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Akontaabu krataa (Spreadsheet)

Ɛfi Wikipedia

Akontaabu krataa (Spreadsheet) yɛ kɔmputa so dwumadie a wɔde yɛ akontabuo, nhyehyɛeɛ, nhwehwɛmu ne nsɛm a wɔkora so wɔ tabular kwan so.[1][2][3]

Nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfa akontaabu krataa a ɛkura nsɛm a ɛfa nnwom a wɔde tie asɛm kuo bi ho.

Wɔyɛɛ Akontaabu krataa sɛ kɔmputa so nsɛso a ɛfa krataa so akontaabu adwuma krataa ho.[2] Dwumadi no de nsɛm a wɔde ahyɛ pon bi nkrataa mu na ɛyɛ adwuma. Krataa biara betumi akura akontaahyɛde anaa nkyerɛwee nsɛm, anaasɛ nea efi fomula ahorow a egyina nkrataa afoforo mu nsɛm so bu akontaa na ɛda mmuae bi adi no mu aba. Asɛmfua spreadsheet nso betumi akyerɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik krataa a ɛte saa no biako.[4][5][6]

Wɔn a wɔde Akontaabu krataa di dwuma bɛtumi asiesie boɔ biara a wɔde asie na wɔahwɛ nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ɛwɔ boɔ a wɔabu ho akontaa so. Wei ma akontaabu krataa no ho ba mfasoɔ ma "dɛn-sɛ" nhwehwɛmu ɛfiri sɛ wɔbɛtumi ahwehwɛ nsɛm pii mu ntɛmntɛm a wɔmfa nsa nbu akontaa bio. Nnɛyi akontaabu krataa sɔɔftewɛ betumi anya nkrataa pii a ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho di nkitaho na ebetumi ada nsɛm adi sɛ nkyerɛwee ne akontaahyɛde anaasɛ mfonini kwan so.[7]

Sɛ akontaabu ne akontaabu mu dwumadi atitiriw a wɔyɛ da nkyɛn a, nnɛyi akontaabu krataa ma dwumadi ahorow a wɔayɛ ama sikasɛm akontaabu ne akontaabu dwumadi ahorow a wɔtaa yɛ.[7] Wobetumi de akontabuo te sɛ mprempren bo a ɛsom ankasa anaa ɔmanekwan a edimu adi dwuma wɔ tabular nsɛm a ɛwɔ dwumadie a wɔadi kan ayɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ wɔ formula mu. Akontaabu nkrataa nhyehyɛe ahorow nso ma nsɛm a ɛwɔ tebea mu, dwumadi ahorow a wɔde dannan nsɛm ne nɔma ntam, ne dwumadi ahorow a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nkyerɛwee nhama so.

Akontaabu krataa asi nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde krataa yɛ ananmu wɔ aguadi wiase nyinaa mu. Ɛwom sɛ wodii kan yɛɛ no maa akontaabu anaa nhomakorabea nnwuma de, nanso mprempren wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ tebea biara a wɔkyekye, hyehyɛ, na wɔkyɛ nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ pon so no mu.[7]

Mfitiasesɛm

[sesa]

LANPAR, a na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ afe 1969 mu, ne ɛlɛtrɔnik Akontaabu krataa a edi kan wɔ wiase ne kɔmputa a wɔde kyɛ bere. Na LANPAR yɛ asɛmfua a wɔatwa no tiaa a ɛkyerɛ: LANguage ma Programming Arrays at Random.[8] VisiCalc (1979) ne ɛlɛtrɔnik Akontaabu krataa a edi kan wɔ kɔmputa ketewa so, na ɛboa ma wɔdanee Apple II kɔmputa no yɛɛ no ​​ankorankoro kɔmputa a agye din na wɔde di dwuma kɛse paa. Lotus 1-2-3 na ɛyɛ Akontaabu krataa a ɛdi kan bere a na nnipa pii de DOS di dwuma titire no.[9] Mprempren Microsoft Akontaabu krataa na ɛwɔ gua so kyɛfa kɛse wɔ Windows ne Macintosh platfɔm ahorow no so.[10][10][11] Akontaabu krataa nhyehyɛe yɛ ade a ɛyɛ edi akoten wɔ ɔfese adwumayɛ nhyehyɛe mu. Wɔ afe 2006 mu no Google de spreadsheet wɛb aplikeshɔn a ɛyɛ papa a wɔayi no adi, mprempren wɔfrɛ eyi Google Sheets ne aplikeshɔn a wɔde ama wɔ Google Drive mu no mu biako.[12]

Akontaabu krataa yɛ sɛlls a wɔahyehyɛ atoatoa so ne wrɔo a wɔde X ne Y asensode no na ɛkyerɛ. X mmeae, nkyerɛwde ahorow no, wɔtaa de nkyerɛwde, "A," "B," "C," ne nea ɛkeka ho na egyina hɔ ma, bere a wɔtaa de nɔma, 1, 2, 3, ne nea ɛkeka ho gyina hɔ ma nkyerɛwde ahorow no. Wobetumi akyerɛ sell biako denam ne row ne column, "C10" a wɔbɛkyerɛw so. Saa ɛlɛtrɔnik adwene a ɛfa sɛll nkyerɛkyerɛmu ho yi na wɔdii kan de baeɛ wɔ LANPAR (Language for Programming Arrays at Random) (Rene Pardo ne Remy Landau na wɔboom yɛɛ) ne ɔkwan foforɔ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ VisiCalc mu na wɔfrɛ no "A1 notation" no. Bio nso, Akontaabu krataa wɔ adwene a ɛne sɛ range, sɛlls kuw bi, a mpɛn pii no ɛne wɔn ho wɔn ho di nsɛ. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, obi bɛtumi akyerɛ sɛll du a ɛdi kan wɔ kɔlɔm a ɛdi kan no mu sɛ "A1:A10". LANPAR yɛɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔde gyina hɔ ma anim akontabuo foforɔ a nsan mpue kɔsii sɛ Lotus 123 ne Microsoft MultiPlan po 2 no bae.

Wɔ nnɛyi Akontaabu applɛkahyens mu no, wɔboaboa Akontaabu krataa pii a wɔtaa frɛ no adwuma krataa anaasɛ krataa kɛkɛ ano de yɛ adwuma nhoma. Wɔde fael a nwoma no, nkratafa no, ne sɛlls a ɛwɔ nkrataa no ho nsɛm nyinaa na ɛgyina hɔ ma adwuma nwoma. Mpɛn pii no, wɔde tab ahorow a ɛdannan nkratafa ntam na egyina hɔ ma adwuma nkrataa, a emu biara kura nkrataa no mu biako, ɛwom sɛ nɔma sesa saa nhwɛso yi kɛse de. Sɛlls a ɛwɔ nwoma a ɛwɔ nkratafa pii mu de krataa din no ka wɔn nkyerɛkyerɛmu ho, sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, "Krataa 1!C10". Nhyehyɛe ahorow bi trɛw saa kasamufa yi mu ma ɛma kwan ma sɛlls mu nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma kɔ adwuma nhoma ahorow so.

Nneɛma a wɔde Akontaabu Krataa Yɛ

[sesa]
  1. Nsɛm a Wɔde Hyehyɛ ne Nea Wɔkora So
  2. Nsɛmmisa Nhoma a Wɔbɛbɔ
  3. Akontaabu ne Nkontaabu
  4. Nhyehyɛe a Wɔyɛ
  5. Adwumayɛ ne Adwumayɛ ho Nnwuma
  6. Nsɛm Nhwehwɛmu
  7. Nnwuma a Wɔyɛ wɔ Aguadi Ho
  8. Amanneɛbɔ ne Mfonini ahorow
  9. Akatua ho nhyehyɛe[13]

Akontaabu krataa ahorow a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm

[sesa]

Akontaabu krataa a agye din sen biara[4]

[sesa]
  • Microsoft Excel
  • Numbers
  • Google Sheets
  • OpenOffice
  • LibreOffice
  • Quip
  • SmartSheet
  • Lotus Symphony

Krataa so nsɛm a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm

[sesa]

Nnipa ahyehyɛ nsɛm ayɛ no pon, kyerɛ sɛ, nsusukwan a wɔde adum ne toatoa so, fi tete. Babilonfo de dɔte abopon na ɛkoraa nsɛm so wɔ 1800 A.Y.B.[14] Yebetumi ahu nhwɛso afoforo wɔ nhomakorabea nhoma akɛse ne nsoromma mu hwɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow mu.[15]

Anyɛ yiye koraa no, efi 1906, wɔ akontaabu mu no, wɔadi ho adanse sɛ asɛmfua "spread sheet" kyerɛ adum ne nkyerɛwde a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ nhoma(ledger) mu.[16][17] Asɛmfua "spreadsheet" no fi "spread" mu wɔ ne ntease a ɛne atesɛm krataa anaa nsɛmma nhoma mu ade (nkyerɛwee anaa mfonini) a ɛkata nkratafa abien a ɛhwɛ anim, a ɛtrɛw fa mfinimfini kwan no so na ɛfa nkratafa abien no sɛ kratafa kɛse biako.[18][19] Asɛmfua a wɔabom ayɛ ‘spread-sheet’ no bɛkyerɛɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so de nhomakorabea nhomakorabea ahorow kyerɛ—a wɔde nkyerɛwde a ɛkyerɛ sika a wɔsɛe no akuw ahorow wɔ soro, sika a wɔde tua ho ka a wɔakyerɛw wɔ benkum so, ne sika biara a wotua wɔ cell a ne row ne column no twam no mu—a, sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, na ɛyɛ "trɛw" wɔ ledger a wɔakyekyere (nhoma a wɔde sie akontaabu kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow) nkratafa a ɛhwɛ anim so nkrataa a ne kɛse yɛ (a wɔfrɛ no ‘nhwehwɛmu krataa’) a wɔde dii tumi yɛɛ no toatoa so ne adum wɔ saa nhyehyɛe no mu na ne tɛtrɛtɛ bɛyɛ sɛ krataa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no mmɔho abien.[20][21]

Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm

[sesa]

Microsoft Excel a wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ Apple Macintosh ne Windows so

[sesa]

Microsoft yii Excel a edi kan maa Apple Macintosh adi wɔ Ɔbɔ bosome de da ɔtɔ so 30, 1985, na afei wɔde kɔɔ Windows,[22] na wɔde nɔma maa nea edi kan no 2.05 (sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne Macintosh nkyerɛase 2.2 bɛyɛ pɛ) na woyii no adi wɔ Obubuo bosome, 1987 mu. Microsoft Windows 3.x platfɔms a ɛwɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ no maa ɛyɛɛ yie sɛ wɔn Excel akontaabu krataa application no bɛgye gua so kyɛfa afiri Lotus hɔ.[22]

Eduu bere a Lotus de Windows nneɛma a wotumi de di dwuma yɛɛ ho biribi no, na Microsoft afi ase reboaboa wɔn Office suite no ano. Eduu afe 1995 no, na Excel yɛ gua so kannifoɔ, na ɛdii Lotus 1-2-3 so nkonim, na wɔ afe 2013 mu no, IBM gyaee Lotus 1-2-3 koraa.

Nkrataa afoforo a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm

[sesa]

Mprempren spreadsheet softwea a ɛda nsow:

  • Apache OpenOffice Calc yɛ nea wɔde ma kwa na wɔabue ano.
  • Calligra Nkratafa (kan no na wɔfrɛ no KCalc).
  • Collabora Online Calc app a wɛayɛ ama fon ne dɛsktɔp no yɛ LibreOffice nkyerɛase ahorow a wontua hwee, a wɔabue ano, a wɔasiesie ama adwumayɛbea ahorow.
  • Corel Quattro Pro (Adwumayɛbea a Ɛyɛ Ɔpɛpɔn).
  • Gnumeric yɛ ma wontua na krɔss-platfɔm, ɛyɛ GNOME Desktop Software Dwumadi a Wɔde Ma kwa no fa.
  • Kingsoft Nkrataa a Wɔde Di Dwuma
  • LibreOffice Calc yɛ ma wontua, wabue mu ne krɔs platfɔm.
  • NeoOffice a ɛwɔ hɔ
  • Numbers yɛ Apple Inc. ’s spreadsheet software, a ɛyɛ iWork fa.
  • Nhyehyɛeyɛfo (SoftMaker Office).
  • Pyspread a ɛwɔ hɔ

Spreadsheet softwea a wɔagyae:

  • 20/20 na ɛwɔ hɔ
  • 3D-Calc ma Atari ST kɔmputa ahorow
  • Nhyehyɛe a Forefront Corporation / Ashton-Tate (1983–84) yɛe
  • GNU Oleo na ɛwɔ hɔ – Atetesɛm terminal mode spreadsheet ma UNIX/UNIX-te sɛ nhyehyɛe
  • IBM Lotus Nnwom a Wɔde Di Dwuma (2007).
  • Javelin Software a Wɔde Di Dwuma
  • KCells na ɛwɔ hɔ
  • Lucid 3-D a wɔde yɛ adwuma
  • Lotus Improv
  • Lotus Jazz a wɔde yɛ Macintosh
  • Lotus Nnwom (1984) .
  • MultiPlan a Wɔde Di Dwuma
  • Claris Gyinaesi (Macintosh).
  • Nsiesiei a Ɛdi Kan
  • Borland a ɔyɛ Quattro Pro no
  • SC IM (kan no na wɔfrɛ no SC - Spreadsheet Calculator).
  • SIAG na ɛyɛ
  • SuperCalc a ɛwɔ hɔ
  • T/Ɔyɛfo
  • Botae Nhyehyɛe Calc ma CP/M ne TRS-DOS
  • Trapeze a wɔde yɛ Macintosh
  • Wingz ma Macintosh

Asɛmpɔ

[sesa]

Nsusuwii atitiriw no ne nea ɛfa sɛlls a wɔayɛ no grid no ho, a wɔfrɛ no krataa, a ɛwɔ nsɛm a wɔnhyehyeɛ, a wɔfrɛ no gyinapɛn ahorow, anaasɛ fɔmulas wɔ sɛlls no mu. Nsusuwii ahorow ka sɛnea wɔde mfiri bu nsusuwii foforo fi gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw mu.[23] Nneɛma a ɛsom bo yɛ akontaahyɛde a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa, nanso ebetumi nso ayɛ nkyerɛwee kronkron, nna, asram, ne nea ɛkeka ho.[24][25] Saa nsusuwii ahorow yi ntrɛwmu bi ne Akontaabu krataa a ntease wom. Wɔtaa de nnwinnade ahorow a wɔde yɛ nkratafa ho nhyehyɛe, de yɛ data ho mfonini, de nkratafa di nkitaho wɔ akyirikyiri, kyerɛ nkwammoaa a egyina so, ne nea ɛkeka ho ma.[26]

Sɛlls

[sesa]

Wobetumi asusuw "sɛll" ho sɛ adaka a wɔde sie data. Wɔtaa de ne kɔlɔm ne ne worɔo(row) na ɛkyerɛ sɛll biako (C2 begyina hɔ ama cell a ɛwɔ nɔma 30 wɔ nhwɛso pon a ɛwɔ ase ha no mu). Mpɛn pii no, wɔde decimal nkyerɛwde a efi ase fi 1 na ɛkyerɛ worɔo(row) ahorow, a egyina hɔ ma nsakrae ahorow a egyina so no, bere a nkyerɛwde a egyina hɔ ma nsakrae ahorow a ɛde ne ho no de 26-adic bijective numeration di dwuma de nkyerɛwde A-Z di dwuma sɛ akontaahyɛde. Mpɛn pii no wobetumi ayɛ ne honam fam kɛse ma ɛne emu nsɛm no ahyia denam ne sorokɔ anaa ne tɛtrɛtɛ a wɔbɛtwe wɔ adaka no ntam (anaasɛ ama kɔlɔm anaa nkyerɛwde mũ nyinaa denam kɔlɔm- anaa row-ti ahorow a wɔbɛtwe so).

My Spreadsheet
A B C D
01 Adetɔn 100000 30000 70000
02 Nneɛma a Wɔtɔ 25490 30 200

Wɔfrɛ sɛlls a wɔahyehyɛ no krataa anaa adwuma krataa. Ɛte sɛ nneɛma a ɛsakra ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ wɔ kɔmputa so dwumadi a wɔtaa de di dwuma mu (ɛwom sɛ wobetumi abu gyinapɛn ahorow bi a ɛnsakra, bere a wɔde ahyɛ mu pɛ no, denam nsɛdi koro no ara so, sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa ho de). Wɔ dwumadie dodoɔ no ara mu no, ebia adwuma krataa pii wɔ akontaabu krataa baako mu. Adwuma krataa yɛ akontaabu krataa no fa ketewaa bi kɛkɛ a wɔakyekyɛ mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a emu bɛda hɔ. Wɔ dwumadie mu no, akontaabu krataa no de neho wɔ adwuma ɔyɛ nyinaa mu na sɛlls nyinaa yɛ adwuma sɛ wiase nyinaa nsakraeɛ (global variables) wɔ akontaabu krataa no mu (nsakraeɛ biara wɔ ‘akenkan’ kwan nko ara gye ne sɛll a ɛwɔ mu).

Ebia cell bi bɛwɔ boɔ anaa fɔmula bi, anaasɛ wobetumi agyaw no kwa kɛkɛ. Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, mpɛn pii no, = sɛnkyerɛnne no na efi nsusuwii ahorow no ase.

Nneɛma a wɔde hyɛm (Values)

[sesa]

Wobetumi afi kɔmputa no keyboard no so abɔ nneɛma bi denam nkyerɛwde a wobɛkyerɛw akɔ sɛll no ankasa mu tẽẽ no so. Anaa sɛ, wobetumi agyina fɛmula bi so (hwɛ aseɛ ha), a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ akontabuo, akyerɛ da anaa berɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren, anaasɛ ɛbɛgye abɔnten nsɛm te sɛ stock quote anaa database boɔ.

Spreadsheet Botae Mmara no

[sesa]

Kɔmputa ho nyansahufo Alan Kay[27] de asɛmfua value rule dii dwuma de bɔɔ sɛnea spreadsheet bi yɛ adwuma no mua: sɛll bi bo gyina formula a ɔde di dwuma no akyerɛw akɔ sɛll no mu nkutoo so. Ebia fɔmula no de ne ho bɛto nneɛma a sɛll afoforo wɔ so, nanso saa sɛll no nso yɛ nea wɔabara wɔ nsɛm anaa fɔmula a ɔde di dwuma no mu nkutoo. ‘Nsunsuanso bɔne’ biara nni fomula bi a wobu akontaa no mu: nea efi mu ba ara ne sɛ wɔbɛda nea wɔabu akontaa no adi wɔ ne nkwammoaa a ɛgye no mu. Abɔde mu kwan biara nni hɔ a wɔfa so sesa sɛll bi mu nneɛma daa gye sɛ nea ɔde di dwuma no de ne nsa sesa sɛll no mu nneɛma. Wɔ nhyehyɛe kasa ahorow mu no, eyi ma wonya nhyehyɛe a edi kan a ɛyɛ adwuma a anohyeto wom.[28]

Akontaabu a ɛno ara san yɛ

[sesa]

Gyinapɛn a ɛfa akontaabu krataa ho fi 1980 mfe no mu, saa ade a wɔpaw yi yi hia a ehia sɛ obi ankasaa bɛyɛ akontaabu krataa dwumadi no sɛ ɔnsan mmu botae ahorow (nnɛyi mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ default option gye sɛ ‘wɔadum’ no ama akontaabu krataa akɛse, mpɛn pii no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a adwumayɛ bɛtu mpɔn).

Na akontaabu krataa ahorow bi a atwam no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔankasa a bɛbisa na wɔasan abu akontaa efisɛ na akontaabu krataa akɛse anaa nea ɛyɛ den a wɔsan bu akontaa no taa ma ahoɔhare a wɔde hyɛ nsɛm mu no so tew. Nnɛyi akontaabu krataa pii da so ara de saa kwan yi yɛ adwuma.

Mpɛn pii no, akontaabu a wɔsan yɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ biribiara nni hɔ a egyina kurukuruwa so wɔ akontaabu krataa mu. Nneɛma a wɔde gyina so ho Akontaabu pon yɛ akontaabu pon a ɛwɔ vertex ma ade biara a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no foforo, ne edge a ɛka nneɛma abien bom bere biara a ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ emu biako foforo ntɛm sen foforo no. Nneɛma a wɔde gyina so ho akontaabu pon aɛhorow a enni circular dependencies yɛ kyerɛ kwan acyclic akontaabu pon, gyinabea ahorow a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ no fa bi (wɔ eyi mu no, wɔ akontaabu krataa so) a wobetumi de wɔn ho ato so de ama aba a ɛyɛ papa.

Bere ankasa mu nsesae

[sesa]

Saa adeɛ yi kyerɛ sɛ wɔde boɔ a ɛfiri abɔnten fibea bi bɛsesa sɛll bi mu nsɛm foforɔ berɛ ne berɛ mu —te sɛ sɛll a ɛwɔ "akyirikyiri" akontaabu krataa mu. Wɔ ma wɔkyekyɛɛ mu, Web-based akontaabu krataa ho no, ɛfa "ntɛm ara" ma wɔde sesa sɛlls a ɔdefo foforo ayɛ no foforo.

Sɛll a wɔato mu

[sesa]

Sɛ wohyɛ mu wie a, wobetumi "atoto" sɛlls a wɔapaw (anaasɛ akontaabu krataa no nyinaa) a wɔpɛ de asiw nkyerɛwee a wɔbɛkyerɛw so wɔ ber a wɔanhyɛda mu no ano.

Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Definition of SPREADSHEET (in English), 2023-07-17, retrieved 2023-07-27
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 What are spreadsheets and how do they work? (in English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  3. ↑ Spreadsheet | Definition, Uses, & Facts | Britannica (in English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 What is a Spreadsheet? (in English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  5. ↑ Spreadsheet Definition & Meaning (in English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  6. ↑ Vangie Beal (1996-09-01), What is Spreadsheet? (in American English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 SpreadsheetCollege Team (2022-12-15), What Is A Spreadsheet Used For? (Everything You Need To Know) (in American English), archived from the original on 2023-07-27, retrieved 2023-07-27
  8. ↑ Hannah B. Higgins (2009-01-23), The Grid Book (in English), MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-51240-4, retrieved 2023-08-22
  9. ↑ THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; Lotus 1-2-3 Faces Up to the Upstarts (Published 1988) (in English), 1988-03-13, retrieved 2023-08-22
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office: Can They Topple the Giant? (in American English), retrieved 2023-08-23
  11. ↑ A, retrieved 2023-08-23
  12. ↑ Michael Arrington (2006-10-11), Google "Docs & Spreadsheets" Launches (in American English), retrieved 2023-08-23
  13. ↑ Chantal Bechervaise (2020-05-07), 9 Common Uses of a Business Excel Spreadsheet (in American English), retrieved 2023-07-31
  14. ↑ Plimpton 322, retrieved 2023-07-27
  15. ↑ 'Georgii Vallae Placentini viri clariss. De expetendis, et fugiendis rebus opus. 1' - Viewer | MDZ, retrieved 2023-07-27
  16. ↑ Transactions of the American Hospital Association. Eighth Annual Conference. 1906. p. 148. [...] the expenditures of these institutions are carefully audited by an accounting staff at the Department. A spread sheet showing every item of expenditure is prepared each month so that the superintendent is kept posted, not only on the amounts expended, but is able to see at a glance what the same items are costing in similar institutions in the Province.
  17. ↑ N.A.C.A. Bulletin 1933-01-15: Vol 14 Iss 10 (in English). Institute of Management Accountants. 1933. p. 762. We maintain, in our general ledger, a so-called Spread Sheet which is a long sheet with the name of each individual plant in a particular column.
  18. ↑ What is the origin of the term "spreadsheet"? (in English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  19. ↑ Holly Meikle (2021-09-02), The history of spreadsheets (in American English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  20. ↑ What Does the Term “Spread” Refer to in Book Design and Layout? (in American English), 2018-07-10, archived from the original on 2023-07-27, retrieved 2023-07-27
  21. ↑ Q&A: What is a book spread and why does it matter? » BOOK THIS PROJECT. (in American English), retrieved 2023-07-27
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Brief History of Spreadsheets, v. 3.6, retrieved 2023-07-27
  23. ↑ What Do the Symbols (&,$,{, etc.) Mean in Formulas? – Excel & Google Sheets (in English), retrieved 2023-07-31
  24. ↑ Convert date to text in Excel - TEXT function and no-formula ways (in American English), 2023-03-22, retrieved 2023-07-31
  25. ↑ How to Format Numbers, Dates, and Times in Excel With the TEXT Function (in English), 2023-07-25, retrieved 2023-07-31
  26. ↑ Spreadsheet - CodeDocs (in English), retrieved 2023-07-31
  27. ↑ Alan Kay | Biography, Inventions, & Facts | Britannica (in English), retrieved 2023-07-31
  28. ↑ Margaret Burnett, John Atwood, Rebecca Walpole Djang, James Reichwein, Herkimer Gottfried, Sherry Yang (2001-03), "Forms/3: A first-order visual language to explore the boundaries of the spreadsheet paradigm", Journal of Functional Programming (in English), vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 155–206, doi:10.1017/S0956796800003828, ISSN 1469-7653, retrieved 2023-07-31 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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