of Jeddah. A stage-wise c... more A CA-based land-use transport interaction model was applied to the city of Jeddah. A stage-wise calibration procedure allows calibrating such complex model. Results from this model outperform results from a standalone CA-based land-use model. This indicates the importance of transport for explaining dynamics in rapidly growing cities.
Page 1. FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TRIPS IN TWO LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS IN RIO DE JANEIRO Flávia C... more Page 1. FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TRIPS IN TWO LOW INCOME NEIGHBORHOODS IN RIO DE JANEIRO Flávia Carvalho de Souza University of Twente, ITC The Netherlands Sherif Amer University of Twente, ITC ...
During the past decades, the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia has witnessed dramatic changes in its... more During the past decades, the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia has witnessed dramatic changes in its urban area, population and transportation. To better understand the relationship between urban growth and transportation, this paper aims to quantify and analyze the spatial-temporal relationship between urban growth and transportation for Jeddah using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches. In this paper, eight urban growth and transportation indices were developed to analyze the relationship between spatial-temporal urban growth and transportation changes: (1) annual urban spatial expansion index, (2) land use change index, (3) population density index, (4) transportation infrastructure expansion index, (5) road density index, (6) road area density index, (7) urban trips density index, and (8) modal split change index. The results show that in the past four decades , Jeddah has experienced a rapid population growth, a large spatial expansion, rapidly changing land use and expanding transportation infrastructure. As transportation infrastructure expands with population growth, this expansion has not been able to accommodate increases in travel demand. This has led to an increase in urban congestion. The analysis further shows that transportation infrastructure expansion has stimulated Jeddah's urban spatial expansion and residential area growth. The enormous spatial expansion has also caused significant changes in the daily share of travel modes. The developed indicators in the paper bridge the knowledge gap between urban growth and transportation research, as the results of this study provide a rich understanding of the relationship between urban growth and transportation in rapidly growing cities.
Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2013
This article describes the COSMA (COntext Sensitive Multimodal Assessment) method that uses conte... more This article describes the COSMA (COntext Sensitive Multimodal Assessment) method that uses contextual information to develop road infrastructure recommendations for the purpose of improved road design. The method uses a GIS-based Spatial Multi-criteria Analysis (SMCA) that is combined with statistical clustering techniques to identify contextually similar areas along arterials. The context is defined in terms of a range of land use, socioeconomic, environmental, and transportation information, presented spatially, which are used as inputs to the SMCA. The results of this analysis describe the relative suitability of different modes of transport to locations along an arterial route. Clustering the output of this analysis allows for sections of the route with similar contexts to be identified. The attributes of these clusters are then used to derive descriptive statements of contextually appropriate operational conditions for each mode in a particular section of the route in terms of access, right of way, and independence of movement. These can be used by road designers to develop proposals for road infrastructure design. We demonstrate the workings of the method for an arterial road in Cape Town, South Africa. The method described is explicitly multimodal and sensitive to the variations in local context. It can be used by planners and roads authorities to provide additional perspective on road user needs and facility provision, and introduces quantification, and the concomitant benefits thereof, to the largely qualitative field of Context Sensitive Design.
The Climate Value of Cycling (CVoC) model provides a methodology for the assessment of cycling mo... more The Climate Value of Cycling (CVoC) model provides a methodology for the assessment of cycling mobility in terms of avoided CO2 emissions. The paper analyses the spatial and transport determinants of the climate value of cycling for Dutch cities.
De potentie van fietsen in ontwikkelingslanden wordt onvoldoende benut, ondanks toenemende beleid... more De potentie van fietsen in ontwikkelingslanden wordt onvoldoende benut, ondanks toenemende beleidsmatige interesse. Wij beargumenteren dat het weinig zinvol is Nederlandse kennis van fietsinclusieve planning, hoe waardevol ook, direct over te zetten naar ontwikkelingslanden zonder dat specifiek lokale kennis wordt ontwikkeld.
ABSTRACT Improving mobility is seen as key to facilitating the economic uplift of the urban poor.... more ABSTRACT Improving mobility is seen as key to facilitating the economic uplift of the urban poor. In South Africa, the majority of the urban poor live on the periphery of cities. They travel long distances at great cost to go to work and school and are dependent on public transport and nonmotorized transport (NMT) (walking or cycling) for their travel needs. Despite legislation and policies that emphasize the role of public transport and NMT, road planning practice in South Africa continues to be automobile-centric. The needs of other road users are often overlooked, even in areas where they are in the majority. This paper describes the use of spatial multicriteria evaluation to rank modes according to their suitability at points along a defined route by using land use, socioeconomic, environmental, and transportation factors in combination to describe the contextual setting of the route. A case study conducted along an existing arterial route in Cape Town, South Africa, is used to demonstrate the method and the results of the analysis. The research finds that contextual regimes can be identified along the route and shows that each of these regimes has differing implications for the various modes that pass through these corridors.
The role of urban mobility in (re)shaping cities 22 to 25 October 2012-Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) COD... more The role of urban mobility in (re)shaping cities 22 to 25 October 2012-Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) CODATU XV -Le rôle de la mobilité urbaine pour (re)modeler les villes 1 CODATU XV -Le rôle de la mobilité urbaine pour (re)modeler les villes 2 Conference CODATU XV « The role of urban mobility in (re)shaping cities » 22 to 25 October 2012-Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
To determine whether the inclusion of conditions in neighbouring villages and infrastructure inte... more To determine whether the inclusion of conditions in neighbouring villages and infrastructure interdependency are able to improve the performance of infrastructure-economy interaction models, we compare three related and progressive concepts. The first concept defines economic opportunity in a village as a function of available infrastructure within that village. The second concept includes the effect of economic opportunity in neighbouring villages in addition to available infrastructure within the village. In the third concept, we include the interdependency of infrastructures as another factor affecting the potential level of economic development in the village. We use Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to model the first concept, and we add a spatial-lag model for the second. The third model expands on the second by introducing a Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and a rule-based OLS to capture the nature of infrastructure interdependency. The result of the three models is validated by a known spatial distribution of poverty levels and subjective well-being that serve as proxies for economic opportunity in the Yogyakarta region in Indonesia. The results demonstrate that the third model provides a more accurate prediction of the real conditions and performs consistently better than the other two models. We therefore conclude that conditions in neighbouring villages and infrastructure interdependency influence the economic opportunity of a village and should be considered in policy making regarding resource allocation in infrastructure development.
ABSTRACT This study presents a hybrid simulation model that combines logistic regression and cell... more ABSTRACT This study presents a hybrid simulation model that combines logistic regression and cellular automata-based modelling to simulate future urban growth and development for the city of Ahmedabad in India. The model enables to visualize the consequence of development projections in combination with present zoning and development control regulations. The growth in activities’ floor space is projected at a zonal level using time series data. Then, a logistic regression model is used to calculate a probability surface of development transition, while a cellular automata-based spatial interaction model is used to simulate change in activity floor space per activity, and thus urban growth. The developed model has the capacity to simulate urban growth space and hence vertical growth. The structure of the model allows for a detailed urban growth simulation and is flexible enough to incorporate changes in development control regulations and settings for spatial interaction. Therefore, it carries scope of being used to visualize growth for other, similar, cities and help urban planners and decision makers to understand the consequences of their decisions on urban growth and development.
This paper aims to use spatial statistical tools to explore the reciprocal spatial-temporal effec... more This paper aims to use spatial statistical tools to explore the reciprocal spatial-temporal effects of transport infrastructure and urban growth of Jeddah city, a fast developing polycentric city in Saudi Arabia. Global spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) are first used to analyze the spatial-temporal clustering of urban growth and transport infrastructure from 1980 to 2007. Then, spatial regression analysis is conducted to investigate the mutual spatial-temporal effects of urban growth and transport infrastructure. Results indicate a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation of all defined variables between 1980 and 2007. LISA results also reveal a constant significant spatial association of transport infrastructure expansion and urban growth variables from 1980 to 2007. The results not only indicate a mutual spatial influence of transport infrastructure and urban growth but also reveal that spatial clustering of transport infrastructure seems to be influenced by other factors. This study shows that transport infrastructure is a constant and strong spatial influencing factor of urban growth in the polycentric urban structure that Jeddah has. Overall, this study demonstrates that exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial regression analysis are able to detect the spatial-temporal mutual effects of transport infrastructure and urban growth. Further studies on the reciprocal relationship between urban growth and transport infrastructure using the study approach for the case of monocentric urban structure cities are necessary and encouraged.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a planning approach that can stimulate sustainable developm... more Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a planning approach that can stimulate sustainable development by encouraging better land use and transport integration. Arnhem Nijmegen City Region, a regional planning body, in the Netherlands, aims to promote sustainable development in their region and control the current pattern of increased use of cars vis-à-vis transit for longer commutes. Planning for TOD can help achieve this aim. It is believed that measuring the existing levels of TOD is a prerequisite for TOD planning and that it can be done using a TOD Index proposed in this research. A TOD Index measures multiple spatial indicators and aggregates them under the SMCA framework to arrive at a comprehensive value depicting the existing levels of TOD at a location or an area. Using this TOD Index, TOD levels were measured over the entire City Region covering approx. 1000 km 2 . High levels of TOD imply that the urban development's characteristics, at that location, are ripe for use of transit and these high levels, as expected, were found in the urban areas of Arnhem and Nijmegen. From the results of TOD Index measurement, using hot-spot analysis, those locations were identified that have high TOD levels but poor transit connectivity. These locations are accordingly recommended for better transit connectivity. As a part of our future work, it is intended to use the TOD Index to elevate TOD levels around existing transit nodes. (Y.J. Singh), [email protected] (P. Fard), [email protected] (M. Zuidgeest), [email protected] (M. Brussel), [email protected] (M.van Maarseveen).
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