Papers by Reza Azizian, PhD
Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity, 2024
Background. Vaccines play a critical role in safeguarding public health, particularly for childre... more Background. Vaccines play a critical role in safeguarding public health, particularly for children. It is imperative to proactively address safety concerns to uphold trust in their effectiveness and safety. Skepticism surrounding vaccines can have significant adverse effects on the overall well-being of the entire population, potentially leading to individuals opting out of vital vaccinations, thereby posing risks to public health. Thus, ensuring confidence in vaccine safety remains paramount. Materials and methods. This phase four clinical trial was conducted as a post-marketing study (PMS) on 2 to 7 month old healthy infants (N = 539) to evaluate immunity and safety of Indian pentavalent vaccine containing Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenza type b [DTPW-HEP B-HIB (PRP-T)/PENTAVAC] in four different centers at Tehran province. Blood samples were collected from eligible infants before receiving the vaccine (2 months of age) and 1 month after the third dose (7 months of age) to determine antibodies against all antigens in the pentavalent vaccine using ELISA. Results. The results indicated that the immune responses demonstrated seroprotection and protective antibody levels after three doses of the vaccine for Haemophilus influenza b, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B virus and Bordetella pertussis were 99.1%, 98.7%, 99.8%, 99.4% and 69.6%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the P-value for all vaccine components was similar (P < 0.001). The five most common side effects reported were mild fever (10%), erythema at the vaccination site (9.1%), inflammation (4.3%), pain at the vaccination site (3.3%), and restlessness (2.6%). Conclusion. This study's findings demonstrated a significant increase in antibody levels against all five vaccine components. In light of these results, it can be concluded that the Pentavalent vaccine is not only effective in enhancing immunity against multiple diseases but also presents minimal risk of side effects in the study population. These findings contribute to the body of evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of vaccines, underscoring their crucial role in protecting public health.
Encyclopedia of Green Materials, 2022
Iranian Biomedical Journal, 2024
Celiac disease is a complex disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors. When people... more Celiac disease is a complex disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors. When people with a genetic predisposition to CD consume gluten, an inflammatory response is triggered in the small intestine, and this reaction can be alleviated by the elimination of gluten from the diet. The clinical manifestations of CD vary greatly from person to person and begin at a young age or in adulthood. Influence of genetic factors on CD development is evident in carriers of the DQ2 and/or DQ8 allele. HLA genotypes are associated with gut colonization by bacteria, particularly in individuals suffering from CD. In addition, beneficial gut microbes are crucial for the production of DPP-4, which plays a key role in immune function, as well as metabolic and intestinal health. Therefore, probiotics have been recommended as a complementary food supplement in CD.
Infectious Diseases Research, 2022
Meningitis is the inflammation of brain and spinal cord protective membrane. It is a deadly and e... more Meningitis is the inflammation of brain and spinal cord protective membrane. It is a deadly and enfeebling disease that affects people of all ages and most often caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Bacterial meningitis is a more serious and life-threatening condition, while viral meningitis the most frequent kind is often less severe and self-limiting. Therefore, successful treatment of meningitis depends on identifying the suspected or known causative organism. In this article, we aim to review the latest information about the etiology of meningitis and explore its possible occurrence and complication followed COVID-19 infection.
Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that are distributed throughout the environment. Lytic phage... more Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses that are distributed throughout the environment. Lytic phages and prophages in saliva, oral mucosa, and dental plaque interact with the oral microbiota and can change biofilm formation. The interactions between phages and bacteria can be considered a portion of oral metagenomics. The metagenomic profile of the oral microbiome indicates various bacteria. Indeed, there are various phages against these bacteria in the oral cavity. However, some other phages, like phages against Absconditabacteria, Chlamydiae, or Chloroflexi, have not been identified in the oral cavity. This review gives an overview of oral bacteriophage and used for metagenomics. Metagenomics of these phages deals with multi-drug-resistant bacterial plaques (biofilms) in oral cavities and oral infection. Hence, dentists and pharmacologists should know this metagenomic profile to cope with predental and dental infectious diseases.
Nowadays, excessive use of antibiotics in the treatment of human and animal diseases has caused b... more Nowadays, excessive use of antibiotics in the treatment of human and animal diseases has caused bacteria’s multidrug resistant rise against antibiotics. Additionally, new antibiotics’ consumption involves new resistant genes that can shortly spread among other bacteria and need new antibiotics for its control and this requires spending millions of dollar.Methicillin -resistant staphylococcus is one of the mos invasive bacteria that quickly become resistant to the new generation of antibiotics. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate inside bacteria and finally lyse the host cells. Phage entry into the host bacterial cell requires a specific receptor. Phages are not able to identify other cells especially eukaryotic cells. 1.Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran 2.Dept of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, ILam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran *(Corresponding author) Scientific Journ...
Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2018
Detection of H. Pylori infection in atherosclerotic plaques of 180 corpses in referred to forensi... more Detection of H. Pylori infection in atherosclerotic plaques of 180 corpses in referred to forensic medicine center of Tehran in 2016-2017
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of UTI and determine the most prevalent microorganisms... more This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of UTI and determine the most prevalent microorganisms in Iran by using meta-analysis. By use searching the keywords in information Databases such as SID, Magiran, Iranmedex, Science direct, PubMed and Google Scholar, a total number of 40 papers were selected between 1996-2011 years, based on inclusion criteria in this study. All papers were enrolled to Meta analysis after qualitative control by using random effect model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by I-Square index, and then data was analyzed by using R-software (Version 2.11.1) and STATA software (version 10). Eleven papers were recognized eligible to be enrolled Meta analysis from 40 selected papers. Totally, 66448 individual was studied. The prevalence rate of UTI in Iran was 13.3 (CI95; 7.8-17.8). E. Coli with prevalence of 62.1 (CI95; 55.4-68.9) was the most prevalent microorganism and Enterobacter with prevalence of 2.8 (CI95; 1.8-3.8) were the lowest isolated microor...
Extensive use of antimicrobial agents such as cotrimoxazole has been associated with raising of a... more Extensive use of antimicrobial agents such as cotrimoxazole has been associated with raising of antimicrobial resistance. Current study is focused on assessing the prevalence of cotrimoxazole resistance in klebsiella pneumoniae and the frequency of related genes. 155 isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae were collected during Mar.2007 to Apr.2012 from Ilam hospitals and Milad hospital of Tehran. Antibiotic susceptibility test done to screening resistance isolates according to Kirby-Bauer method, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA5, and Int1 genes were detected by PCR. Among 155 species, forty isolates (26) were resistance to cotrimoxazole. Frequency of sul1 gene was 32 isolates (80) and 24 isolates of dfr A1(60), none isolates of dfrA5 (0), 28 isolates of int (70), 25 isolates of sul2 (62.5), and no isolates of sul3 (0) has been detected. 17 (42.5) isolates have sull and sul2 simultaneously, and 18 (45) isolates have int1 and dfrA1. 11 isolates have sul1, sul2, int1 and dfrA1 genes concurren...
The Open Microbiology Journal
Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate Iron uptake protein-related genes in clinical and envir... more Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate Iron uptake protein-related genes in clinical and environmental Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae as an opportunistic pathogen cause infections in immunocompromised patients. Iron uptake systems play an important role in the pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumonia. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of iron uptake coding genes among isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia including 150 clinical isolates and 150 environmental isolates were selected. Finally, the frequency of iroN, iucD, kfuA,hmuR, and ybt [yHPI] genes were detected by PCR method. Results: The frequency of kfuA, iucD, iroN, yHPI in clinical isolates were 33.3%, 16.7%, 24.7%, 15.3%, respectively and these genes among environmental isolates were 20.7%, 6%, 49.3% and 0.7%, respectively. Among the clinical isolates, the most frequency genes were kfuA gene [5...
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
INTRODUCTION Nosocomial infections are among the most critical issues in developed and developing... more INTRODUCTION Nosocomial infections are among the most critical issues in developed and developing countries worldwide [1]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is usually the third significant cause of hospital infections after Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [2]. For example, a study in Netherland indicated that P. aeruginosa strains were the causative agents of 27-37% of wound infections [3]. The spread of antibiotic resistance especially in healthcare centers has made control of pathogens difficult. Nowadays, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has become a significant challenge in patients' treatment. The isolation rate of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strains from the hospital environments, and the personnel hands are increasing in some countries [4]. For example, at one burn center in Tehran, Iran, the frequency of P. aeruginosa among the patients was 73.9%, and more than 95% of the isolates showed resistance to gentamicin, carbenicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ceftizoxime and tetracycline [5]. Carbapenems such as imipenem and meropenem are among the essential antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of human infections especially those caused by MDR-P. aeruginosa in hospital settings [6, 7]. Recently, resistance to carbapenems particularly in clinical isolates was reported to be related to the reduction of drug penetration or production of carbapenems hydrolyzing enzymes like Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) [8]. The first report on MBLs was from Japan, followed by reports from different countries in Asia, Europe, Australia and America [9, 10]. These enzymes have a broad substrates spectrum and can hydrolyze all beta-lactam compounds except monobactams (aztreonam). These enzymes are transmitted by integrons and can merge in plasmids or chromosomes, and hence are transferred to different bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae family and Pseudomonas strains [11-13]. Some reports linked the rise of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates to MBLs production as the MBL producing P. aeruginosa strains are reported worldwide [14]. MBL producing P. aeruginosa strains are considered as a significant threat in healthcare centers, due to the ability of gene transfer and long-term colonization in hospitals. Thus, rapid detection of these strains and reporting them in hospital settings can lead to better control measures in order to prevent their spread and also choose effective antibiotics. Introduction: The strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections in humans and animals. Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are the most significant factors of resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in these bacteria. This study was designed to identify the MBLs producing P. aeruginosa isolates in three hospitals of Tehran, Iran. Methods: Totally, we obtained 665 samples from patients hospitalized in three hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Antibioticsusceptibility test of the P. aeruginosa isolates was done based on Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the isolates was performed using agar dilution method, and IPM-EDTA test identified MBL producing isolates. Results: Among the examined isolates, 473 (71.1%) were P. aeruginosa. Among these, 306 (64.7%) were resistant to imipenem, and 289 (94.5%) were MBL producers. Furthermore, the resistance rate of the isolates to other antibiotics was amikacin (26%), tobramycin (24.95%), ceftazidime (23.05%), gentamicin (22.83%), carbenicillin (21.14%), and ceftizoxime (18.19%). The MICs of imipenem and ceftazidime for the majority of the isolates were 4 µg/ml and ˃128 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: This study confirmed previous reports on the increased rate of MBL-mediated resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates worldwide. Therefore, detection of resistance patterns for these isolates, particularly MBLs, is necessary for prevention and control of Pseudomonas associated infections.
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
The emergence of resistant bacteria is being increasingly reported around the world, potentially ... more The emergence of resistant bacteria is being increasingly reported around the world, potentially threatening millions of lives. Amongst resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most challenging to treat. This is due to emergent MRSA strains and less effective traditional antibiotic therapies to Staphylococcal infections. The use of bacteriophages (phages) against MRSA is a new, potential alternate therapy. In this study, morphology, genetic and protein structure of lytic phages against MRSA have been analysed. Methods: Isolation of livestock and sewage bacteriophages were performed using 0.4 μm membrane filters. Plaque assays were used to determine phage quantification by double layer agar method. Pure plaques were then amplified for further characterization. Sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and random amplification of polymorphic DNA were run for protein evaluation, and genotyping respectively. Transmission electron microscope was also used to detect the structure and taxonomic classification of phage visually. Results: Head and tail morphology of bacteriophages against MRSA were identified by transmission electron microscopy and assigned to the Siphoviridae family and the Caudovirales order. Conclusion: Bacteriophages are the most abundant microorganism on Earth and coexist with the bacterial population. They can destroy bacterial cells successfully and effectively. They cannot enter mammalian cells which saves the eukaryotic cells from lytic phage activity. In conclusion, phage therapy may have many potential applications in microbiology and human medicine with no side effect on eukaryotic cells.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous organism which has emerged as a major public health threat... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous organism which has emerged as a major public health threat in hospital environments. Overuse of antibiotics has significantly exacerbated the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria such as P. aeruginosa. Phages are currently being utilized successfully for aquaculture, agriculture and veterinary applications. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize of lytic P. aeruginosa phage from sewage of Ilam, Iran. Phage was isolated from sewage that was added to the enrichment along with the host and subsequently filtered. Plaque assay was done by using an overlay method (also called the double agar layer method). Purified plaques were then amplified for characterization. Finally, RAPD-PCR method was conducted for genotyping and Transition electron micrograph (TEM) recruited to determine the morphology and phage family. The phage had high concentration and tremendous effects against a variety of clinical and general laboratory strains (ATCC15693) of P. aeruginosa. Among a set of primers in RAPD panel, only P2 and RAPD5 primers, were useful in differentiating the phages. TEM images revealed that the isolated phages were members of the Siphoviridae family. The phage effectiveness and specificity towards target bacteria and potential to control biofilm formations will be investigate in our further studies.
Misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals often leads to the development of multidrug... more Misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals often leads to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR)bacteria. Resistance can occur within a few years of novel antibiotics being introduced. Lytic bacteriophage (phage) are a kind of virus that undergo a cyclical lifestyle wherein they infect and replicate through the use of a bacterial host cell and cause cell lysis. Phage recognizes specific receptors on their host cell to attach to,insert their DNA and take over their host’s molecular machinery. These receptors only exist on the surface of specific bacterial host cells and are often not present on other non-specific bacteria and not especially on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells. The mechanisms by which phage can destroy bacteria are different from antibiotics; phage can lyse MDR resistant bacteria without being affected by hydrolytic enzymes or ribosomal variations that’s mean unlike drug resistance mechanism which bacteria can destroy the drug before can inter the bacteria cell, the phage not effected with such enzyme.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ubiquitous organism which has emerged as a major threat in the hospi... more Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ubiquitous organism which has emerged as a major threat in the hospital environment. Overuse of antibiotics has also significantly increased the emergence of antimicrobial multiresistant bacteria. P. aeruginosa has an innate ability to adhere to surfaces and form virulent biofilms. Bacteriophage might represent one attractive solution to this problem. In this study, P.aeruginosa phage were utilized to Biofilm inhibition and remove.Sample collected from University sewage. Isolation was done according to Martha.R.J.Clokie protocol. Serial dilution prepared, then equally incubated with bacteria to investigate Biofilm inhibition potential. Biofilm formed base on Microplate Biofilm Assay. The effect of isolated phage investigated on biofilm remove of Pseudomonas putida, E.coli and Acinetobacter baumanii. P.aeruginosa biofilm had OD: 1.688 in 492n.m. Pure phage, 10-2 and 10-3 diluted phage decreased OD to 1.587, 1.341 and 1.461, respectively. Isolated phage dramatically decline OD of Biofilm of all strains.Phages have various affinity to attach to hosts, thereby it is supposed to phages compete for their receptors. Therefore it is supposed phages have most efficiency in optimum concentration to remove biofilm or growth inhibition.
Food sensitization happens early in life and is commonly the primary sign of future atopic diseas... more Food sensitization happens early in life and is commonly the primary sign of future atopic disease. Thereby, interferences to forestall food allergies and also the development of the atopic phenotype are a best created early in life. A Probiotic is distincted as a viable microorganism dietary supplement that beneficially affects the host through its effects within the intestinal tract. A prebiotic is known as non-absorbable food parts that helpfully motivate one or additional of the gut-beneficial microorganisms and so have a positive impact on health. Several literatures have strongly concentrated on the variations of cytokines levels resulted from the effects of probiotics and prebiotics. The current review study aimed to evaluate the results of different studies carried out on this subject. Most articles published during 2007 to 2012 selected based on PRISMA 2009 Diagram Flow. Data were extracted as matrix data and analyzed by in a subject subheading manner according to the matrix review article system.Gut microbes like Lactobacillus induce regulatory T cells that enhance Th1/Th2 ratio and systemic innate immunity. Probiotics in pregnancy increased the IFN-γ γ γ γ γ levels in sera while lowering the TGFb2 levels. Genetically modified Lactococcus lactis induced antigen-specific IL-10-secreting CD3+ cells in Peyer's plaques and resulted in a mitigation of the allergic reaction to the model allergen. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces elevated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor in patients with atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy while lactobacilli in fermented milk products or as live attenuated bacteria enhances the production of IFNγ γ γ γ γ and TGFβ β β β β and IgA by PBMC. Probiotics can enhance SIgA and decrease TNF-α α α α α and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Yoghurt can enhance the IFNγ γ γ γ γ and lessen the IL-4 levels. As a conclusion probiotics have several immunomodulatory effects such as adjuvant-like and anti-inflammatory properties mostly mediated by the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and are distinct from animal and plant viruses t... more Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and are distinct from animal and plant viruses that could have either lytic or lysogenic cycle. Lytic phages known as candidates for phage therapy, since they rapidly replicate into their host and lyse them. Theoretically, phages have more than a few benefits over routine antibiotics. They are extremely specific for their targeted hosts and also are safe for human, because they have no activity against eukaryotic cells. Over this time, phages were used to treat various infections. Although, phages have a number of advantages over antibiotics, their industrial production as a commercial product ceased in most of the western European countries after the introduction of antibiotics. These days, by increasing of antibiotics resistance and inefficiency of antibiotics against bacterial biofilms, there is renewed global interest in phage applications as potentially powerful antibacterial agents. Different published paper through the world indicates bacteriophages could be recruited as suitable agent for therapeutic purposes in medicine and food industry. Therefore, here we tried to review most of these ideas about phage application as a rapid review.
articles by Reza Azizian, PhD
Biosensors, 2022
Electrochemical biosensors are a family of biosensors that use an electrochemical transducer to p... more Electrochemical biosensors are a family of biosensors that use an electrochemical transducer to perform their functions. In recent decades, many electrochemical biosensors have been created for pathogen detection. These biosensors for detecting infections have been comprehensively studied in terms of transduction elements, biorecognition components, and electrochemical methods. This review discusses the biorecognition components that may be used to identify pathogens. These include antibodies and aptamers. The integration of transducers and electrode changes in biosensor design is a major discussion topic. Pathogen detection methods can be categorized by sample preparation and secondary binding processes. Diagnostics in medicine, environmental monitoring, and biothreat detection can benefit from electrochemical biosensors to ensure food and water safety. Disposable and reusable biosensors for process monitoring, as well as multiplexed and conformal pathogen detection, are all included in this review. It is now possible to identify a wide range of diseases using biosensors that may be applied to food, bodily fluids, and even objects’ surfaces. The sensitivity of optical techniques may be superior to electrochemical approaches, but optical methods are prohibitively expensive and challenging for most end users to utilize. On the other hand, electrochemical approaches are simpler to use, but their efficacy in identifying infections is still far from satisfactory.
Books by Reza Azizian, PhD
Elsevier, 2024
This chapter explores the significant roles of probiotics and metagenomics in maintaining and imp... more This chapter explores the significant roles of probiotics and metagenomics in maintaining and improving oral health. The oral cavity hosts a complex microbial ecosystem, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, whose balance is crucial for preventing oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer. Traditional culture-based methods fall short in characterizing these diverse microbial communities, prompting the adoption of advanced metagenomic technologies for a more comprehensive analysis. Probiotics, defined by the WHO as live microorganisms conferring health benefits when administered in adequate amounts, have shown promise in promoting oral health. Specific strains from the genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Bifidobacterium have been identified as beneficial for dental health. This chapter reviews the historical context, mechanisms, and recent advancements in the application of probiotics in dentistry, highlighting their potential to alter oral microbiota positively, reduce pathogenic microorganisms, and enhance overall oral health. Additionally, it discusses the concept of effector strains and their role in replacement therapy, as well as the synergistic effects of combining probiotics with prebiotics (symbiotics) and the emerging field of postbiotics. The integration of metagenomic insights with probiotic therapy offers a promising frontier in preventive and therapeutic strategies for oral health.
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Papers by Reza Azizian, PhD
articles by Reza Azizian, PhD
Books by Reza Azizian, PhD