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Alyssa Brewer

University of California, Irvine, Cognitive Sciences, Faculty Member

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I completed my undergraduate degrees at Stanford University, with a B.S. with Honors in Biological Sciences and an A.B. in Comparative Literature with Interdisciplinary Honors in the Humanities. I continued on at Stanford in a dual-degree graduate program, graduating with an M.D. and a Ph.D. in Neuroscience in 2007. I am now an Associate Professor in the Departments of Cognitive Sciences and Language Science (by courtesy) at the University of California, Irvine. Dr. My research focuses on visual, auditory, and multi-sensory cognitive neuroscience. I use high-resolution neuroimaging, behavioral measures, and genetic techniques to investigate topics such as the fundamental organization and function of human sensory cortex, genetic and neuromodulatory effects on perception, and cortical plasticity in neurological disorders such as stroke and dementia.

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Papers by Alyssa Brewer

Attention and Working Memory in Human Auditory Cortex

The Human Auditory System - Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy, 2019

Human sensory systems are organized into processing hierarchies within cortex, such that incoming... more Human sensory systems are organized into processing hierarchies within cortex, such that incoming sensory information is analyzed and compiled into our vivid sensory experiences. Computations that are common to these sensory systems include the abilities to maintain enhanced focus on particular aspects of incoming sensory information (i.e., attention) and to retain sensory information in a short-term memory store after such sensory information is no longer available (i.e., working memory). In at least the auditory and visual systems, the necessary computational steps to create these experiences take place in cloverleaf clusters of cortical field maps (CFMs). The human auditory CFMs represent the spectral (i.e., tones) and temporal (i.e., period) aspects of sound, which are represented along the cortical surface as two orderly gradients that are physically orthogonal to one another: tonotopy and periodotopy, respectively. Knowledge of the properties of such CFMs is the foundation for understanding the specific sensory computations carried out in particular cortical regions. This chapter reviews current research into auditory nonverbal attention, auditory working memory, and auditory CFMs, and introduces the next steps to measure the effects of attention and working memory across the known auditory CFMs in human cortex using functional MRI.

Distinguishing visual field map clusters: A new paradigm

by Alyssa Brewer and Brian Wandell

Journal of Vision, 2010

Cloverleaf Clusters: A Common Macrostructural Organization across Human Visual and Auditory Cortex

Sensory Nervous System, 2018

One of the fundamental properties of mammalian brains is that sensory regions of cortex are organ... more One of the fundamental properties of mammalian brains is that sensory regions of cortex are organized into multiple, functionally specialized cortical field maps (CFMs). An individual CFM is composed of two orthogonal topographical representations, reflecting two essential aspects of a sensory feature space. Each CFM is thought to subserve a specific computation or set of computations that underlie particular perceptual behaviors by enabling the comparison and combination of the information carried by the various specialized neuronal populations within this cortical region. Multiple adjacent CFMs, in turn, have now been shown by multiple laboratories to be organized in visual and auditory cortex into a macrostructural pattern called the cloverleaf cluster. CFMs within cloverleaf clusters tend to share properties such as receptive field distribution, cortical magnification, and processing specialization. This chapter will review the evidence for CFM and cloverleaf cluster organization across human visual and auditory cortex and will discuss the utility of these measurements for determining cortical structure and function and for investigating what changes occur in sensory cortex following various types of trauma or disease.

Changes in Visual Cortex in Healthy Aging and Dementia

Update on Dementia, 2016

This chapter reviews the differences in specific structural and functional characteristics of hum... more This chapter reviews the differences in specific structural and functional characteristics of human visual cortex among young adults, healthy aging adults, and patients with dementia, with a primary focus on those with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Such visual cortex changes have been shown to underlie many of the behavioral deficits that develop in healthy aging and AD. Measurements of disordered visual cortex in dementia patients may be possible early in the course of neurodegeneration and thus may be useful for improving early diagnosis of these devastating diseases.

The behavioral and neural effects of long-term deprivation

Neural Oscillations, Temporal Modulation Rate Filters, and Periodicity Maps in Human Auditory Cortex

PsycEXTRA Dataset

64 Publications 2,304 Citations See Profile

Visual cortex in aging and Alzheimer's disease:

Met polymorphism

Human Auditory Cortex

Neurobiology of Language, 2016

The cortical organization of the human auditory system has been incompletely measured. Although w... more The cortical organization of the human auditory system has been incompletely measured. Although we know some of the features and locations of low-level processing in cortex, until recently we were recently able to localize individual auditory field maps (AFMs). Two recently discovered orthogonal acoustic dimensions are the key insight measuring AFMs, tonotopy and periodotopy. Because tonotopic and periodotopic gradients are represented orthogonally to one another on the cortical surface, it is now possible to differentiate the locations of individual maps. Additionally, a new organizational scheme of AFMs has been revealed: the “clover leaf” cluster. With these new insights, researchers can now delineate AFMs and therefore investigate which computations, such as those relevant for speech perception, are performed in each map. Furthermore, auditory and visual cortices are similarly organized into specific sensory field maps and into “clover leaf” clusters, indicating that cortical sensory systems may have common organizational structures.

Determining a role for microglia in PrPSC-mediated pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Visual Field Map Clusters in High-Order Visual Processing: Organization of V3A/V3B and a New Cloverleaf Cluster in the Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus

Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 2017

The cortical hierarchy of the human visual system has been shown to be organized around retinal s... more The cortical hierarchy of the human visual system has been shown to be organized around retinal spatial coordinates throughout much of low- and mid-level visual processing. These regions contain visual field maps (VFMs) that each follows the organization of the retina, with neighboring aspects of the visual field processed in neighboring cortical locations. On a larger, macrostructural scale, groups of such sensory cortical field maps (CFMs) in both the visual and auditory systems are organized into roughly circular cloverleaf clusters. CFMs within clusters tend to share properties such as receptive field distribution, cortical magnification, and processing specialization. Here we use fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) modeling to investigate the extent of VFM and cluster organization with an examination of higher-level visual processing in temporal cortex and compare these measurements to mid-level visual processing in dorsal occipital cortex. In human temporal cortex, the p...

Paradoxical visuomotor adaptation to reversed visual input is predicted by BDNF Val66Met polymorphism

Journal of vision, Jan 7, 2014

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain, influenc... more Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain, influencing neural development, plasticity, and repair (Chen et al., 2004; Thoenen, 1995). The BDNF gene contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) called Val(66)Met. The Met allele interferes with intracellular BDNF-trafficking, decreases activity-dependent BDNF secretion, and consequently is often associated with a shift from plasticity to stability in neural circuits (Egan et al., 2003). We investigated the behavioral consequences of the presence of the Met allele by comparing how 40 heterozygous subjects with the Val/Met genotype and 35 homozygous subjects with the Val/Val genotype performed on visuomotor tasks (reaching and navigation) under two conditions: normal vision and completely left-right reversed vision. As expected, subjects did not differ in their short-term ability to learn the tasks with normal vision (p = 0.58). Intuitively, it would be expected that homozygous Val/Val su...

Functional plasticity in human parietal visual field map clusters: Adapting to reversed visual input

Journal of Vision, 2012

Variations in temporal and chromatic responses across human visual cortex

Journal of Vision, 2004

Published online 30 July 2002 Functional measurements of human ventral occipital

Human colour vision originates in the cone photoreceptors, whose spatial density peaks in the fov... more Human colour vision originates in the cone photoreceptors, whose spatial density peaks in the fovea and declines rapidly into the periphery. For this reason, one expects to nd a large representation of the conerich fovea in those cortical locations that support colour perception. Human occipital cortex contains several distinct foveal representations including at least two that extend onto the ventral surface: a region thought to be critical for colour vision. To learn more about these ventral signals, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify visual eld maps and colour responsivity on the ventral surface. We found a visual map of the complete contralateral hemi eld in a 4 cm 2 region adjacent to ventral V3; the foveal representation of this map is con uent with that of areas V1/2/3. Additionally, a distinct foveal representation is present on the ventral surface situated 3-5 cm anterior from the con uent V1/2/3 foveal representations. This organization is not consistent with the de nition of area V8, which assumes the presence of a quarter eld representation adjacent to V3v. Comparisons of responses to luminancematched coloured and achromatic patterns show increased activity to the coloured stimuli beginning in area V1 and extending through the new hemi eld representation and further anterior in the ventral occipital lobe.

Maps of the Auditory Cortex

Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2015

One of the fundamental properties of the mammalian brain is that sensory regions of cortex are fo... more One of the fundamental properties of the mammalian brain is that sensory regions of cortex are formed of multiple, functionally specialized cortical field maps (CFMs). Each CFM comprises two orthogonal topographical representations, reflecting two essential aspects of sensory space. In auditory cortex, auditory field maps (AFMs) are defined by the combination of tonotopic gradients, representing the spectral aspects of sound (i.e., tones), with orthogonal periodotopic gradients, representing the temporal aspects of sound (i.e., period or temporal envelope). Converging evidence from cytoarchitectural and neuroimaging measurements underlies the definition of 11 AFMs across core and belt regions of human auditory cortex, with likely homology to those of macaque. On a macrostructural level, AFMs are grouped into cloverleaf clusters, an organizational structure also seen in visual cortex. Future research can now use these AFMs to investigate specific stages of auditory processing, key fo...

Visual Maps: To Merge or Not To Merge

Current Biology, 2009

Vision Research 41 (2001) 1321 -- 1332

ABSTRACT

Visual Areas in Macaque Cortex Measured Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We describe the first systematic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of vis... more We describe the first systematic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of visual field maps in macaque visual cortex. The boundaries of visual areas V1, V2, V3, V3A, V4, MT/V5, and TEO/V4A were identified using stimuli that create traveling waves of activity in retinotopically organized areas of the visual cortex. Furthermore, these stimuli were used to measure the dimensions of the representations of the central 11°in V1-V3, quantitative visual field eccentricity functions for V1-V3 and MT, and the distribution of foveal and peripheral signals within the occipital lobe. Within areas V1, V2, MT, and portions of V4, the fMRI signals were 5-10 times the noise level (3 mm 3 volumes of interest). Signals were weaker but still significant in other cortical regions, including V3, V3A, and TEO.

Visual Cortex in Humans

Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 2009

Attention and Working Memory in Human Auditory Cortex

The Human Auditory System - Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy, 2019

Human sensory systems are organized into processing hierarchies within cortex, such that incoming... more Human sensory systems are organized into processing hierarchies within cortex, such that incoming sensory information is analyzed and compiled into our vivid sensory experiences. Computations that are common to these sensory systems include the abilities to maintain enhanced focus on particular aspects of incoming sensory information (i.e., attention) and to retain sensory information in a short-term memory store after such sensory information is no longer available (i.e., working memory). In at least the auditory and visual systems, the necessary computational steps to create these experiences take place in cloverleaf clusters of cortical field maps (CFMs). The human auditory CFMs represent the spectral (i.e., tones) and temporal (i.e., period) aspects of sound, which are represented along the cortical surface as two orderly gradients that are physically orthogonal to one another: tonotopy and periodotopy, respectively. Knowledge of the properties of such CFMs is the foundation for understanding the specific sensory computations carried out in particular cortical regions. This chapter reviews current research into auditory nonverbal attention, auditory working memory, and auditory CFMs, and introduces the next steps to measure the effects of attention and working memory across the known auditory CFMs in human cortex using functional MRI.

Distinguishing visual field map clusters: A new paradigm

by Alyssa Brewer and Brian Wandell

Journal of Vision, 2010

Cloverleaf Clusters: A Common Macrostructural Organization across Human Visual and Auditory Cortex

Sensory Nervous System, 2018

One of the fundamental properties of mammalian brains is that sensory regions of cortex are organ... more One of the fundamental properties of mammalian brains is that sensory regions of cortex are organized into multiple, functionally specialized cortical field maps (CFMs). An individual CFM is composed of two orthogonal topographical representations, reflecting two essential aspects of a sensory feature space. Each CFM is thought to subserve a specific computation or set of computations that underlie particular perceptual behaviors by enabling the comparison and combination of the information carried by the various specialized neuronal populations within this cortical region. Multiple adjacent CFMs, in turn, have now been shown by multiple laboratories to be organized in visual and auditory cortex into a macrostructural pattern called the cloverleaf cluster. CFMs within cloverleaf clusters tend to share properties such as receptive field distribution, cortical magnification, and processing specialization. This chapter will review the evidence for CFM and cloverleaf cluster organization across human visual and auditory cortex and will discuss the utility of these measurements for determining cortical structure and function and for investigating what changes occur in sensory cortex following various types of trauma or disease.

Changes in Visual Cortex in Healthy Aging and Dementia

Update on Dementia, 2016

This chapter reviews the differences in specific structural and functional characteristics of hum... more This chapter reviews the differences in specific structural and functional characteristics of human visual cortex among young adults, healthy aging adults, and patients with dementia, with a primary focus on those with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Such visual cortex changes have been shown to underlie many of the behavioral deficits that develop in healthy aging and AD. Measurements of disordered visual cortex in dementia patients may be possible early in the course of neurodegeneration and thus may be useful for improving early diagnosis of these devastating diseases.

The behavioral and neural effects of long-term deprivation

Neural Oscillations, Temporal Modulation Rate Filters, and Periodicity Maps in Human Auditory Cortex

PsycEXTRA Dataset

64 Publications 2,304 Citations See Profile

Visual cortex in aging and Alzheimer's disease:

Met polymorphism

Human Auditory Cortex

Neurobiology of Language, 2016

The cortical organization of the human auditory system has been incompletely measured. Although w... more The cortical organization of the human auditory system has been incompletely measured. Although we know some of the features and locations of low-level processing in cortex, until recently we were recently able to localize individual auditory field maps (AFMs). Two recently discovered orthogonal acoustic dimensions are the key insight measuring AFMs, tonotopy and periodotopy. Because tonotopic and periodotopic gradients are represented orthogonally to one another on the cortical surface, it is now possible to differentiate the locations of individual maps. Additionally, a new organizational scheme of AFMs has been revealed: the “clover leaf” cluster. With these new insights, researchers can now delineate AFMs and therefore investigate which computations, such as those relevant for speech perception, are performed in each map. Furthermore, auditory and visual cortices are similarly organized into specific sensory field maps and into “clover leaf” clusters, indicating that cortical sensory systems may have common organizational structures.

Determining a role for microglia in PrPSC-mediated pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Visual Field Map Clusters in High-Order Visual Processing: Organization of V3A/V3B and a New Cloverleaf Cluster in the Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus

Frontiers in integrative neuroscience, 2017

The cortical hierarchy of the human visual system has been shown to be organized around retinal s... more The cortical hierarchy of the human visual system has been shown to be organized around retinal spatial coordinates throughout much of low- and mid-level visual processing. These regions contain visual field maps (VFMs) that each follows the organization of the retina, with neighboring aspects of the visual field processed in neighboring cortical locations. On a larger, macrostructural scale, groups of such sensory cortical field maps (CFMs) in both the visual and auditory systems are organized into roughly circular cloverleaf clusters. CFMs within clusters tend to share properties such as receptive field distribution, cortical magnification, and processing specialization. Here we use fMRI and population receptive field (pRF) modeling to investigate the extent of VFM and cluster organization with an examination of higher-level visual processing in temporal cortex and compare these measurements to mid-level visual processing in dorsal occipital cortex. In human temporal cortex, the p...

Paradoxical visuomotor adaptation to reversed visual input is predicted by BDNF Val66Met polymorphism

Journal of vision, Jan 7, 2014

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain, influenc... more Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most abundant neurotrophin in the brain, influencing neural development, plasticity, and repair (Chen et al., 2004; Thoenen, 1995). The BDNF gene contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) called Val(66)Met. The Met allele interferes with intracellular BDNF-trafficking, decreases activity-dependent BDNF secretion, and consequently is often associated with a shift from plasticity to stability in neural circuits (Egan et al., 2003). We investigated the behavioral consequences of the presence of the Met allele by comparing how 40 heterozygous subjects with the Val/Met genotype and 35 homozygous subjects with the Val/Val genotype performed on visuomotor tasks (reaching and navigation) under two conditions: normal vision and completely left-right reversed vision. As expected, subjects did not differ in their short-term ability to learn the tasks with normal vision (p = 0.58). Intuitively, it would be expected that homozygous Val/Val su...

Functional plasticity in human parietal visual field map clusters: Adapting to reversed visual input

Journal of Vision, 2012

Variations in temporal and chromatic responses across human visual cortex

Journal of Vision, 2004

Published online 30 July 2002 Functional measurements of human ventral occipital

Human colour vision originates in the cone photoreceptors, whose spatial density peaks in the fov... more Human colour vision originates in the cone photoreceptors, whose spatial density peaks in the fovea and declines rapidly into the periphery. For this reason, one expects to nd a large representation of the conerich fovea in those cortical locations that support colour perception. Human occipital cortex contains several distinct foveal representations including at least two that extend onto the ventral surface: a region thought to be critical for colour vision. To learn more about these ventral signals, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify visual eld maps and colour responsivity on the ventral surface. We found a visual map of the complete contralateral hemi eld in a 4 cm 2 region adjacent to ventral V3; the foveal representation of this map is con uent with that of areas V1/2/3. Additionally, a distinct foveal representation is present on the ventral surface situated 3-5 cm anterior from the con uent V1/2/3 foveal representations. This organization is not consistent with the de nition of area V8, which assumes the presence of a quarter eld representation adjacent to V3v. Comparisons of responses to luminancematched coloured and achromatic patterns show increased activity to the coloured stimuli beginning in area V1 and extending through the new hemi eld representation and further anterior in the ventral occipital lobe.

Maps of the Auditory Cortex

Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2015

One of the fundamental properties of the mammalian brain is that sensory regions of cortex are fo... more One of the fundamental properties of the mammalian brain is that sensory regions of cortex are formed of multiple, functionally specialized cortical field maps (CFMs). Each CFM comprises two orthogonal topographical representations, reflecting two essential aspects of sensory space. In auditory cortex, auditory field maps (AFMs) are defined by the combination of tonotopic gradients, representing the spectral aspects of sound (i.e., tones), with orthogonal periodotopic gradients, representing the temporal aspects of sound (i.e., period or temporal envelope). Converging evidence from cytoarchitectural and neuroimaging measurements underlies the definition of 11 AFMs across core and belt regions of human auditory cortex, with likely homology to those of macaque. On a macrostructural level, AFMs are grouped into cloverleaf clusters, an organizational structure also seen in visual cortex. Future research can now use these AFMs to investigate specific stages of auditory processing, key fo...

Visual Maps: To Merge or Not To Merge

Current Biology, 2009

Vision Research 41 (2001) 1321 -- 1332

ABSTRACT

Visual Areas in Macaque Cortex Measured Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

We describe the first systematic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of vis... more We describe the first systematic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of visual field maps in macaque visual cortex. The boundaries of visual areas V1, V2, V3, V3A, V4, MT/V5, and TEO/V4A were identified using stimuli that create traveling waves of activity in retinotopically organized areas of the visual cortex. Furthermore, these stimuli were used to measure the dimensions of the representations of the central 11°in V1-V3, quantitative visual field eccentricity functions for V1-V3 and MT, and the distribution of foveal and peripheral signals within the occipital lobe. Within areas V1, V2, MT, and portions of V4, the fMRI signals were 5-10 times the noise level (3 mm 3 volumes of interest). Signals were weaker but still significant in other cortical regions, including V3, V3A, and TEO.

Visual Cortex in Humans

Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 2009

Visual Working Memory Capacity in Retinotopic Cortex: Number, Resolution, and Population Receptive Fields

Journal of Vision, 2010

Abstract Introduction: Visual working memory (VWM) capacity has been shown to be limited by the n... more

Distinguishing visual field map clusters: A new paradigm

Journal of Vision, 2010

Aging and dementia in human visual cortex: Visual field map organization and population receptive fields

Journal of Vision, 2011

Perceptual and fMRI evidence for filling-in of the rod scotoma under scotopic conditions

Journal of Vision, 2010

Abstract Introduction: The phenomenon of perceptual filling-in, where a region of the retina does... more

Pinwheel cartography: A fundamental organizing principle of the human visual system

Journal of Vision, 2010

Abstract Introduction: One of the more important larger scale organizing principles of visual cor... more

FMRI of the Rod Scotoma: Cortical Projections, Filling-In and Insights into Plasticity

Journal of Vision, 2011

ABSTRACT Are ectopic responses in lesion projection zones (LPZs) the result of long-term reorgani... more ABSTRACT Are ectopic responses in lesion projection zones (LPZs) the result of long-term reorganization (plasticity) or short-term filling-in (adaptation)? We used field-standard travelling-wave and cutting-edge population receptive field (pRF) model functional MRI visual field mapping techniques with 4 types of flickering checkerboard stimuli under photopic and scotopic conditions to measure the effects of the rod scotoma in human early visual cortex. Our main findings are: 1) populations of neurons were silenced within the LPZ of the rod scotoma; 2) conscious perception was correlated with neural activity across stimuli in V1, V2, V3, and hV4; pRFs overlapping the LPZ 3) shifted their pRFs more eccentric from the rod scotoma and 4) changed their pRF sizes. Each of these effects differs in degree and range for each of the maps measured, such that maps with larger pRFs (leading to greater overlap with the rod scotoma) show effects further into their representations of the visual periphery. Thus, ectopic responses in LPZs are not unique identifiers of cortical reorganization, but can be a result of short-term filling-in.

Rod pathway projections in human visual cortex

Journal of Vision, 2009

Abstract Introduction: The rod and cone photoreceptors of the retina are organized such that the ... more

Rod signals in human ventral visual cortex

Journal of Vision, 2010

Abstract INTRODUCTION. The rod and cone photoreceptors of the retina are organized such that the ... more

BDNF Polymorphism Affecting Neural Plasticity Predicts Visuo-Motor Adaptation to Left-Right Visual Reversal

by Alyssa Brewer and G. Abedi

Journal of Vision, 2012

Visual field map organization and connectivity in aging human visual cortex

Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2010

White and gray matter of visual cortex in Alzheimer's disease: Visual field maps, population receptive fields, and diffusion tensor imaging

Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2010

No abstract is available. To read the body of this article, please view the Full Text online. ...... more No abstract is available. To read the body of this article, please view the Full Text online. ... © 2010 The Alzheimer's Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ... Visit SciVerse ScienceDirect to see if you have access via your institution. ... Advertisements on this site ...

Cross-sensory activation of 'clover leaf' clusters in human visual and auditory cortex

Journal of Vision, 2013

A novel use for visual field maps: Tracking functional plasticity in posterior parietal cortex

Journal of Vision, 2009

Introduction: Primate visual cortex can be partitioned into distinct visual areas which serve se... more

Putting the Prisms Back On: Both Maps of Visual Space Persist, as Revealed by Rapid Cortical Re-adaptation to Left-Right Visual Field Reversal

Journal of Vision, 2010

Abstract Introduction: In this study, we exploit the dynamic nature of posterior parietal cortex ... more

Visual field mapping of visuomotor adaptation to prisms

Journal of Vision, 2010

Abstract Stratton (Psych. Rev., 1897) first described visuomotor adaptation to altered visual inp... more Abstract Stratton (Psych. Rev., 1897) first described visuomotor adaptation to altered visual input by wearing inverting prism spectacles. A number of studies (eg, Miyauchi et al., J. Physio., 2004) have tried to confirm his findings and further examine the question of how responses in visual cortex change during this adaptation process. There is evidence from these studies that changes occur in parieto-occipital cortex. Recently, several human visual field maps have been described in parietal cortex that are thought to be involved in ...

Cortical adaption to reversing prisms in normal adults measured by fMRI

Journal of Vision, 2010

Hemispheric differences of color responses in human ventral visual cortex

Journal of Vision, 2010