Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, SAHC08, 2-4 July 2008, Bath, United Kingdom, 2008
This work presents the vulnerability assessment of two churches at the state of Colima by means o... more This work presents the vulnerability assessment of two churches at the state of Colima by means of 3D rigid block models, using a limit analysis approach. The paper contains a description of the buildings and the damage they suffered during the 2003 earthquake. The 3D models were elaborated on the basis of macroblocks defined according to the damage observed after the earthquake and also, taking into account the typical failure mechanisms in churches reported in the literature. The limit analyses were carried out with a software already tested and validated elsewhere. The results show that the limit analysis approach with rigid block models is a valuable tool for the identification of critical failure mechanisms, their associated failure multipliers and, in a global fashion, for the vulnerability assessment of historical churches. The results also indicate that empirical methods provide a good estimation of the vulnerability level of this buildings type.
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Papers by Agustín Orduña
Element Method are used and compared for the seismic evaluation of an old masonry
Cathedral in Colima, Mexico. It has been strongly damaged by a M7.6 earthquake in
1941, generating strong damage to the main façade with the collapse of the left tower. It
was damaged again by a similar event of M7.5 in 2003. Both events mainly damaged the
main façade including both bell-towers. In this paper, firstly, the Cathedral is completely
modeled and a macro-element representing the observed most damaged part is selected.
The seismic assessment results by both, Limit Analysis and nonlinear Finite Element
approaches are able to simulate the observed failure mechanisms at the frontal façade
and the obtained seismic coefficients are in good agreement. Moreover, the advantages
and disadvantages through the seismic analysis process corresponding to the pre-processing,
analysis and post-processing by the use of both approaches are detailed.
assessment of ancient masonry structures. This method takes into account nonassociated flow rules and limited compressive stresses for
masonry. The mathematical programming problem resulting from the formulation is a nonlinear optimization problem. The feasible initial
solution is obtained by solving a mixed complementarity problem while, in a second step, the complementarity constraint is temporarily
relaxed to allow for optimizing the load factor. A tie element added to the rigid block formulation permits the analysis and design of
strengthening. Several results, obtained by a computer implementation of the method, are presented and discussed. The results show the
validity of the method by comparison with experimental data, and also show the benefit of the approach in providing a better insight into
the behavior of ancient masonry structures.
produces better solutions than previously proposed procedures and it is also able to provide an insight into the
structural behaviour prior to failure. The limit analysis model proposed in Part I of this paper and the solution procedure
are validated through illustrative examples in three-dimensional masonry piers and walls. The use of limit analysis
for three-dimensional problems incorporating non-associated flow rules and a coupled yield surface is novel in the
literature.
solution is proposed. The case of rectangular interfaces is used to study the interactions of torsion strength with bending
moments and shear forces. In order to solve limit analysis problems, a piecewise linear approximation of the yield function
for rectangular interfaces is proposed. A model for the limit analysis of three-dimensional block assemblages interacting
through no-tension frictional interfaces is presented including the proposal for the torsion failure mode. This
model takes into account non-associated flow rules and limited compressive stresses at the interfaces.
representar numéricamente la respuesta sísmica de construcciones históricas de mampostería:
Análisis Límite con Bloques Rígidos, el Método de los Elementos Rígidos, y el Método del
Elemento Finito no lineal. Estos tres métodos se aplican al análisis de una subestructura de un
edificio histórico sujeto a cargas laterales, y que fue ensayado experimentalmente por otros
investigadores. Se comparan las respuestas de los modelos numéricos con la del modelo
experimental. Se observan similitudes aceptables de las respuestas de los cuatro modelos.
churches) after the 2003 M7.5 earthquake. In order to find a correlation between the
observed damage on the historical buildings and the earthquake intensity, the vulnerability
is assessed by qualitative methods, including the vulnerability class method (VCM) and the
vulnerability index method (VIM). The latter method is modified and adapted in this
research to assess the seismic vulnerability of historical buildings such as churches and
cathedrals located in areas from high to very high seismicity. The results are intended to
serve as preliminary indicators of expected damage levels that allow the local authorities
to take measures oriented to disaster prevention. The assessment using both methodologies
is developed on 15 historical masonry churches, most of them from XIX century. With
the results, a correlation between damage and intensity taking into account a Macroseismic
Scale is developed and the qualitative methodologies to assess the seismic vulnerability
of historical constructions are compared each other.
Element Method are used and compared for the seismic evaluation of an old masonry
Cathedral in Colima, Mexico. It has been strongly damaged by a M7.6 earthquake in
1941, generating strong damage to the main façade with the collapse of the left tower. It
was damaged again by a similar event of M7.5 in 2003. Both events mainly damaged the
main façade including both bell-towers. In this paper, firstly, the Cathedral is completely
modeled and a macro-element representing the observed most damaged part is selected.
The seismic assessment results by both, Limit Analysis and nonlinear Finite Element
approaches are able to simulate the observed failure mechanisms at the frontal façade
and the obtained seismic coefficients are in good agreement. Moreover, the advantages
and disadvantages through the seismic analysis process corresponding to the pre-processing,
analysis and post-processing by the use of both approaches are detailed.
assessment of ancient masonry structures. This method takes into account nonassociated flow rules and limited compressive stresses for
masonry. The mathematical programming problem resulting from the formulation is a nonlinear optimization problem. The feasible initial
solution is obtained by solving a mixed complementarity problem while, in a second step, the complementarity constraint is temporarily
relaxed to allow for optimizing the load factor. A tie element added to the rigid block formulation permits the analysis and design of
strengthening. Several results, obtained by a computer implementation of the method, are presented and discussed. The results show the
validity of the method by comparison with experimental data, and also show the benefit of the approach in providing a better insight into
the behavior of ancient masonry structures.
produces better solutions than previously proposed procedures and it is also able to provide an insight into the
structural behaviour prior to failure. The limit analysis model proposed in Part I of this paper and the solution procedure
are validated through illustrative examples in three-dimensional masonry piers and walls. The use of limit analysis
for three-dimensional problems incorporating non-associated flow rules and a coupled yield surface is novel in the
literature.
solution is proposed. The case of rectangular interfaces is used to study the interactions of torsion strength with bending
moments and shear forces. In order to solve limit analysis problems, a piecewise linear approximation of the yield function
for rectangular interfaces is proposed. A model for the limit analysis of three-dimensional block assemblages interacting
through no-tension frictional interfaces is presented including the proposal for the torsion failure mode. This
model takes into account non-associated flow rules and limited compressive stresses at the interfaces.
representar numéricamente la respuesta sísmica de construcciones históricas de mampostería:
Análisis Límite con Bloques Rígidos, el Método de los Elementos Rígidos, y el Método del
Elemento Finito no lineal. Estos tres métodos se aplican al análisis de una subestructura de un
edificio histórico sujeto a cargas laterales, y que fue ensayado experimentalmente por otros
investigadores. Se comparan las respuestas de los modelos numéricos con la del modelo
experimental. Se observan similitudes aceptables de las respuestas de los cuatro modelos.
churches) after the 2003 M7.5 earthquake. In order to find a correlation between the
observed damage on the historical buildings and the earthquake intensity, the vulnerability
is assessed by qualitative methods, including the vulnerability class method (VCM) and the
vulnerability index method (VIM). The latter method is modified and adapted in this
research to assess the seismic vulnerability of historical buildings such as churches and
cathedrals located in areas from high to very high seismicity. The results are intended to
serve as preliminary indicators of expected damage levels that allow the local authorities
to take measures oriented to disaster prevention. The assessment using both methodologies
is developed on 15 historical masonry churches, most of them from XIX century. With
the results, a correlation between damage and intensity taking into account a Macroseismic
Scale is developed and the qualitative methodologies to assess the seismic vulnerability
of historical constructions are compared each other.