Papers by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
Cumulus Antwerp 2023 - Connectivity and Creativity in times of ConflictAt: Antwerp, 2023
This research aims to explore the potential application of AI-based techniques in the introductio... more This research aims to explore the potential application of AI-based techniques in the introduction of design representation during first-year education. Specifically, the study examines the integration of traditional representation techniques used in design education with AI algorithms through an assignment implemented in a course namely Visual Communication 1. This course is part of the Integrated Foundation Studio (IFC) model, which has been implemented at Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture for the past 8 years. The assignment was completed by 64 students from three different departments (architecture, interior architecture, industrial design) who were all freshmen with little prior knowledge and experience in design representation and digital tools. The assignment has three steps as: (i) creating a composition with basic solids and producing an isometric projection of the composition by hand drawing, (ii) generating a series of images by using an AI-based tool Midjourney by defining keywords, and (iii) combining the previous two productions using various techniques. As a result of this assignment, 50 out of 64 students produced and submitted their personalized and unique design representations. The outcomes of the assignment are qualitatively evaluated under two main categories as Combining Techniques and Atmospheric Elements. While the first main category Combining Techniques refers to types of used modification and visualization techniques, Atmospheric Elements deals with texture, color, and forms derived from AI-generated images. Initial findings indicate that text-to-image techniques of AI contribute to enhancing the interpretation and composition skills of freshmen while producing new visual representations by making use of source images and technical drawings.
A/Z : ITU journal of Faculty of Architecture
The convenience of the spatial usages of the current urban houses is questioned during the COVID-... more The convenience of the spatial usages of the current urban houses is questioned during the COVID-19 (SARS Cov-2) pandemic conditions and especially lockdowns. In this paper, the characteristics of the traditional Turkish house will be reconsidered in the light of the behaviors and needs that arise during the pandemic. In this context, both physical space conditions and cultural habits will be mentioned. Primarily, it is aimed to focus on concepts such as working from home (home-office), feeling of spatial confinement, isolation, longing for nature, introverted lifestyle, stockpiling, providing hygiene and distance socialization. Spatial richness, divisions, sections, extensions, open and semi-open spaces in the Turkish house, as well as the strong relationship with nature will be explained in the focus of the solutions they offer to the current needs. They are supported with authentic examples from both rural and urban areas. Considering that the epidemics and pandemics generally cause changes in architecture, the features of systems that have been used for years that can adapt to new needs have been reintroduced. Thus, a contribution to the architectural discussions on the post pandemic housing is expected within the outcomes of this work.
ITU J Faculty Arch, 2022
The convenience of the spatial usages of the current urban houses is questioned during the COVID-... more The convenience of the spatial usages of the current urban houses is questioned during the COVID-19 (SARS Cov-2) pandemic conditions and especially lockdowns. In this paper, the characteristics of the traditional Turkish house will be reconsidered in the light of the behaviors and needs that arise during the pandemic. In this context, both physical space conditions and cultural habits will be mentioned. Primarily, it is aimed to focus on concepts such as working from home (home-office), feeling of spatial confinement, isolation, longing for nature, introverted lifestyle, stockpiling, providing hygiene and distance socialization. Spatial richness, divisions, sections, extensions, open and semi-open spaces in the Turkish house, as well as the strong relationship with nature will be explained in the focus of the solutions they offer to the current needs. They are supported with authentic examples from both rural and urban areas. Considering that the epidemics and pandemics generally cause changes in architecture, the features of systems that have been used for years that can adapt to new needs have been reintroduced. Thus, a contribution to the architectural discussions on the post pandemic housing is expected within the outcomes of this work.
Journal of Architectural Conservation, 2016
While the construction of timber houses had been promoted throughout the long history of Istanbul... more While the construction of timber houses had been promoted throughout the long history of Istanbul as a response to the fact that the city is situated on a seismic fault, wood as a construction material has been gradually abandoned due to the many disastrous fires the city has experienced. Even so, the timber residences and the urban fabric they once formed traditionally constituted one of the main distinguishing features of Istanbul. These houses are now greatly valued as an element of Turkey's cultural heritage. The districts of Zeyrek and Süleymaniye, two of the four areas of Istanbul that were included on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1985, have urban fabrics predominantly consisting of timber houses. Despite this status, however, the timber houses in these areas could not be preserved with their original construction techniques and details. In this article Istanbul's traditional residential architecture is examined in terms of its value as a cultural heritage and a determination is made of the factors threatening these values. Two original examples that have been examined in detail, on the basis of their historical development and current features, are presented and the preservation problems encountered by timber houses in Istanbul are examined through these examples.
Proceedings of the Eight Annual CHS Conference, 2021
International Chemistry Olympiad Magazine, 2020
Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2019
Wooden Turkish House has an explicit nature possessing determinant factors to its period of const... more Wooden Turkish House has an explicit nature possessing determinant factors to its period of construction and location, besides several specific characteristics. Istanbul, as the last Ottoman capital, was a city with strong interactions with a range of residents including rich people, ambassadors, foreigners and diversified groups of people. With the effect of these pluralist features, the richness of timber architecture examples of Istanbul is a well-established and generally accepted statement. As a matter of the fact, at the beginning of the 20 th century the variety of the styles on wooden architecture was even more than Vienna and Paris. Usage of timber as a material for the housing in Istanbul was a passionate standpoint especially until 19 th century. Today, only few houses from 18 th century are still standing and most of the existing timber buildings are from after 19 th century. Among houses from the last period of Ottomans, the number of the authentic examples still remained is an important quantity conveying sufficient information on the characteristics of this period to the present.
Proceedings of the 4th WTA International PhD Symposium
While the construction of timber houses had been promoted throughout the long history of Istanbul... more While the construction of timber houses had been promoted throughout the long history of Istanbul as a response to the fact that the city is situated on a seismic fault, wood as a construction material has been gradually abandoned due to the many disastrous fires the city has experienced. Even so, the timber residences and the urban fabric they once formed traditionally constituted one of the main distinguishing features of Istanbul. These houses are now greatly valued as an element of Turkey’s cultural heritage. The districts of Zeyrek and Süleymaniye, two of the four areas of Istanbul that were included on UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 1985, have urban fabrics predominantly consisting of timber houses. Despite this status, however, the timber houses in these areas could not be preserved with their original construction techniques and details. In this article Istanbul’s traditional residential architecture is examined in terms of its value as a cultural heritage and a determination is made of the factors threatening these values. Two original examples that have been examined in detail, on the basis of their historical development and current features, are presented and the preservation problems encountered by timber houses in Istanbul are examined through these examples.
Turkish houses with their own characteristics related to the architectural elements and spatial c... more Turkish houses with their own characteristics related to the architectural elements and spatial construct manifest differentiating examples over the centuries. From the 18th century, traces of the European styles steadily reflected to the Turkish houses. On the period between late 19th century and early 20th century, the effects of these styles were intense on the wooden residential architecture. With its pluralist and progressive feature, interactive relations were extensive in the Last Ottoman capital Istanbul. Consequently, a great diversity in wooden houses had occurred. This variety of styles was exposed on the choices of architectural elements. Having a significant effect on both the façade image and the spatial organization, roof is one of the architectural elements expressing explicitly the European influence on the Ottoman wooden houses of Istanbul. There are many examples of roof types dissimilar to the classical Ottoman houses like pointed and steep roofs, cross or T shaped ones and even the roofs with curvilinear forms. Besides the distinctness in shape organizations of the roofs, the insertions of windows, balconies, ornaments and decoration elements were also developed. Another issue reflecting the western style is the tower designed with roof structure which signifies the architectural approach. Wooden houses under the effect of European styles are generally found in the country side or summer houses and the new settlements of their period. In this work, the European influence on the timber residential architecture in Istanbul with a special emphasize on the roof styles will be presented. Apart from the general information about this wooden housing heritage with different forms, structural system and usage of the materials will also be discussed.
Proceedings of Symposium on Restoration and Conservation of Traditional Timber Structures 3
Timber houses which play an important role on the Ottoman civil architectural heritage, vary by t... more Timber houses which play an important role on the Ottoman civil architectural heritage, vary by the influence of their time period and location. Especially, in the 19th century capital city architecture, exposed by the cosmopolite cultural atmosphere of Istanbul, style diversity was intensely observed. From the 18th century, influences of western styles were slowly showed up, but the houses still kept primarily on Ottoman traditions. Between the late-19th century and early 20th century European styles were actively used on the timber architecture in Istanbul. Western styles were effective on many architectural concerns involving spatial composition, plan scheme, façade organization and ornaments. In the typical examples of that period, Baroque, Rococo, Empire, Neoclassic, Art Nouveau styles or eclectic architectural mode are often found. Besides, Victorian style, Chalet, Cottage style and Neo-gothic buildings are also encountered.
The timber structures under European influence are mainly found in countryside and coastal areas of the city. Most of the timber mansions and houses on the Bosphorus, Prince’s Islands, the Asian shore, Bakırköy and Yeşilköy manifest the western styles with an independent architectural approach. However, in today’s urban conditions, the number of the original timber examples preserved with details are gradually decreasing. Within the scope of this presentation, it is aimed to share the obtained data about the timber residential heritage in Istanbul. Accordingly, the documentation prepared with over 400 building and the problems to reach an actual information about building’s conservation status will be mentioned. The observations on this cultural heritage will be explained through the preserved elements.
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Osmanlı sivil mimarlık mirasında önemli bir yer tutan ahşap yapılar, bulundukların konumun ve ait oldukları dönemin etkisiyle çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Özellikle, 19. Yüzyıl başkent mimarisinde, İstanbul’daki kozmopolit kültür ortamının da yansımasıyla, yoğun uslup farklılıkları hakimdir. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren batılı etkiler yavaş yavaş görülmeye başlansa da, bu dönemde evler hala büyük ölçüde Osmanlı geleneksel mimarisine aittir. 19. Yüzyıl sonu ile 20. Yüzyıl başları arasında Avrupa stilleri İstanbul ahşap mimarisinde aktif olarak kullanılmıştır. Batılı stiller son dönem Osmanlı yapılarında kütle kurgusu, plan şeması, cephe organizasyonu ve bezeme düzeni gibi birçok mimari kararda etkili olmuştur. Bu döneme ait örneklerde; barok, rokoko, ampir, neoklasik, art nouveu gibi usluplar, ya da eklektik mimari stil sıkça görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, Viktorya tarzı, şale, cottage stili ve neogotik yapılara da rastlanmaktadır.
Avrupa etkisi taşıyan ahşap yapılar, çoğunlukla sayfiye amacıyla kullanılan bölgelerde yoğunlaşmıştır. Boğaziçi, Prens Adaları, Asya yakası, Bakırköy ve Yeşilköy’de bulunan ahşap konak ve konutlarda batılı usluplar özgür bir mimari yaklaşımla kullanılmıştır. Ancak günümüz kent koşullarında detaylarıyla birlikte korunmuş özgün ahşap örneklerin sayıları giderek azalmaktadır. Bildiri kapsamında İstanbul’daki ahşap konut mirası ile ilgili elde edilen verilerin paylaşılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, 400’ün üzerinde yapı ile hazırlanan tespit çalışmalarından ve yapıların korunmuşluk durumuna dair doğru bilgiye ulaşma sorunlarından bahsedilerek, korunmuş elemanlar üzerinden bu kültür mirası ile ilgili gözlemler aktarılacaktır.
Proceedings of Symposium on Restoration and Conservation of Timber Structures 2
İlk Osmanlı surdışı yerleşim bölgesi olan Eyüp’de, İslam Bey Çeşmesi Sokağı ile Bahçeli Çeşme Çık... more İlk Osmanlı surdışı yerleşim bölgesi olan Eyüp’de, İslam Bey Çeşmesi Sokağı ile Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Sokağı’nın kesişimindeki köşe parselde yer alan, birbirine bitişik tasarlanmış ve aynı bahçeyi kullanan iki ahşap yapı, geleneksel konut mimarisinin, pek çok özgün detay ve bileşeniyle (döşeme elemanları, tavan süslemeleri, kapı ve pencereler, vb) korunmuş ender örneklerindendir. Yapıların kesin yapım tarihi bilinmemekle birlikte, yaklaşık olarak 19. yüzyıl sonunda, kısa bir zaman farkıyla peş peşe inşa edildikleri düşünülmektedir.
Bu bildiri kapsamında, ahşap yapıların ayrıntılı olarak belgelenen plan ve cephe özelliklerinin yanı sıra, yapım sistemiyle ilgili ilginç noktaları aktarılacak, laboratuar çalışmalarıyla da desteklenen bozulma analizleri ortaya konulacaktır. Restitüsyon araştırmalarının bulguları ışığında, yapıların dönem ekleri ayıklanmaya çalışılarak özgün tasarımın hangi tipolojiye dahil olduğu tartışılacaktır. Bu yapıları değerli bir kültür varlığı olarak yaşatacak uygun yeniden kullanım önerilerinin aktarılması da bildirinin amaçları arasındadır. Yapıların içinde yer aldıkları bölgenin ekonomik ve toplumsal özellikleri dikkate alınarak, konut işlevinden vazgeçilmemiş, ancak çağdaş yaşamın gereklerine uygun bir düzenleme öngörülmüştür.
Two authentic examples of timber house architecture in Eyüp. Structural and Architectural Details and Conservation Problems
The two timber houses, at the intersection parcel of İslambey Çeşmesi Street and Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Street, are located in Eyüp district, the first Ottoman residential zone ever to be situated outside of the city walls. The houses, in the corner parcel, are constructed adjacently and they share the same garden. They are among the few preserved examples of the traditional wooden house architecture with the original details and components (floor elements, ceiling decorations, doors and windows etc.). The exact construction dates remain unknown, but it is presumed that the buildings were consecutively erected about the late 19th century.
Within the scope of this presentation, detailed documented plan and facade characteristics of the timber buildings and significant facts about their construction system will be exposed. Moreover deterioration analysis supported by laboratory investigations will be presented. In the light of the corresponding findings of the reconstitution studies, periodic additions will be determined and the typology of the original design will be discussed. Conveying the appropriate reuse proposals to sustain the buildings as valuable cultural assets is also among the aims of the presentation. Taking into consideration the socio-economic features of the area, some rearrangements which are convenient for the needs of modern lifestyle are recommended while the residential function is kept.
Future for Religious Heritage, Jun 29, 2012
Thesis by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
Bu çalışmada Eyüp İslambey Mahallesi, İslambey Çeşmesi Sokak 217 Ada 65 Parsel?de yer alan ahşa... more Bu çalışmada Eyüp İslambey Mahallesi, İslambey Çeşmesi Sokak 217 Ada 65 Parsel?de yer alan ahşap konutlar konu alınmıştır. Yapıların içinde yer aldığı Eyüp İlçesi, ilk Osmanlı sur dışı yerleşim bölgesidir. Aynı zamanda Osmanlı-Türk şehirciliğinin tipik bir örneği olan Eyüpte sayıları giderek azalmakta olan özgün ahşap sivil mimarlık örneklerinin araştırılması Türk konut tipinin gelecek nesillere aktarılması açısından da büyük önem taşıması sebebiyle, söz konusu ahşap yapılar tez konusu olarak seçilmiştir. İslambey Çeşmesi Sokağı ile Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Sokağının kesişimindeki köşe parselde yer alan iki ahşap yapı birbirine bitişik tasarlanmıştır ve aynı bahçeyi kullanmaktadır. Yapıların kesin inşa tarihi bilinmemekle birlikte farklı zamanlarda yapıldığı düşünülmektedir. Elde edilen verilerden yapıların 19. Yüzyıl sonlarında inşa edildiği sanılmaktadır. Özgün ahşap detayların büyük ölçüde korunduğu yapılar, 1960?lı yılların sonlarında üç farklı ailenin birbirinden bağımsız olarak aynı parseli kullanabileceği şekilde bölümlendirilmiştir.Tez çalışmasının birinci bölümünde amaç ve yöntemler belirlenmiş, ikinci bölümde çalışma arazisinin bulunduğu Eyüp İlçesi ve yapıların yakın çevresi kısaca tanıtılmış, üçüncü bölümde yapının mevcut durumu detaylıca anlatılarak malzeme ve bozulma tespitleri yapılmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, çeşitli bilgiler ışığında restitüsyon projeleri geliştirilmiş, daha sonraki bölümde yapının ihtiyaç duyduğu müdahale önerileri yapılmış ve son olarak da genel bir değerlendirmenin yapıldığı sonuç bölümü yazılmıştır.
In this research the wooden houses situated in Eyüp Islambey Quarter, Islambey Çeşmesi Street, 217 Block 65 Parcel are studied. The surveyed site is located in Eyüp district, the first Ottoman residential zone ever to be situated outside of the city walls. A typical model of the traditional Ottoman-Turkish urbanism, Eyüp district embodies unique examples of timber structured civil architecture. Undertaking a detailed survey of this site, therefore, constitutes great importance for the documentation of Turkish housing archetypes and generating a reliable archive for the next generations. The two timber houses situated at the intersection parcel of İslam Bey Çeşmesi Street and Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Street are constructed adjacently and they inhabit the same garden. Although the accurate construction dates remain unknown, it is estimated that the two dwellings were built in different dates. According to the obtained information, the buildings were finished about the late 19th century. In 1970s, the structures were fragmented in way that enabled the independent utilization of the same parcel by three different families. Specifications on the aim and method of the research are clarified in the first part of the thesis, while the information on Eyüp district and surroundings is included in the second part. In the third part, an analysis of the present condition is realized and the information on materials and deteriorations are documented. The fourth part includes a restitution project that is constituted in light of the corresponding findings, while the required interventions for the analyzed structures are proposed in the next part. Finally, the epilogue consists of an overall evaluation of the research.
Talks by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
Virtual presentation for HS RheinMain / Online Vortrag
Housing in Glückstein Quarter Mannheim, Germany/
Isover Multi-Comfort House Students Contest
2n... more Housing in Glückstein Quarter Mannheim, Germany/
Isover Multi-Comfort House Students Contest
2nd Prize in Turkey
(with Gökçe Önal and İlke Deniz)
Workshops by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
Construction activity depends on a broad spectrum of mostly non-renewable natural resources. Thes... more Construction activity depends on a broad spectrum of mostly non-renewable natural resources. These include stone, wood, clay, and metal, and have varying economic relevance as determined by their local or regional availability and accessibility. Though construction activity was not directly a manufacturing branch of pre-industrial economies, it indisputably enhanced the interconnection of material and human resources in different economic branches. The economy of construction had a significant influence on shaping regional surroundings, both by creating resource exploitation and supporting trade infrastructure as well as exerting far-reaching influences on trade connectivity. The focus of the 3rd session of the DAI Istanbul Research Network “Building, Building Economy, Building Sites” is on resources and construction related processes, from extraction to production and distribution through to use, re-use, and disposal – all aspects essential for understanding economic developments from a diachronic perspective.
In our session, we will assess the economic impact of exploiting, manufacturing, and trading construction related resources on urban, local, and regional level as well as investigating availability, efficiency and rationalization, laws and regulations, material truth, and traditional habits related to construction practices and materials.
The following topics and research questions would be of particular interest:
Extraction
Manufacturing
Distribution
Construction site
Use
Maintenance
Demolition
Re-use
Disposal
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Resource availability Availability is one of the key factors affecting the decisions on the usage of resources. In this context, the distance between the construction site and the source of the material must be considered, together with the technology required to transport the material and the efficiency of processes on the construction site. The decision not to use regionally available building materials touches on several other issues concerning construction practices, such as the underlying intentions associated with them, and the regional and global connectivity at a given time. How did the availability of resources influence the long-term economic developments of prehistoric, ancient, and modern societies? How did the availability of natural resources and their local exploitation affect the local and regional construction activity and the appearance of local architecture? Is the choice of a specific construction material determined by political events or agreements? How did the availability of resources influence the development of new extraction and construction technologies? Is there a connection between the technological innovations and the rationalization and efficiency of construction techniques throughout history? How can we apply the modern concept of efficiency to the construction of historic buildings? How does a calamity such as a war or a natural disaster affect the availability of resources?
Strategies of exploiting resources and the environment Beyond availability, exploiting resources had a major impact on the environment by depriving, for example, agriculture of its ground/terrain or by resulting overburdening of the local transport infrastructure. What was the impact of the strategies of exploiting construction-related resources on the environment and urban development?
Economic value of resources Both economic and cultural value of building materials has undergone fluctuation through time. What were the factors influencing the choice/ preference of certain materials and what are the economic implications of fluctuating demand for certain resources? Were construction-related resources a source of profit for the urban centers exploiting it? Were the benefits of resources of local importance (own construction purposes) or were stone, wood and clay traded goods generating profit? What economic branches benefit most from the construction related resources? Are such resources traded as raw materials, or are they simple trade goods (see e.g. raw material in shipwrecks)? Or are the resources further processed and traded with added value resulting from manufacturing (trade of prefabricated architectural elements or building material such as bricks or tiles)?
Material truth Each building material has its own properties that limit its range of application, determine its processing possibilities, and influence the design and shape of buildings. Material truth (Germ. Materialgerechtigkeit) refers to the idea that materials should be used where they are most appropriate and without their characteristic features being concealed. The term structural truth is also used in the literature to refer the expectation that the outward appearance of a work should conform its structural system, and to the properties of the materials of which it is made. But how does one know that a material is appropriate for the structure?
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Are historical constructions materially and structurally true? Was truthful expression of material and structure a goal in ancient and historical building practices?
Laws and regulations As construction activity was not only determined by the environment, market or tradition, but also by state laws and religious regulations, the question arises as to how they influenced the construction process – especially regarding resources.
Traditional customs Traditional customs and common taste of a specific period can also lead the choice of materials. Sometimes they can be even more determinant than the legal incentives or the requirement to use a particular material. How does this situation affect the building economy?
Re-use It is a well-known phenomenon that pre-existing building of the pre-modern times served as resource for reusable building materials starting with late antiquity and beyond the middle ages. Re-use in architecture of course has effects on different areas such as construction planning, organization or building costs. Does the re-use of materials provide a significant economic advantage?
Books by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
TUM University Press, 2021
Wooden houses have special importance in the Ottoman architectural heritage. Istanbul is known to... more Wooden houses have special importance in the Ottoman architectural heritage. Istanbul is known to possess the most impressive examples and a huge variety of wooden houses. S. Feyza Ergün reveals the characteristics of the wooden Ottoman houses from Istanbul built between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A wide range of districts including Prince Islands is examined to present a holistic view. European styles, mainly eclecticism, historicism and Art Nouveau were actively used on timber buildings of this period. Based on the collected information from over 800 authentic dwellings, remarkable elements such as the structural system, joinery methods, facades, interior spaces, decorative units and others are analysed.The given information and systematic classifications in this work expose the transformation of the traditional wooden houses, while making similarities and differences to European examples more apparent.
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Papers by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
The timber structures under European influence are mainly found in countryside and coastal areas of the city. Most of the timber mansions and houses on the Bosphorus, Prince’s Islands, the Asian shore, Bakırköy and Yeşilköy manifest the western styles with an independent architectural approach. However, in today’s urban conditions, the number of the original timber examples preserved with details are gradually decreasing. Within the scope of this presentation, it is aimed to share the obtained data about the timber residential heritage in Istanbul. Accordingly, the documentation prepared with over 400 building and the problems to reach an actual information about building’s conservation status will be mentioned. The observations on this cultural heritage will be explained through the preserved elements.
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Osmanlı sivil mimarlık mirasında önemli bir yer tutan ahşap yapılar, bulundukların konumun ve ait oldukları dönemin etkisiyle çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Özellikle, 19. Yüzyıl başkent mimarisinde, İstanbul’daki kozmopolit kültür ortamının da yansımasıyla, yoğun uslup farklılıkları hakimdir. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren batılı etkiler yavaş yavaş görülmeye başlansa da, bu dönemde evler hala büyük ölçüde Osmanlı geleneksel mimarisine aittir. 19. Yüzyıl sonu ile 20. Yüzyıl başları arasında Avrupa stilleri İstanbul ahşap mimarisinde aktif olarak kullanılmıştır. Batılı stiller son dönem Osmanlı yapılarında kütle kurgusu, plan şeması, cephe organizasyonu ve bezeme düzeni gibi birçok mimari kararda etkili olmuştur. Bu döneme ait örneklerde; barok, rokoko, ampir, neoklasik, art nouveu gibi usluplar, ya da eklektik mimari stil sıkça görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, Viktorya tarzı, şale, cottage stili ve neogotik yapılara da rastlanmaktadır.
Avrupa etkisi taşıyan ahşap yapılar, çoğunlukla sayfiye amacıyla kullanılan bölgelerde yoğunlaşmıştır. Boğaziçi, Prens Adaları, Asya yakası, Bakırköy ve Yeşilköy’de bulunan ahşap konak ve konutlarda batılı usluplar özgür bir mimari yaklaşımla kullanılmıştır. Ancak günümüz kent koşullarında detaylarıyla birlikte korunmuş özgün ahşap örneklerin sayıları giderek azalmaktadır. Bildiri kapsamında İstanbul’daki ahşap konut mirası ile ilgili elde edilen verilerin paylaşılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, 400’ün üzerinde yapı ile hazırlanan tespit çalışmalarından ve yapıların korunmuşluk durumuna dair doğru bilgiye ulaşma sorunlarından bahsedilerek, korunmuş elemanlar üzerinden bu kültür mirası ile ilgili gözlemler aktarılacaktır.
Bu bildiri kapsamında, ahşap yapıların ayrıntılı olarak belgelenen plan ve cephe özelliklerinin yanı sıra, yapım sistemiyle ilgili ilginç noktaları aktarılacak, laboratuar çalışmalarıyla da desteklenen bozulma analizleri ortaya konulacaktır. Restitüsyon araştırmalarının bulguları ışığında, yapıların dönem ekleri ayıklanmaya çalışılarak özgün tasarımın hangi tipolojiye dahil olduğu tartışılacaktır. Bu yapıları değerli bir kültür varlığı olarak yaşatacak uygun yeniden kullanım önerilerinin aktarılması da bildirinin amaçları arasındadır. Yapıların içinde yer aldıkları bölgenin ekonomik ve toplumsal özellikleri dikkate alınarak, konut işlevinden vazgeçilmemiş, ancak çağdaş yaşamın gereklerine uygun bir düzenleme öngörülmüştür.
Two authentic examples of timber house architecture in Eyüp. Structural and Architectural Details and Conservation Problems
The two timber houses, at the intersection parcel of İslambey Çeşmesi Street and Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Street, are located in Eyüp district, the first Ottoman residential zone ever to be situated outside of the city walls. The houses, in the corner parcel, are constructed adjacently and they share the same garden. They are among the few preserved examples of the traditional wooden house architecture with the original details and components (floor elements, ceiling decorations, doors and windows etc.). The exact construction dates remain unknown, but it is presumed that the buildings were consecutively erected about the late 19th century.
Within the scope of this presentation, detailed documented plan and facade characteristics of the timber buildings and significant facts about their construction system will be exposed. Moreover deterioration analysis supported by laboratory investigations will be presented. In the light of the corresponding findings of the reconstitution studies, periodic additions will be determined and the typology of the original design will be discussed. Conveying the appropriate reuse proposals to sustain the buildings as valuable cultural assets is also among the aims of the presentation. Taking into consideration the socio-economic features of the area, some rearrangements which are convenient for the needs of modern lifestyle are recommended while the residential function is kept.
Thesis by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
In this research the wooden houses situated in Eyüp Islambey Quarter, Islambey Çeşmesi Street, 217 Block 65 Parcel are studied. The surveyed site is located in Eyüp district, the first Ottoman residential zone ever to be situated outside of the city walls. A typical model of the traditional Ottoman-Turkish urbanism, Eyüp district embodies unique examples of timber structured civil architecture. Undertaking a detailed survey of this site, therefore, constitutes great importance for the documentation of Turkish housing archetypes and generating a reliable archive for the next generations. The two timber houses situated at the intersection parcel of İslam Bey Çeşmesi Street and Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Street are constructed adjacently and they inhabit the same garden. Although the accurate construction dates remain unknown, it is estimated that the two dwellings were built in different dates. According to the obtained information, the buildings were finished about the late 19th century. In 1970s, the structures were fragmented in way that enabled the independent utilization of the same parcel by three different families. Specifications on the aim and method of the research are clarified in the first part of the thesis, while the information on Eyüp district and surroundings is included in the second part. In the third part, an analysis of the present condition is realized and the information on materials and deteriorations are documented. The fourth part includes a restitution project that is constituted in light of the corresponding findings, while the required interventions for the analyzed structures are proposed in the next part. Finally, the epilogue consists of an overall evaluation of the research.
Talks by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
Isover Multi-Comfort House Students Contest
2nd Prize in Turkey
(with Gökçe Önal and İlke Deniz)
Workshops by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
In our session, we will assess the economic impact of exploiting, manufacturing, and trading construction related resources on urban, local, and regional level as well as investigating availability, efficiency and rationalization, laws and regulations, material truth, and traditional habits related to construction practices and materials.
The following topics and research questions would be of particular interest:
Extraction
Manufacturing
Distribution
Construction site
Use
Maintenance
Demolition
Re-use
Disposal
2
Resource availability Availability is one of the key factors affecting the decisions on the usage of resources. In this context, the distance between the construction site and the source of the material must be considered, together with the technology required to transport the material and the efficiency of processes on the construction site. The decision not to use regionally available building materials touches on several other issues concerning construction practices, such as the underlying intentions associated with them, and the regional and global connectivity at a given time. How did the availability of resources influence the long-term economic developments of prehistoric, ancient, and modern societies? How did the availability of natural resources and their local exploitation affect the local and regional construction activity and the appearance of local architecture? Is the choice of a specific construction material determined by political events or agreements? How did the availability of resources influence the development of new extraction and construction technologies? Is there a connection between the technological innovations and the rationalization and efficiency of construction techniques throughout history? How can we apply the modern concept of efficiency to the construction of historic buildings? How does a calamity such as a war or a natural disaster affect the availability of resources?
Strategies of exploiting resources and the environment Beyond availability, exploiting resources had a major impact on the environment by depriving, for example, agriculture of its ground/terrain or by resulting overburdening of the local transport infrastructure. What was the impact of the strategies of exploiting construction-related resources on the environment and urban development?
Economic value of resources Both economic and cultural value of building materials has undergone fluctuation through time. What were the factors influencing the choice/ preference of certain materials and what are the economic implications of fluctuating demand for certain resources? Were construction-related resources a source of profit for the urban centers exploiting it? Were the benefits of resources of local importance (own construction purposes) or were stone, wood and clay traded goods generating profit? What economic branches benefit most from the construction related resources? Are such resources traded as raw materials, or are they simple trade goods (see e.g. raw material in shipwrecks)? Or are the resources further processed and traded with added value resulting from manufacturing (trade of prefabricated architectural elements or building material such as bricks or tiles)?
Material truth Each building material has its own properties that limit its range of application, determine its processing possibilities, and influence the design and shape of buildings. Material truth (Germ. Materialgerechtigkeit) refers to the idea that materials should be used where they are most appropriate and without their characteristic features being concealed. The term structural truth is also used in the literature to refer the expectation that the outward appearance of a work should conform its structural system, and to the properties of the materials of which it is made. But how does one know that a material is appropriate for the structure?
3
Are historical constructions materially and structurally true? Was truthful expression of material and structure a goal in ancient and historical building practices?
Laws and regulations As construction activity was not only determined by the environment, market or tradition, but also by state laws and religious regulations, the question arises as to how they influenced the construction process – especially regarding resources.
Traditional customs Traditional customs and common taste of a specific period can also lead the choice of materials. Sometimes they can be even more determinant than the legal incentives or the requirement to use a particular material. How does this situation affect the building economy?
Re-use It is a well-known phenomenon that pre-existing building of the pre-modern times served as resource for reusable building materials starting with late antiquity and beyond the middle ages. Re-use in architecture of course has effects on different areas such as construction planning, organization or building costs. Does the re-use of materials provide a significant economic advantage?
Books by S. Feyza Yagci Ergun
The timber structures under European influence are mainly found in countryside and coastal areas of the city. Most of the timber mansions and houses on the Bosphorus, Prince’s Islands, the Asian shore, Bakırköy and Yeşilköy manifest the western styles with an independent architectural approach. However, in today’s urban conditions, the number of the original timber examples preserved with details are gradually decreasing. Within the scope of this presentation, it is aimed to share the obtained data about the timber residential heritage in Istanbul. Accordingly, the documentation prepared with over 400 building and the problems to reach an actual information about building’s conservation status will be mentioned. The observations on this cultural heritage will be explained through the preserved elements.
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Osmanlı sivil mimarlık mirasında önemli bir yer tutan ahşap yapılar, bulundukların konumun ve ait oldukları dönemin etkisiyle çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Özellikle, 19. Yüzyıl başkent mimarisinde, İstanbul’daki kozmopolit kültür ortamının da yansımasıyla, yoğun uslup farklılıkları hakimdir. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren batılı etkiler yavaş yavaş görülmeye başlansa da, bu dönemde evler hala büyük ölçüde Osmanlı geleneksel mimarisine aittir. 19. Yüzyıl sonu ile 20. Yüzyıl başları arasında Avrupa stilleri İstanbul ahşap mimarisinde aktif olarak kullanılmıştır. Batılı stiller son dönem Osmanlı yapılarında kütle kurgusu, plan şeması, cephe organizasyonu ve bezeme düzeni gibi birçok mimari kararda etkili olmuştur. Bu döneme ait örneklerde; barok, rokoko, ampir, neoklasik, art nouveu gibi usluplar, ya da eklektik mimari stil sıkça görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, Viktorya tarzı, şale, cottage stili ve neogotik yapılara da rastlanmaktadır.
Avrupa etkisi taşıyan ahşap yapılar, çoğunlukla sayfiye amacıyla kullanılan bölgelerde yoğunlaşmıştır. Boğaziçi, Prens Adaları, Asya yakası, Bakırköy ve Yeşilköy’de bulunan ahşap konak ve konutlarda batılı usluplar özgür bir mimari yaklaşımla kullanılmıştır. Ancak günümüz kent koşullarında detaylarıyla birlikte korunmuş özgün ahşap örneklerin sayıları giderek azalmaktadır. Bildiri kapsamında İstanbul’daki ahşap konut mirası ile ilgili elde edilen verilerin paylaşılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, 400’ün üzerinde yapı ile hazırlanan tespit çalışmalarından ve yapıların korunmuşluk durumuna dair doğru bilgiye ulaşma sorunlarından bahsedilerek, korunmuş elemanlar üzerinden bu kültür mirası ile ilgili gözlemler aktarılacaktır.
Bu bildiri kapsamında, ahşap yapıların ayrıntılı olarak belgelenen plan ve cephe özelliklerinin yanı sıra, yapım sistemiyle ilgili ilginç noktaları aktarılacak, laboratuar çalışmalarıyla da desteklenen bozulma analizleri ortaya konulacaktır. Restitüsyon araştırmalarının bulguları ışığında, yapıların dönem ekleri ayıklanmaya çalışılarak özgün tasarımın hangi tipolojiye dahil olduğu tartışılacaktır. Bu yapıları değerli bir kültür varlığı olarak yaşatacak uygun yeniden kullanım önerilerinin aktarılması da bildirinin amaçları arasındadır. Yapıların içinde yer aldıkları bölgenin ekonomik ve toplumsal özellikleri dikkate alınarak, konut işlevinden vazgeçilmemiş, ancak çağdaş yaşamın gereklerine uygun bir düzenleme öngörülmüştür.
Two authentic examples of timber house architecture in Eyüp. Structural and Architectural Details and Conservation Problems
The two timber houses, at the intersection parcel of İslambey Çeşmesi Street and Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Street, are located in Eyüp district, the first Ottoman residential zone ever to be situated outside of the city walls. The houses, in the corner parcel, are constructed adjacently and they share the same garden. They are among the few preserved examples of the traditional wooden house architecture with the original details and components (floor elements, ceiling decorations, doors and windows etc.). The exact construction dates remain unknown, but it is presumed that the buildings were consecutively erected about the late 19th century.
Within the scope of this presentation, detailed documented plan and facade characteristics of the timber buildings and significant facts about their construction system will be exposed. Moreover deterioration analysis supported by laboratory investigations will be presented. In the light of the corresponding findings of the reconstitution studies, periodic additions will be determined and the typology of the original design will be discussed. Conveying the appropriate reuse proposals to sustain the buildings as valuable cultural assets is also among the aims of the presentation. Taking into consideration the socio-economic features of the area, some rearrangements which are convenient for the needs of modern lifestyle are recommended while the residential function is kept.
In this research the wooden houses situated in Eyüp Islambey Quarter, Islambey Çeşmesi Street, 217 Block 65 Parcel are studied. The surveyed site is located in Eyüp district, the first Ottoman residential zone ever to be situated outside of the city walls. A typical model of the traditional Ottoman-Turkish urbanism, Eyüp district embodies unique examples of timber structured civil architecture. Undertaking a detailed survey of this site, therefore, constitutes great importance for the documentation of Turkish housing archetypes and generating a reliable archive for the next generations. The two timber houses situated at the intersection parcel of İslam Bey Çeşmesi Street and Bahçeli Çeşme Çıkmazı Street are constructed adjacently and they inhabit the same garden. Although the accurate construction dates remain unknown, it is estimated that the two dwellings were built in different dates. According to the obtained information, the buildings were finished about the late 19th century. In 1970s, the structures were fragmented in way that enabled the independent utilization of the same parcel by three different families. Specifications on the aim and method of the research are clarified in the first part of the thesis, while the information on Eyüp district and surroundings is included in the second part. In the third part, an analysis of the present condition is realized and the information on materials and deteriorations are documented. The fourth part includes a restitution project that is constituted in light of the corresponding findings, while the required interventions for the analyzed structures are proposed in the next part. Finally, the epilogue consists of an overall evaluation of the research.
Isover Multi-Comfort House Students Contest
2nd Prize in Turkey
(with Gökçe Önal and İlke Deniz)
In our session, we will assess the economic impact of exploiting, manufacturing, and trading construction related resources on urban, local, and regional level as well as investigating availability, efficiency and rationalization, laws and regulations, material truth, and traditional habits related to construction practices and materials.
The following topics and research questions would be of particular interest:
Extraction
Manufacturing
Distribution
Construction site
Use
Maintenance
Demolition
Re-use
Disposal
2
Resource availability Availability is one of the key factors affecting the decisions on the usage of resources. In this context, the distance between the construction site and the source of the material must be considered, together with the technology required to transport the material and the efficiency of processes on the construction site. The decision not to use regionally available building materials touches on several other issues concerning construction practices, such as the underlying intentions associated with them, and the regional and global connectivity at a given time. How did the availability of resources influence the long-term economic developments of prehistoric, ancient, and modern societies? How did the availability of natural resources and their local exploitation affect the local and regional construction activity and the appearance of local architecture? Is the choice of a specific construction material determined by political events or agreements? How did the availability of resources influence the development of new extraction and construction technologies? Is there a connection between the technological innovations and the rationalization and efficiency of construction techniques throughout history? How can we apply the modern concept of efficiency to the construction of historic buildings? How does a calamity such as a war or a natural disaster affect the availability of resources?
Strategies of exploiting resources and the environment Beyond availability, exploiting resources had a major impact on the environment by depriving, for example, agriculture of its ground/terrain or by resulting overburdening of the local transport infrastructure. What was the impact of the strategies of exploiting construction-related resources on the environment and urban development?
Economic value of resources Both economic and cultural value of building materials has undergone fluctuation through time. What were the factors influencing the choice/ preference of certain materials and what are the economic implications of fluctuating demand for certain resources? Were construction-related resources a source of profit for the urban centers exploiting it? Were the benefits of resources of local importance (own construction purposes) or were stone, wood and clay traded goods generating profit? What economic branches benefit most from the construction related resources? Are such resources traded as raw materials, or are they simple trade goods (see e.g. raw material in shipwrecks)? Or are the resources further processed and traded with added value resulting from manufacturing (trade of prefabricated architectural elements or building material such as bricks or tiles)?
Material truth Each building material has its own properties that limit its range of application, determine its processing possibilities, and influence the design and shape of buildings. Material truth (Germ. Materialgerechtigkeit) refers to the idea that materials should be used where they are most appropriate and without their characteristic features being concealed. The term structural truth is also used in the literature to refer the expectation that the outward appearance of a work should conform its structural system, and to the properties of the materials of which it is made. But how does one know that a material is appropriate for the structure?
3
Are historical constructions materially and structurally true? Was truthful expression of material and structure a goal in ancient and historical building practices?
Laws and regulations As construction activity was not only determined by the environment, market or tradition, but also by state laws and religious regulations, the question arises as to how they influenced the construction process – especially regarding resources.
Traditional customs Traditional customs and common taste of a specific period can also lead the choice of materials. Sometimes they can be even more determinant than the legal incentives or the requirement to use a particular material. How does this situation affect the building economy?
Re-use It is a well-known phenomenon that pre-existing building of the pre-modern times served as resource for reusable building materials starting with late antiquity and beyond the middle ages. Re-use in architecture of course has effects on different areas such as construction planning, organization or building costs. Does the re-use of materials provide a significant economic advantage?