Papers by Frederick Nchang Cho
ABSTRACTBackgroundKnowledge of the core gut microbiome among Cameroonians is a preliminary step f... more ABSTRACTBackgroundKnowledge of the core gut microbiome among Cameroonians is a preliminary step for a better implementation of treatment strategies to correct dysbiosis and improve health care management. HIV infection has continued to cause high mortality among those infected, but the types and frequency of human gut microbiota associated with or without HIV/AIDS presence have not been identified in the adult populations in Cameroon.MethodsThis was a case-control and comparative study design that ran from June 2018 to September 2019. Stool Samples were purposively collected from 40 participants (15 HIV-negative and 25 HIV-positive) for the 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the next-generation Illumina® MiSeq™ sequencer. Blood samples were collected for HIV determine testing, CD4 Tcell count and HIV viral load. Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at ninety-nine percent identity and their representatives were accustomed to using a phylogenetic approach.ResultsT...
BMC Public Health, 2024
Introduction Knowledge and trust are some of the contributing factors to vaccine acceptance(VA) a... more Introduction Knowledge and trust are some of the contributing factors to vaccine acceptance(VA) and Vaccine hesitancy (VH) is one of the top threats to global health. A significant drop in childhood vaccination has been
observed in recent years. One important reason that influences mothers’ choice to either postpone or avoid children’s
vaccinations is knowledge and trust in childhood vaccines. This study aimed to assess mothers’ knowledge and trust
on vaccination of their children, and to examine the association between vaccination knowledge and selected sociodemographic factors.
Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2022 to March 2022 to assess the knowledge
and trust of mothers regarding childhood vaccination. Data was collected with self-administered questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to assess factors associated with childhood vaccine knowledge
and trust.
Results Of the 2,126 Rwandan parents who participated in the study, the proportions with good knowledge
of – and good trust in childhood vaccination were 95.5% and 91.4%, respectively. The popular sources of information about childhood vaccination were health care professionals (91.8%) and mass media (28.9%). Multinomial
logistic regression analysis showed that good knowledge of – and trust in childhood vaccination were associated
with the relationship with child(ren), education, occupation, and monthly income. The Multinomial logistic regression also revealed that the determinants of good knowledge of – and trust in childhood vaccination were; caregiver
(p= 4.0 × 10–4, adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR); 1.7, 95%C.I; 1.3 – 2.3), no formal educational status (p= 3.3 × 10–2, aOR; 1.7,
95%C.I; 1.0 – 3.0), the unemployed occupational status (p = 2.4 × 10–2, aOR; 1.2, 95%C.I; 1.0 – 1.4), and persons on more
than $401 per month (p = 2.0 × 10–4, aOR; 3.5, 95%C.I; 1.8 – 6.8).
Conclusion The majority of parents in Rwanda had both good knowledge of—and good trust regarding childhood
vaccination. Public health strategies to promote vaccination, education programmes as well as improved communication tools between health care professionals/traditional leaders/religious leaders and parents need to be considered to achieve favourable vaccination attitudes and practices for all parents in Rwanda.
GSC Advanced Research and Reviews
With 2.100.000 cases annually, breast cancer (BC) is the most common gynecological cancer globall... more With 2.100.000 cases annually, breast cancer (BC) is the most common gynecological cancer globally; 627.000 of those cases result in death yearly. In the next 20 years, it is anticipated that there will be 14.000.000 cases annually and 8.200.000 fatalities. There are numerous histological subtypes of BC. The various cancers include invasive ductal carcinoma, papilloma, medullary carcinoma, phyllode tumors, ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, and Paget disease. BC is a huge public health concern because of the steadily rising cases in our low-resource environments, thus raising the stakes to develop effective screening and early detection programs to reduce morbidity and mortality. Breast ultrasonography and clinical examination appear to hold promise for screening campaigns. Methodology: On the one hand, a descriptive retrospective analysis was conducted based on the pathology laboratory registry of the regional hospital in Buea, Cameroon. The time frame was from Ma...
Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research
Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is a worldwide disease, with 85% of new cases occurring in devel... more Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is a worldwide disease, with 85% of new cases occurring in developing countries in general and Africa south of the Sahara in particular. Aim: The objective of this study was to find possible factors that could affect knowledge about CC and some CC risk factors in our community. Study Design: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Buea, Mutengene, and Tiko. Result: Knowledge about CC is modulated by the level of education and the young age of women. Risk factors, although universal, seem to vary according to the geographical area and the socio-cultural environment where one lives. Some risk factors identified are; early onset of sexual intercourse, polygamous marriages, multiple sexual partners, the sexual behavior of the male partner, Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Human Deficiency Virus (HIV), and history of genital warts. Conclusion: None enhancement of lifestyle as the voluntary ref...
Journal of Cancer and Tumor International
6 million sexually active women are at risk of developing cervical cancer in Cameroon. About 2000... more 6 million sexually active women are at risk of developing cervical cancer in Cameroon. About 2000 cases are reported annually with 55% of them being fatal. The fight against this disease is hampered by both poor material and human resources. Methods of prevention are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary. Vaccination is one of the primary methods of prevention of cervical cancer. Despite the avoidable nature of this disease, there is a growing hesitancy in society to allow girls to be vaccinated. The objective of this study is to find out the characteristics of parents who allow their daughter(s ) to be vaccinated, despite the negative growing opinion about vaccination. Sensitization on the importance of prevention of cervical cancer by the public authorities, financial empowerment of women, and level of education seem crucial to increase the uptake of vaccination against the Human Papilloma Virus.
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of cervical can... more Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer among women who came for screening at the regional hospital BueaSouth West Region of Cameroon. Original Research Article Fru et al.; IJRRGY, 3(3): 1-14, 2020; Article no.IJRRGY.61689 2 Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study involving women aged from 16 to 65 years was carried out. A one-day free screening campaign was done at the Buea regional hospital on the 2 nd of November, 2019. Results: The age, educational status, marital status, age at first sex, and a number of sexual partners for the last past years were associated with knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: The number of sex partners for the last five years, age, educational level, and marital status were determinants affecting awareness and knowledge in this study. Further studies are needed with larger sample sizes to corroborate or not our findings.
BioMed Research International, 2020
Hepatotoxicity is historically the 3rd most common reason for drug withdrawal and toxicity-relate... more Hepatotoxicity is historically the 3rd most common reason for drug withdrawal and toxicity-related discontinuation of treatment. This study was aimed at determining the incidence and the onset of hepatotoxicity and at evaluating the relationship of some risk factors for hepatotoxicity among Human Immunodeficiency Virus- (HIV-) positive, tuberculosis (TB), and HIV/TB patients on treatment. This was a prospective follow-up study involving 125 participants from the HIV/AIDS and TB treatment centres in three hospitals in Fako Division of Cameroon. These TB and HIV patients were initiated on RHEZ (R = Rifampicin, H = Isoniazid, E = Ethambutol, and P = Pyrazinamide) and TELE (efavirenz/tenofovir/lamivudine), respectively, and followed up for 12 weeks between September 2018 and November 2019. The levels of liver enzymes (transaminases, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and unconjugated/total bilirubin) were measured spectrophotometrically using serum. The Chi-squared (χ2) te...
Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 2004
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death for middle-aged women in the developing wor... more Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death for middle-aged women in the developing world, yet it is almost completely preventable, if precancerous lesions are identified and treated in a timely manner. Cervical cancer screening based on cytologic examination is largely unavailable in developing countries or made available to a small, select group of women in private facilities, maternal child health sites, or family-planning clinics, missing the age groups at highest risk for precancerous lesions. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) can be used to screen women. It can be done by nurses or midwives with appropriate training. Although still under investigation, research results show that VIA is simple, accurate, costeffective, and acceptable to most women. This article reviews the natural history of cervical cancer and important aspects to consider related to cervical cancer screening in low resource settings. The VIA technique is described in detail.
IQ Research journal, 2023
Cervical Cancer, which accounts for roughly 600.000 cases and 375.000 deaths annually worldwide, ... more Cervical Cancer, which accounts for roughly 600.000 cases and 375.000 deaths annually worldwide, is the second most common gynecological malignancy after breast cancer. 80-90% of overall cases and 90% of fatal cases occur in developing countries. Africa south of the Sahara pays a heavy toll on this pathology, and Cameroon is no exception. Paradoxically, this Cancer is highly preventable; unfortunately, the fight against cervical cancer stumbles on both a lack of material and human resources. Papanicolaou smear is one of the primary effective preventive methods to fight against cervical Cancer. This study aims to find out the different results we got in these three years-long screening of cervical Cancer using Papanicolaou smear.
PLOS ONE, 2023
Introduction This study aimed to establish pre-/post Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosi... more Introduction This study aimed to establish pre-/post Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis/treatment symptoms, ownership/utilisation of face masks (FMs), as well as vaccine hesitancy (VH) amongst patients recovering from COVID-19. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April - October 2021. Data was collected with structured self-administered questionnaires. Multinomial regression was used to determine associations between ownership/utilisation of FMs with respondents’ characteristics. Results Unproductive cough and fatigue were prevalent before and after treatment. Pre-/Post COVID-19 symptoms severity ranged from mild to moderate. There was a COVID-19 VH rate of 492 (74%). The prevalence of FM ownership and utilisation were, respectively, 613 (92.2%) and 271 (40.8%). One main factor was associated with FM ownership; respondent’s sex (p; 5.5x10-2, OR; 0.5, 95%C.I; 0.3 – 1.0). The main reasons for irregular utilisation were; inability to be consistent, only used ...
Plos One, 2023
Introduction This study aimed to establish pre-/post Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosi... more Introduction This study aimed to establish pre-/post Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis/ treatment symptoms, ownership/utilisation of face masks (FMs), as well as vaccine hesitancy (VH) amongst patients recovering from COVID-19. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from April-October 2021. Data was collected with structured self-administered questionnaires. Multinomial regression was used to determine associations between ownership/utilisation of FMs with respondents' characteristics. Results Unproductive cough and fatigue were prevalent before and after treatment. Pre-/Post COVID-19 symptoms severity ranged from mild to moderate. There was a COVID-19 VH rate of 492 (74%). The prevalence of FM ownership and utilisation were, respectively, 613 (92.2%) and 271 (40.8%). One main factor was associated with FM ownership; respondent's sex (p; 5.5x10-2 , OR; 0.5, 95%C.I; 0.3-1.0). The main reasons for irregular utilisation were; inability to be consistent, only used outdoors, and boredom.
Background: Long-lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) are effective in the prevention of malaria, but... more Background: Long-lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) are effective in the prevention of malaria, but universal utilisation continues to be declining in parts of Cameroon. This study aimed to explore the predictors and incidences of LLINs ownership/ utilisation in a semi-urban community in the Bamenda Health District (BHD). . Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 448 randomly selected household heads was conducted between March and April 2018 in the BHD. Data on LLINs ownership and utilisation were collected with structured questionnaires. Multivariate analysis was used to establish the predictors of LLINs utilisation and ownership. Results: Household ownership of at least one LLINs and universal usage was 93.3% and 43.1% respectively. Conclusion: The utilisation of LLINs was low and had no significant association with ownership. Continuous educational efforts and monitoring schemes with specific emphasis on vulnerable groups should be stepped up.
TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, 2022
Malaria is a public health concern worldwide, accounting for 31% of hospital consultations, 44% o... more Malaria is a public health concern worldwide, accounting for 31% of hospital consultations, 44% of hospitalisations, and 18% of deaths, and a cause of school absenteeism amongst pupils in Cameroon. The negative cognitive impact of malaria on pupils is a call for concern. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria among pupils. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to April 2016 in eight Nursery and Primary Schools in Bui. A total of 1,152 pupils were systematically screened for malaria using light microscopy. All anaemic and malaria positive cases were administered ferum folate/ferrous sulphate and artemether-lumefantrine for treatment. The prevalence of malaria and anaemia were 12% and 18.4%, respectively; anaemia accounted for 26.1% of all positive diagnostic tests. Malaria infection was significantly higher in adolescents aged 5-12 years (73.9%), as well as amongst males (51.4%). The proportion of pupils with asymptomatic malaria and anaemia was high. Age, sex, school, and community were associated with asymptomatic malaria as well as anaemia. Malaria intervention programmes should target asymptomatic malaria carriers for treatment to minimise transmission.
Breast cancer and prevention perspectives: A public health challenge, Buea regional hospital, Cameroon, 2022
With 2.100.000 cases annually, breast cancer (BC) is the most common gynecological cancer globall... more With 2.100.000 cases annually, breast cancer (BC) is the most common gynecological cancer globally; 627.000 of those cases result in death yearly. In the next 20 years, it is anticipated that there will be 14.000.000 cases annually and 8.200.000 fatalities. There are numerous histological subtypes of BC. The various cancers include invasive ductal carcinoma, papilloma, medullary carcinoma, phyllode tumors, ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, and Paget disease. BC is a huge public health concern because of the steadily rising cases in our low-resource environments, thus raising the stakes to develop effective screening and early detection programs to reduce morbidity and mortality. Breast ultrasonography and clinical examination appear to hold promise for screening campaigns. Methodology: On the one hand, a descriptive retrospective analysis was conducted based on the pathology laboratory registry of the regional hospital in Buea, Cameroon. The time frame was from March 4, 2016, through May 25, 2019. On the other hand, we appreciate the rising number of women who attended BC screening programs from 2020 to 2022. BC was screened via clinical breast examination and breast ultrasonography before biopsy for confirmation. Results: In terms of frequency, the following precancerous lesions and cancers were recorded: invasive breast carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, papilloma, inflammatory carcinoma, phyllode tumours, and angiosarcoma. Their respective percentages were; 74.84, 14, 47, 6.92, 1.89, 1.57, and 0.32. The number of women who came for BC screening increased steadily from 123 in 2020 to 266 in 2021 and 552 in 2022. All with positive biopsy results first underwent a clinical examination. In the presence of any suspicious signs, an ultrasound investigation was ordered. A biopsy was requested in case of any image suspicious of BC.
Journal of Parasitology Research, 2021
Introduction. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) remain a public health problem worldwide especiall... more Introduction. Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) remain a public health problem worldwide especially in low-income countries. Soil-transmitted helminths are known to affect both growth and haemoglobin levels. In this study, we determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and explored its association with anaemia in school-aged children (SAC). Methodology. A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst pupils selected from 18 primary schools in four communities of the North West Region. Stool samples were examined using direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques, while finger prick was performed for the measurement of haemoglobin with a haemoglobinometer. Results. The results showed significant variation of STHs, intestinal protozoan prevalence, and anaemia between age, sex, and communities. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms was 15.1%, 0.8%, and 2%, respectively, with an overall STH prevalence of 18.3% across the four commun...
Introduction: The Bamenda, Santa and Tiko Health Districts are in the highest malaria transmissio... more Introduction: The Bamenda, Santa and Tiko Health Districts are in the highest malaria transmission strata of Cameroon. The purpose of this study was to explore the indicators of ownership and utilisation as well as maintenance of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in three health districts in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey involving 1,251 households was conducted in the Tiko Health District (THD) in July and June 2017 and in Bamenda and Santa Health Districts in March to May 2018. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on LLIN ownership, utilisation and maintenance as well as demographic characteristics. Results: The average number of LLINs per household was higher in the Bamenda Health District (BHD) compared to the Tiko Health District (THD) (2.5±1.2 vs. 2.4±1.6) as well as the household ownership at least one LLIN (93.30% vs. 89.00%). The proportion of the de-facto population with universal utilisation was higher in BHD compared to THD (13....
Texila International Journal of Public Health, 2022
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has and is greatly affecting the global communit... more The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has and is greatly affecting the global community. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards Covid-19 among a convenient sample of the general public in the Bamenda Health District (BHD) of Cameroon. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the BHD, from 1 st March to 30 th April 2021. Participants were sampled from three Health Areas in Bamenda. Data collection was performed using a self-administered questionnaire. The Pearson Chi square (χ 2) and regression analysis were used to determine associations between KAP and demographic characteristics. We studied 404 participants with the following demographic characteristics: 237 (58.7%) aged 25-49 years, 233 (57.7%) females, and 197 (48.8%) with tertiary level of education. Of the 404 participants, 182 (45.0%) were knowledgeable about Covid-19 (79 males and 103 females), 42.5% had positive attitudes towards Covid-19 (63 males and 109 females), and 122 (30.2%) were adherent to practicing public health preventive measures (48 males and 74 females). Compared to females, males were more adherent to practicing public health preventive measures (OR, 1. 3; 95% CI, 0.8-2.1), and had positive attitudes towards directives and guidelines (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8). This study shows that public health prevention efforts should be directed to closing the identified gaps in KAP among residents to halt the spread of Covid-19 in the health district as well as the Region.
International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2021
Introduction: The fight against cervical cancer stumbles against resistance to accepting vaccines... more Introduction: The fight against cervical cancer stumbles against resistance to accepting vaccines. Vaccination hesitancy is a worldwide phenomenon. It seems this phenomenon is more amplified in Africa. With the advent of COVID 19, many conspiracy theories against all the vaccines have emanated from various quarters. Vaccination against Human Papilloma Virus is no exception to the current dynamics. A study on this topic was carried out in the Fako Division-Cameroon. Structural and individual reasons could explain vaccination hesitancy. Objective: The objective of this study is to attempt an explanation of why vaccination hesitancy has to do with poor uptake of cervical cancer vaccines. Methodology: a community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in some towns of the Fako Division – Cameroon from 5 to January 20, 2021. Paper-based questionnaires were administered only to those who consented to participate in this study. And chi-square test was estimated to establish the associ...
The ectocervix is the part of the uterus which plunges into the apex of the vagina. A stratified ... more The ectocervix is the part of the uterus which plunges into the apex of the vagina. A stratified squamous epithelium covers it. The endocervical canal, which establishes communication between the vagina and the endometrial cavity, is paved with a mucous secreting glandular epithelium. Because of the acidity of the vagina, these two epithelia undergo metaplasia. Some oncogenic factors do ignite instead of dysplasia. CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3 correspond to the premalignant transformation of 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 of these epithelia from the basal membrane. Invasive Cancer is when the latter is broken, and there is a penetration of the stroma by the malignant cells. Methodology: A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted to establish the prevalence of various cervical malignancies at the Buea regional hospital. The registry of the pathology department was used. The study spanned from the 8th of March 2017 to the 16th of March 2021. Results: The different cervical cancer types found were squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and non-Hodgkin cervical cancer or lymphoma of the cervix. Their respective percentages were 73%, 20.7%, 5.4% and 0.9%. Conclusion: Four different types of cancers were found in this study. Their prevalence was for squamous cell carcinoma (73%), small cell carcinoma (20.7%), adenocarcinoma (5.4%), and non-Hodgkin carcinoma of the cervix (0.9%).
The ectocervix is the part of the uterus which plunges into the apex of the vagina. A stratified ... more The ectocervix is the part of the uterus which plunges into the apex of the vagina. A stratified squamous epithelium covers it. The endocervical canal, which establishes communication between the vagina and the endometrial cavity, is paved with a mucous secreting glandular epithelium. Because of the acidity of the vagina, these two epithelia undergo metaplasia. Some oncogenic factors do ignite instead of dysplasia. CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3 correspond to the premalignant transformation of 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 of these epithelia from the basal membrane. Invasive Cancer is when the latter is broken, and there is a penetration of the stroma by the malignant cells. Methodology: A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted to establish the prevalence of various cervical malignancies at the Buea regional hospital. The registry of the pathology department was used. The study spanned from the 8th of March 2017 to the 16th of March 2021. Results: The different cervical cancer types found were squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and non-Hodgkin cervical cancer or lymphoma of the cervix. Their respective percentages were 73%, 20.7%, 5.4% and 0.9%. Conclusion: Four different types of cancers were found in this study. Their prevalence was for squamous cell carcinoma (73%), small cell carcinoma (20.7%), adenocarcinoma (5.4%), and non-Hodgkin carcinoma of the cervix (0.9%).
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Papers by Frederick Nchang Cho
observed in recent years. One important reason that influences mothers’ choice to either postpone or avoid children’s
vaccinations is knowledge and trust in childhood vaccines. This study aimed to assess mothers’ knowledge and trust
on vaccination of their children, and to examine the association between vaccination knowledge and selected sociodemographic factors.
Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2022 to March 2022 to assess the knowledge
and trust of mothers regarding childhood vaccination. Data was collected with self-administered questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to assess factors associated with childhood vaccine knowledge
and trust.
Results Of the 2,126 Rwandan parents who participated in the study, the proportions with good knowledge
of – and good trust in childhood vaccination were 95.5% and 91.4%, respectively. The popular sources of information about childhood vaccination were health care professionals (91.8%) and mass media (28.9%). Multinomial
logistic regression analysis showed that good knowledge of – and trust in childhood vaccination were associated
with the relationship with child(ren), education, occupation, and monthly income. The Multinomial logistic regression also revealed that the determinants of good knowledge of – and trust in childhood vaccination were; caregiver
(p= 4.0 × 10–4, adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR); 1.7, 95%C.I; 1.3 – 2.3), no formal educational status (p= 3.3 × 10–2, aOR; 1.7,
95%C.I; 1.0 – 3.0), the unemployed occupational status (p = 2.4 × 10–2, aOR; 1.2, 95%C.I; 1.0 – 1.4), and persons on more
than $401 per month (p = 2.0 × 10–4, aOR; 3.5, 95%C.I; 1.8 – 6.8).
Conclusion The majority of parents in Rwanda had both good knowledge of—and good trust regarding childhood
vaccination. Public health strategies to promote vaccination, education programmes as well as improved communication tools between health care professionals/traditional leaders/religious leaders and parents need to be considered to achieve favourable vaccination attitudes and practices for all parents in Rwanda.
observed in recent years. One important reason that influences mothers’ choice to either postpone or avoid children’s
vaccinations is knowledge and trust in childhood vaccines. This study aimed to assess mothers’ knowledge and trust
on vaccination of their children, and to examine the association between vaccination knowledge and selected sociodemographic factors.
Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2022 to March 2022 to assess the knowledge
and trust of mothers regarding childhood vaccination. Data was collected with self-administered questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to assess factors associated with childhood vaccine knowledge
and trust.
Results Of the 2,126 Rwandan parents who participated in the study, the proportions with good knowledge
of – and good trust in childhood vaccination were 95.5% and 91.4%, respectively. The popular sources of information about childhood vaccination were health care professionals (91.8%) and mass media (28.9%). Multinomial
logistic regression analysis showed that good knowledge of – and trust in childhood vaccination were associated
with the relationship with child(ren), education, occupation, and monthly income. The Multinomial logistic regression also revealed that the determinants of good knowledge of – and trust in childhood vaccination were; caregiver
(p= 4.0 × 10–4, adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR); 1.7, 95%C.I; 1.3 – 2.3), no formal educational status (p= 3.3 × 10–2, aOR; 1.7,
95%C.I; 1.0 – 3.0), the unemployed occupational status (p = 2.4 × 10–2, aOR; 1.2, 95%C.I; 1.0 – 1.4), and persons on more
than $401 per month (p = 2.0 × 10–4, aOR; 3.5, 95%C.I; 1.8 – 6.8).
Conclusion The majority of parents in Rwanda had both good knowledge of—and good trust regarding childhood
vaccination. Public health strategies to promote vaccination, education programmes as well as improved communication tools between health care professionals/traditional leaders/religious leaders and parents need to be considered to achieve favourable vaccination attitudes and practices for all parents in Rwanda.