NMA requirements for automated map generalization Evaluation of generalized data Constraint-based... more NMA requirements for automated map generalization Evaluation of generalized data Constraint-based generalization State-of-the-art of generalization a b s t r a c t This paper presents a methodology developed for a study to evaluate the state of the art of automated map generalization in commercial software without applying any customization. The objectives of this study are to learn more about generic and specific requirements for automated map generalization, to show possibilities and limitations of commercial generalization software, and to identify areas for further research. The methodology had to consider all types of heterogeneity to guarantee independent testing and evaluation of available generalization solutions. The paper presents the two main steps of the methodology. The first step is the analysis of map requirements for automated generalization, which consisted of sourcing representative test cases, defining map specifications in generalization constraints, harmonizing constraints across the test cases, and analyzing the types of constraints that were defined. The second step of the methodology is the evaluation of generalized outputs. In this step, three evaluation methods were integrated to balance between human and machine evaluation and to expose possible inconsistencies. In the discussion the applied methodology is evaluated and areas for further research are identified.
Spatial data sets are created to provide information for specific applications. These sets are re... more Spatial data sets are created to provide information for specific applications. These sets are representations of real world objects and are each collected by specific organisations for specific purposes. The objects of interests are modelled in a way appropriate for the application and therefore the data sets are a subjective selection of real world objects. Consequently, different representations of the same objects can be found in a variety of data sets. Dealing with several representations is related to two major research domains: efficient structuring and intelligent generalisation. This paper addresses these two issues with respect to the functionality offered by spatial DBMS. Growing number of mainstream DBMS have been offering management of spatial objects. The number of implemented spatial operations increases as well. Many of these operations (or combinations of them) can be already successfully used to manage multi-resolution data. The paper discusses possibilities for data structuring (using the spatial data types offered by DBMS), algorithms for automatic linking of different representations and generation of new representations out existing ones. The algorithms are tested in a case study.
ABSTRACT One solution to the integration of additional characteristics, for example, time and sca... more ABSTRACT One solution to the integration of additional characteristics, for example, time and scale, into GIS data sets is to model them as extra geometric dimensions perpendicular to the spatial ones, creating a higher-dimensional model. While this approach has been previously described and advocated, it is scarcely used in practice because of a lack of high-level construction algorithms and accompanying implementations. We present in this paper a dimension-independent extrusion algorithm permitting us to construct from any (n-1)-dimensional linear cell complex represented as a generalised map, an n-dimensional one by assigning to each (n-1)-cell one or more intervals where it exists along the nth dimension. We have implemented the algorithm in C++11 using CGAL, made the source code publicly available and tested it in experiments using real-world 2D GIS data sets which were extruded to construct up to 5D models.
This paper presents the work in progress of a research project that aims at establishing a refere... more This paper presents the work in progress of a research project that aims at establishing a reference model for 3D geo-information in the Netherlands. The research project is initiated by four national organizations: 1) Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, 2) Kadaster, 3) Geonovum, and 4) the Netherlands Geodetic Commission. These four organizations responsible for geo-information in the Netherlands recognized the urgent need for a standardized approach and therefore initiated a 3D pilot. In the 3D pilot, a uniform approach for 3D geo-information modeling is explored in collaboration with a large number of stakeholders ultimately resulting in national agreements and a national standard, extending CityGML, for use of 3D geo-information. The final aim of the 3D pilot is to evoke a breakthrough in the use of 3D geo-information in the Netherlands. In the pilot providers and users of geo-information closely collaborate, which ensures that the providers are familiar with precise requirements of the users. This pilot aims also at an improved accessibility to 3D geo-information and the supporting technologies, which may push advances in 3D applications. the use of 3D geo-information in various applications, with the goal to define and execute appropriate use cases.
ABSTRACT The world is (at least) three dimensional in our perception although when it comes to re... more ABSTRACT The world is (at least) three dimensional in our perception although when it comes to representation we have become used to the simplification of the ‘reality’ into two dimensions (2D). Most situations in a cadastre can be represented in 2D on a map without that this representation causes too many uncertainties or queries. However, with current developments in architecture, registration of apartment rights and underground cables and pipelines the representation of real estate objects in 2D is often no longer adequate in representing unambiguously the ‘reality’ (Figure 1). In the case of apartment rights a three dimensional drawing is sometimes provided to furnish an idea where in the building these rights are located. Modern technologies, however, allow us increasingly to represent the ‘reality’ in three dimensions (3D). Technologies for creating and managing 3D geoinformation have matured while costs for such information and 3D-tools have significantly decreased. These tools enable us to represent the ‘reality’ in an improved manner. Ongoing developments will allow us to represent the ‘reality’ in future even in 4D (including time) (Van Oosterom et al. 2006) and 5D (including time and scale dimensions) (Van Oosterom and Stoter 2010).
ABSTRACT Three-dimensional technologies have matured over the years. At the same time, 3D informa... more ABSTRACT Three-dimensional technologies have matured over the years. At the same time, 3D information is becoming increasingly important in many applications. Still it is not straightforward to apply the solutions that work on prototypes, small areas or for specific projects to 3D modeling of a whole nation. In the Netherlands, two initiatives are ongoing to address the issues of nation-wide 3D modeling. First, the initiative that aims at establishing and implementing a national 3D standard for large-scale topography with support of all stakeholders. Collecting and maintaining the large-scale data are the responsibility of local governments (mainly municipalities). The second initiative is led by the Kadaster (the organization responsible for topographic mapping in the Netherlands) and aims at automatically generating a 3D version of the 1:10 k object-oriented data-set based on a smart combination of the two-dimensional data with high-resolution laser data. Both initiatives are presented in this paper including results, open issues, and future plans.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a first-order representation to formalize cartographic constraints f... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a first-order representation to formalize cartographic constraints for automated quality evaluation of multi-scale data. Formalizing constraints for cartographic applications is a challenging task. It requires precise definition of entities, spatial and semantic relationships for individuals, groups and classes of objects, and their (intra-/inter-scale) relationships. Also constraints defining the visual presentation of the same entities can be different depending on the scale and context. This paper categorizes and formalizes different types of information needed for the quality evaluation, based on which cartographic constraints are formalized. The formalism is demonstrated by applying it to group features such as networks and alignments, and finally to constraints of different levels of complexity. We show the potential of the proposed formalism and discuss possibilities for further development.
NMA requirements for automated map generalization Evaluation of generalized data Constraint-based... more NMA requirements for automated map generalization Evaluation of generalized data Constraint-based generalization State-of-the-art of generalization a b s t r a c t This paper presents a methodology developed for a study to evaluate the state of the art of automated map generalization in commercial software without applying any customization. The objectives of this study are to learn more about generic and specific requirements for automated map generalization, to show possibilities and limitations of commercial generalization software, and to identify areas for further research. The methodology had to consider all types of heterogeneity to guarantee independent testing and evaluation of available generalization solutions. The paper presents the two main steps of the methodology. The first step is the analysis of map requirements for automated generalization, which consisted of sourcing representative test cases, defining map specifications in generalization constraints, harmonizing constraints across the test cases, and analyzing the types of constraints that were defined. The second step of the methodology is the evaluation of generalized outputs. In this step, three evaluation methods were integrated to balance between human and machine evaluation and to expose possible inconsistencies. In the discussion the applied methodology is evaluated and areas for further research are identified.
Spatial data sets are created to provide information for specific applications. These sets are re... more Spatial data sets are created to provide information for specific applications. These sets are representations of real world objects and are each collected by specific organisations for specific purposes. The objects of interests are modelled in a way appropriate for the application and therefore the data sets are a subjective selection of real world objects. Consequently, different representations of the same objects can be found in a variety of data sets. Dealing with several representations is related to two major research domains: efficient structuring and intelligent generalisation. This paper addresses these two issues with respect to the functionality offered by spatial DBMS. Growing number of mainstream DBMS have been offering management of spatial objects. The number of implemented spatial operations increases as well. Many of these operations (or combinations of them) can be already successfully used to manage multi-resolution data. The paper discusses possibilities for data structuring (using the spatial data types offered by DBMS), algorithms for automatic linking of different representations and generation of new representations out existing ones. The algorithms are tested in a case study.
ABSTRACT One solution to the integration of additional characteristics, for example, time and sca... more ABSTRACT One solution to the integration of additional characteristics, for example, time and scale, into GIS data sets is to model them as extra geometric dimensions perpendicular to the spatial ones, creating a higher-dimensional model. While this approach has been previously described and advocated, it is scarcely used in practice because of a lack of high-level construction algorithms and accompanying implementations. We present in this paper a dimension-independent extrusion algorithm permitting us to construct from any (n-1)-dimensional linear cell complex represented as a generalised map, an n-dimensional one by assigning to each (n-1)-cell one or more intervals where it exists along the nth dimension. We have implemented the algorithm in C++11 using CGAL, made the source code publicly available and tested it in experiments using real-world 2D GIS data sets which were extruded to construct up to 5D models.
This paper presents the work in progress of a research project that aims at establishing a refere... more This paper presents the work in progress of a research project that aims at establishing a reference model for 3D geo-information in the Netherlands. The research project is initiated by four national organizations: 1) Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, 2) Kadaster, 3) Geonovum, and 4) the Netherlands Geodetic Commission. These four organizations responsible for geo-information in the Netherlands recognized the urgent need for a standardized approach and therefore initiated a 3D pilot. In the 3D pilot, a uniform approach for 3D geo-information modeling is explored in collaboration with a large number of stakeholders ultimately resulting in national agreements and a national standard, extending CityGML, for use of 3D geo-information. The final aim of the 3D pilot is to evoke a breakthrough in the use of 3D geo-information in the Netherlands. In the pilot providers and users of geo-information closely collaborate, which ensures that the providers are familiar with precise requirements of the users. This pilot aims also at an improved accessibility to 3D geo-information and the supporting technologies, which may push advances in 3D applications. the use of 3D geo-information in various applications, with the goal to define and execute appropriate use cases.
ABSTRACT The world is (at least) three dimensional in our perception although when it comes to re... more ABSTRACT The world is (at least) three dimensional in our perception although when it comes to representation we have become used to the simplification of the ‘reality’ into two dimensions (2D). Most situations in a cadastre can be represented in 2D on a map without that this representation causes too many uncertainties or queries. However, with current developments in architecture, registration of apartment rights and underground cables and pipelines the representation of real estate objects in 2D is often no longer adequate in representing unambiguously the ‘reality’ (Figure 1). In the case of apartment rights a three dimensional drawing is sometimes provided to furnish an idea where in the building these rights are located. Modern technologies, however, allow us increasingly to represent the ‘reality’ in three dimensions (3D). Technologies for creating and managing 3D geoinformation have matured while costs for such information and 3D-tools have significantly decreased. These tools enable us to represent the ‘reality’ in an improved manner. Ongoing developments will allow us to represent the ‘reality’ in future even in 4D (including time) (Van Oosterom et al. 2006) and 5D (including time and scale dimensions) (Van Oosterom and Stoter 2010).
ABSTRACT Three-dimensional technologies have matured over the years. At the same time, 3D informa... more ABSTRACT Three-dimensional technologies have matured over the years. At the same time, 3D information is becoming increasingly important in many applications. Still it is not straightforward to apply the solutions that work on prototypes, small areas or for specific projects to 3D modeling of a whole nation. In the Netherlands, two initiatives are ongoing to address the issues of nation-wide 3D modeling. First, the initiative that aims at establishing and implementing a national 3D standard for large-scale topography with support of all stakeholders. Collecting and maintaining the large-scale data are the responsibility of local governments (mainly municipalities). The second initiative is led by the Kadaster (the organization responsible for topographic mapping in the Netherlands) and aims at automatically generating a 3D version of the 1:10 k object-oriented data-set based on a smart combination of the two-dimensional data with high-resolution laser data. Both initiatives are presented in this paper including results, open issues, and future plans.
ABSTRACT This paper presents a first-order representation to formalize cartographic constraints f... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a first-order representation to formalize cartographic constraints for automated quality evaluation of multi-scale data. Formalizing constraints for cartographic applications is a challenging task. It requires precise definition of entities, spatial and semantic relationships for individuals, groups and classes of objects, and their (intra-/inter-scale) relationships. Also constraints defining the visual presentation of the same entities can be different depending on the scale and context. This paper categorizes and formalizes different types of information needed for the quality evaluation, based on which cartographic constraints are formalized. The formalism is demonstrated by applying it to group features such as networks and alignments, and finally to constraints of different levels of complexity. We show the potential of the proposed formalism and discuss possibilities for further development.
This paper reports about the feasibility study carried out by the Dutch Kadaster to automatically... more This paper reports about the feasibility study carried out by the Dutch Kadaster to automatically generalise the largest scale topographical data set maintained by the Kadaster (i.e. TOP10NL) from the 1:1k topographical object oriented data set, which is currently being collected and structured by organisations that need to maintain public space such as municipalities, the railway company and provinces. The two data sets do not only differ in scale but also with respect to objectives, source data, application domain, providers, acquisition method and rules, and definition of topology. Therefore not only a scale step has to overcome.
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Papers by Jantien Stoter