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bishnu kandel

Tribhuvan University, Agriculture, Faculty Member

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Mr. Kandel currently working as program co-ordinator of Purwanchal Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, Nepal. Kandel does research in the field of crop improvement and their evaluation, genetics and plant breeding, and plant science research
Phone: 9845953089

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Papers by bishnu kandel

Morphological characterization and evaluation of soybean genotypes under rainfed ecosystem of Nepal

Journal of agriculture and food research, Mar 1, 2023

Performance Evaluation and Genetic Parameters Estimation of Multi-Companies Maize Hybrids in Lamahi Dang, Nepal

SSRN Electronic Journal

Varietal Evaluation and Genetic Variability in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes of the Mid-Hill Region of Nepal

Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020

The objectives of this study were to identify promising rice genotypes and evaluate the genetic v... more The objectives of this study were to identify promising rice genotypes and evaluate the genetic variance and effectiveness of selection of the rice varieties for several yield attributing traits. A varietal trial of fifteen rice genotypes was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in a farmer’s field in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal during the rainy season of 2018. Analysis of variance indicated that all the genotypes showed significant variation for all the traits considered. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characteristics being studied indicating the presence of environmental influence on the traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percent of the mean was found for days to physiological maturity, number of tillers per m2, plant height, leaf area, effective tillers per m2, flag leaf area, test weight, grains per panicle, filled grains ...

Characterization of rice landraces of Lamjung and Tanahun districts

Agro-morphological characterization of rice is vital for rice breeding programs, which help to do... more Agro-morphological characterization of rice is vital for rice breeding programs, which help to document phenotypical differences. The research was conducted in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, during the spring season from February to August 2023, where the design was completely randomized with two replications. Twenty-five quantitative and thirtynine qualitative traits were recorded according to the characterization descriptors of the International Rice Research Institute, Sixteen quantitative traits were observed for 16 landraces, and 11 showed high coefficient of variance (CV) values. In comparison, for the remaining nine traits, two traits showed a high CV value for all 20 landraces. Three principal components with an eigenvalue greater than one accounted for 88.2% variation. Furthermore, principal component analysis bolsters our results by clustering rice landraces into four clusters. The intra-cluster distance was most significant in cluster I (4.25) and the lowest in cluster IV (2.16), thereby indicating that genotype diversity was the greatest in cluster I and least diverse in cluster IV. Three of the four clusters did not follow geographic distribution, possibly indicating free exchange of landraces among the farmers and adaption of the landraces in both districts. Monomorphism was observed for leaf blade: lemma: anthocyanin in keel and lemma: anthocyanin of the area below apiculus, while high polymorphism was observed for lemma: the colour of apiculus (early observation) (1.542) according to Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′). Even distribution was observed for traits ligule: colour (0.971), lemma: colour of apiculus: (late observation) (0.920), and sterile lemma: shape (0.908). The Simpson evenness index was maximum for lemma: colour of apiculus (0.783), indicating a higher probability of obtaining two characters for a trait under random selection. Thus, the present study is the preliminary depiction for characterization and diversity analysis in cultivated rice landraces with potential for further rice improvement programs.

Importance of world high altitude Jumli Marshi rice with cultivation practices

Heliyon, 2022

Geographically, Jumla is a Himalayan mountainous region located in the Karnali Province of Nepal.... more Geographically, Jumla is a Himalayan mountainous region located in the Karnali Province of Nepal. It has a beautiful landscape with abundant plant and animal species and is rich in biodiversity. Jumli Marshi has been cultivated since prehistoric times. Marshi has nutritional, religious, and cultural significance. The Chumchaur of Jumla, a place where rice cultivation is carried out at the highest elevation (3050 m) of the world. In the past, the field at the bank of the Tila river was filled with Jumli Marshi rice; however, its cultivation is currently decreasing day by day due to low productivity and blast susceptibility. Farmers prefer to grow improved varieties such as Chandannath-1 and Chandannath-3 rather than Marshi. Jumla's peasant worked very hard to produce this local variety and the role of women in producing this variety is crucial. The cultivation practice for Marshi production is unique compared with other rice production practices in Nepal. Due to it’s richness in fiber (2.01 %), proteins (9.86 %), minerals such as 0.57 mg/100 g iron, 66.70 mg/100 g calcium, and 57.54 mg/100 g phosphorous, and low carbohydrates (72.74 %), it is regarded as suitable food for diabetes patients. Furthermore, it contains more nutrients than other rice varieties commonly grown in Nepal. Therefore, conservation and cultivation of Jumli Marshi should be promoted to preserve local diversity and contribute to sustainable local food production systems, agro-ecotourism, and crop improvement programs.

Drought Tolerance Screening for Rice Genotypes Using Various Drought Indices in Lamjung, Nepal

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

A field experiment was conducted during rainy reason of 2018 to rectify stable and high yielding ... more A field experiment was conducted during rainy reason of 2018 to rectify stable and high yielding rice varieties at moisture stress condition at Lamjung, Nepal. 13 rice genotypes were evaluated at randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. About 5 cm stagnant water was maintain in irrigated field until one month before harvesting whereas in rainfed field no extra irrigation was provided and drainage of excess rainfall water. Drought indices such as tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield stability index (YSI), Stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity index (MP), geometric mean productivity index (GM) were computed. Results showed significantly different for all drought indices Average yield reduction was 27% . Ys was positive and significant association with Yp. The MP, GM and STI were positive correlation with grain yield under both environments whereas SSI and YSI was negative non-significant association with both stress and nor...

Drought tolerance screening of rice genotypes in mid-hills of Nepal using various drought indices

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science

Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so ... more Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so screening of the cultivars for drought tolerance is crucial. Our study screens 10 commercial rice cultivars grown in the mid-hills of Nepal and four pipeline genotypes. Our objective is to identify the superior drought-tolerant cultivar and suitable indices for screening. The 14 rice genotypes were evaluated under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in randomized complete block design with three replications. The yield reduction for the cultivars ranged from 12-54% during water-stressed conditions. The drought indices mean productivity, geometric mean productivity and stress tolerance index showed a positive and high correlation with grain yield. Based on drought indices, genotype NR 119 showed the highest mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index and lowest yield loss. Further, principal component analysis bolsters our results by clustering similar drought indices and droughttolerant cultivars. The NR 119 is followed by Chaite 5 and Chaite 4 as a drought-tolerant genotype, therefore, we recommend it for drought-prone areas of the mid-hill region of Nepal. We identified mean productivity, stress tolerance index and geometric mean productivity as important drought indices, so we recommend using this for drought screening.

Effect of different genotypes, tillage methods and plant populations on dry matter, grain yield, stover yield and harvest index of hybrid maize

by Shrawan Kumar Sah and bishnu kandel

International Journal of Global Science Research, 2019

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of genotypes, tillage methods and plant populati... more An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of genotypes, tillage methods and plant populations on dry matter, grain yield, stover yield and harvest index of hybrid maize at research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during winter season of 2015/16. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design that consisting of two hybrids as horizontal factor (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6), two tillage methods as vertical factors (zero and conventional tillage) and four plant populations (55,555, 69,444, 85,470 and 1,01,010 plants ha-1) as subsub plot factors. Rampur hybrid 6 produced more dry matter as compared to Rampur hybrid 4 except early stage (30 DAS). Rampur hybrid 6 produced slightly higher grain yield (6.11 t ha-1) than Rampur hybrid 4 (5.88 t ha-1). Grain yield under zero tillage (6.25 t ha-1) was similar to conventional tillage (5.74 t ha-1). Significantly higher grain yield (6.54 t ha-1) was obtained from the population of 85,470 plants ha-1 than 55,555 (5.31 t ha-1) and 69,444 (5.92 t ha-1) plants ha-1 but remained at par with 1,01,010 plants ha-1 (6.21 t ha-1) which was similar to 69,444 plants ha-1 but significantly superior over 55,555 plants ha-1 Thus, it can be mentioned that both hybrid maize varieties

Morphological characterization and evaluation of soybean genotypes under rainfed ecosystem of Nepal

Morphological description of soybean genotypes useful in soybean improvement program. The objecti... more Morphological description of soybean genotypes useful in soybean improvement program. The objective of this research was to identify genotypes with high grain yield and desirable agronomic traits as well as stability across environments. A set of 25 soybean genotypes were used to evaluate under alpha lattice design with two replications at research farm of National Oilseed Research Program, Nawalpur, Sarlahi; National Grain Legumes Research Program Khajura, Banke, and Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Sundarbazar, Lamjung during July to November of 2018. Result showed that soybean accessions exhibited morphological variation in qualitative traits. The soybean landrace Kailali-3 had a significantly higher grain yield (1.7 ton ha-1). The result of GGE biplots indicated Kavre, Kailali-3 and Lekali Bhatta as the most stable genotypes in all environments. CO 164 was the highest-yielding genotype with above mean average yield at all tested environments. On the other hand, additive main-effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) Analysis revealed Chitwan-9 and Palpa white as the most stable due to the low IPC1 scores and moderate mean yield.

Drought tolerance screening of rice genotypes in mid-hills of Nepal using various drought indices

Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so ... more Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so screening of the cultivars for drought tolerance is crucial. Our study screens 10 commercial rice cultivars grown in the mid-hills of Nepal and four pipeline genotypes. Our objective is to identify the superior drought-tolerant cultivar and suitable indices for screening. The 14 rice genotypes were evaluated under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in randomized complete block design with three replications. The yield reduction for the cultivars ranged from 12-54% during water-stressed conditions. The drought indices mean productivity, geometric mean productivity and stress tolerance index showed a positive and high correlation with grain yield. Based on drought indices, genotype NR 119 showed the highest mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index and lowest yield loss. Further, principal component analysis bolsters our results by clustering similar drought indices and droughttolerant cultivars. The NR 119 is followed by Chaite 5 and Chaite 4 as a drought-tolerant genotype, therefore, we recommend it for drought-prone areas of the mid-hill region of Nepal. We identified mean productivity, stress tolerance index and geometric mean productivity as important drought indices, so we recommend using this for drought screening.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Estimates in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes in Nepal

Agricultura, 2018

Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block de... more Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Lumle, Kaski and National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal respectively to assess the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits during summer (Kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2016-2017. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for 10 characters studied among the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) is higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) recorded for all traits. High GCV and PCV was recorded for grain yield, thousand kernel weight and ear height. Heritability was moderate to high except thousand kernel weight in Kharif whereas number of kernel per ear showed lowest heritability in winter season. Genetic gain as percentage of mean (GAM) was ...

Energy Use Efficiency (Eue) for Hybrid Maize Under Different Tillage Systems and Plant Density in Chitwan, Nepal

Agricultura, 2019

To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant densi... more To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant density. A field experiment was carried out at research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during winter season of 2015/16. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design comprising two hybrids as horizontal factor (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6), two tillage methods as vertical factors (zero and conventional tillage) and four plant populations as sub-sub plot factors (55,555, 69,444, 85,470 and 1,01,010 plants ha-1). Zero tillage recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (238.98 and 217.48 MJ ha-1) as compared to conventional tillage (193.65 and 172.22 MJ ha-1, respectively). Similarly, the plant population of 85 thousand plants ha-1 recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (233.98 and 212.45 thousand MJ ha-1) than 55 (184.10 and 162.87 thousand MJ ha-1) but remained at par with 69 (206.63 a...

Performance evaluation of maize hybrids in inner-plains of Nepal

Heliyon, 2020

Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluati... more Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluating maize hybrids in a specific environment is a key task for the hybrid maize program. The objective of this study was to identify a promising maize hybrid for winter planting in inner terai regions. Ten maize hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the winter season of 2018 and 2019 at the research field of Purwanchal Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, Nepal. The results suggested that among tested hybrids, P3396 (11.18 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.67 tons ha À1), and Rampur Hybrid 6 (10.37 tons ha À1) produced significantly higher yield in 2018 whereas P3396 (11.10 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.20 tons ha À1), and Ganga Kaveri (10.03 tons ha À1) were the ones with the highest grain yield in 2019. Comparing both years, P3396 and Shresta consistently outperform the other hybrids in terms of grain yield, which is an important traits for the farmers. Correlation studies suggested that ear weight and thousand-grain weight showed a positive significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, we suggest P3396 and Shresta as promising hybrids for the maize growers in the inner terai regions of Nepal.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Estimates in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes in Nepal

Agricultura, 2018

Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block de... more Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Lumle, Kaski and National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal respectively to assess the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits during summer (Kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2016-2017. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for 10 characters studied among the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) is higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) recorded for all traits. High GCV and PCV was recorded for grain yield, thousand kernel weight and ear height. Heritability was moderate to high except thousand kernel weight in Kharif whereas number of kernel per ear showed lowest heritability in winter season. Genetic gain as percentage of mean (GAM) was ...

Evaluation the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management

Journal of Research in Weed Science, 2019

A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Su... more A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management at Bhanu-11 Rupakot, Tanahun during rainy season 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments. The phenological, growth, yield and yield attributing characters were observed in the experiment. Results revealed that maximum grain yield (5.91 ton ha-1) was obtained in application of butachlor at 4 days after transplanting (DAT) which was statistically at par with all other treatments except single manual weeding, single cono-weeding and non-weeding plots (3.66 ton ha-1). The highest grain yield obtained from this treatment was might be due to higher number of effective grains per panicle (203 grains), less sterility (6.4%), high test weight (30.7g) with good harvest index (38.4%). Although the single application of butachlor as pre emergence spray showed highest...

Energy Use Efficiency (Eue) for Hybrid Maize Under Different Tillage Systems and Plant Density in Chitwan, Nepal

Agricultura, 2019

To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant densi... more To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant density. A field experiment was carried out at research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during winter season of 2015/16. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design comprising two hybrids as horizontal factor (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6), two tillage methods as vertical factors (zero and conventional tillage) and four plant populations as sub-sub plot factors (55,555, 69,444, 85,470 and 1,01,010 plants ha-1). Zero tillage recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (238.98 and 217.48 MJ ha-1) as compared to conventional tillage (193.65 and 172.22 MJ ha-1, respectively). Similarly, the plant population of 85 thousand plants ha-1 recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (233.98 and 212.45 thousand MJ ha-1) than 55 (184.10 and 162.87 thousand MJ ha-1) but remained at par with 69 (206.63 a...

Performance evaluation of maize hybrids in inner-plains of Nepal

Heliyon, 2020

Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluati... more Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluating maize hybrids in a specific environment is a key task for the hybrid maize program. The objective of this study was to identify a promising maize hybrid for winter planting in inner terai regions. Ten maize hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the winter season of 2018 and 2019 at the research field of Purwanchal Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, Nepal. The results suggested that among tested hybrids, P3396 (11.18 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.67 tons ha À1), and Rampur Hybrid 6 (10.37 tons ha À1) produced significantly higher yield in 2018 whereas P3396 (11.10 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.20 tons ha À1), and Ganga Kaveri (10.03 tons ha À1) were the ones with the highest grain yield in 2019. Comparing both years, P3396 and Shresta consistently outperform the other hybrids in terms of grain yield, which is an important traits for the farmers. Correlation studies suggested that ear weight and thousand-grain weight showed a positive significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, we suggest P3396 and Shresta as promising hybrids for the maize growers in the inner terai regions of Nepal.

Production and Profitability of Hybrid Rice Is Influenced by Different Nutrient Management Practices

Agriculture, 2021

The government of Nepal has recommended blanket fertilizer application for rice cultivation, whic... more The government of Nepal has recommended blanket fertilizer application for rice cultivation, which results in lower nutrient use efficiency (NUE) particularly under rainfed conditions. With the aim of finding an appropriate nutrient management practices concerning rice production and profitability, a field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2017 and 2018 at Kavrepalanchowk and Dang district of Nepal. Altogether, five treatments comprising various nutrient management practices viz. Nutrient Expert Model (NE), use of Leaf Color Chart (LCC), Government Recommended Fertilizer Dose (GON), Farm Yard Manure (FYM), and Farmers’ Field Practice (FFP), were laid out in RCBD with four replications in farmers’ fields. The analysis of variance showed significant difference between treatments for test weight and grain yield in Kavrepalanchowk whereas all traits except number of effective tillers were significant in Dang. The significantly higher grain yield and harvest index were obta...

Evaluation and identification of stable and high yielding genotypes for varietal development in amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) under hilly region of Nepal

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2021

Evaluating amaranthus genotypes in different locations is a key task for amaranthus improvement p... more Evaluating amaranthus genotypes in different locations is a key task for amaranthus improvement programs. Generally, at the farmers' level steady and high yielding genotypes that were identified are recommended for cultivation. For this purpose, 13 amaranthus genotypes were subjected to stability analysis to determine the nature and extent of genetic stability for three consecutive years viz 2018, 2019 and 2020 across two locations, Dolakha; and Jumla for grain yield and yield components. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in this study with two replications for the identification of stable and high yielding genotypes. Genotype and environment (G × E) interactions and stability analyses were performed for yield and yield components in a particular location. The results showed that genotype (G), environment (E) and their interaction (G × E) at a 0.05% probability level of 0.05, significantly influenced the grain yields of amaranthus genotypes. Genotypes ACC#10 (bi = 1.16) and ACC#2 (bi = 1.81) with more than unity regression indicated the genotype's suitability for favorable conditions. As shown by the GGE biplot, the under-tasted environment genotype ACC#10 was stable. Thus, to improve the production of amaranthus in the mid hill environments of Nepal, this genotype was put forward for release as a variety.

Evaluation the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management

Journal of Research in Weed Science, 2019

A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Su... more A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management at Bhanu-11 Rupakot, Tanahun during rainy season 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments. The phenological, growth, yield and yield attributing characters were observed in the experiment. Results revealed that maximum grain yield (5.91 ton ha-1) was obtained in application of butachlor at 4 days after transplanting (DAT) which was statistically at par with all other treatments except single manual weeding, single cono-weeding and non-weeding plots (3.66 ton ha-1). The highest grain yield obtained from this treatment was might be due to higher number of effective grains per panicle (203 grains), less sterility (6.4%), high test weight (30.7g) with good harvest index (38.4%). Although the single application of butachlor as pre emergence spray showed highest...

Morphological characterization and evaluation of soybean genotypes under rainfed ecosystem of Nepal

Journal of agriculture and food research, Mar 1, 2023

Performance Evaluation and Genetic Parameters Estimation of Multi-Companies Maize Hybrids in Lamahi Dang, Nepal

SSRN Electronic Journal

Varietal Evaluation and Genetic Variability in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes of the Mid-Hill Region of Nepal

Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020

The objectives of this study were to identify promising rice genotypes and evaluate the genetic v... more The objectives of this study were to identify promising rice genotypes and evaluate the genetic variance and effectiveness of selection of the rice varieties for several yield attributing traits. A varietal trial of fifteen rice genotypes was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in a farmer’s field in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal during the rainy season of 2018. Analysis of variance indicated that all the genotypes showed significant variation for all the traits considered. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characteristics being studied indicating the presence of environmental influence on the traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percent of the mean was found for days to physiological maturity, number of tillers per m2, plant height, leaf area, effective tillers per m2, flag leaf area, test weight, grains per panicle, filled grains ...

Characterization of rice landraces of Lamjung and Tanahun districts

Agro-morphological characterization of rice is vital for rice breeding programs, which help to do... more Agro-morphological characterization of rice is vital for rice breeding programs, which help to document phenotypical differences. The research was conducted in Sundarbazar, Lamjung, during the spring season from February to August 2023, where the design was completely randomized with two replications. Twenty-five quantitative and thirtynine qualitative traits were recorded according to the characterization descriptors of the International Rice Research Institute, Sixteen quantitative traits were observed for 16 landraces, and 11 showed high coefficient of variance (CV) values. In comparison, for the remaining nine traits, two traits showed a high CV value for all 20 landraces. Three principal components with an eigenvalue greater than one accounted for 88.2% variation. Furthermore, principal component analysis bolsters our results by clustering rice landraces into four clusters. The intra-cluster distance was most significant in cluster I (4.25) and the lowest in cluster IV (2.16), thereby indicating that genotype diversity was the greatest in cluster I and least diverse in cluster IV. Three of the four clusters did not follow geographic distribution, possibly indicating free exchange of landraces among the farmers and adaption of the landraces in both districts. Monomorphism was observed for leaf blade: lemma: anthocyanin in keel and lemma: anthocyanin of the area below apiculus, while high polymorphism was observed for lemma: the colour of apiculus (early observation) (1.542) according to Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′). Even distribution was observed for traits ligule: colour (0.971), lemma: colour of apiculus: (late observation) (0.920), and sterile lemma: shape (0.908). The Simpson evenness index was maximum for lemma: colour of apiculus (0.783), indicating a higher probability of obtaining two characters for a trait under random selection. Thus, the present study is the preliminary depiction for characterization and diversity analysis in cultivated rice landraces with potential for further rice improvement programs.

Importance of world high altitude Jumli Marshi rice with cultivation practices

Heliyon, 2022

Geographically, Jumla is a Himalayan mountainous region located in the Karnali Province of Nepal.... more Geographically, Jumla is a Himalayan mountainous region located in the Karnali Province of Nepal. It has a beautiful landscape with abundant plant and animal species and is rich in biodiversity. Jumli Marshi has been cultivated since prehistoric times. Marshi has nutritional, religious, and cultural significance. The Chumchaur of Jumla, a place where rice cultivation is carried out at the highest elevation (3050 m) of the world. In the past, the field at the bank of the Tila river was filled with Jumli Marshi rice; however, its cultivation is currently decreasing day by day due to low productivity and blast susceptibility. Farmers prefer to grow improved varieties such as Chandannath-1 and Chandannath-3 rather than Marshi. Jumla's peasant worked very hard to produce this local variety and the role of women in producing this variety is crucial. The cultivation practice for Marshi production is unique compared with other rice production practices in Nepal. Due to it’s richness in fiber (2.01 %), proteins (9.86 %), minerals such as 0.57 mg/100 g iron, 66.70 mg/100 g calcium, and 57.54 mg/100 g phosphorous, and low carbohydrates (72.74 %), it is regarded as suitable food for diabetes patients. Furthermore, it contains more nutrients than other rice varieties commonly grown in Nepal. Therefore, conservation and cultivation of Jumli Marshi should be promoted to preserve local diversity and contribute to sustainable local food production systems, agro-ecotourism, and crop improvement programs.

Drought Tolerance Screening for Rice Genotypes Using Various Drought Indices in Lamjung, Nepal

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021

A field experiment was conducted during rainy reason of 2018 to rectify stable and high yielding ... more A field experiment was conducted during rainy reason of 2018 to rectify stable and high yielding rice varieties at moisture stress condition at Lamjung, Nepal. 13 rice genotypes were evaluated at randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. About 5 cm stagnant water was maintain in irrigated field until one month before harvesting whereas in rainfed field no extra irrigation was provided and drainage of excess rainfall water. Drought indices such as tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield stability index (YSI), Stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity index (MP), geometric mean productivity index (GM) were computed. Results showed significantly different for all drought indices Average yield reduction was 27% . Ys was positive and significant association with Yp. The MP, GM and STI were positive correlation with grain yield under both environments whereas SSI and YSI was negative non-significant association with both stress and nor...

Drought tolerance screening of rice genotypes in mid-hills of Nepal using various drought indices

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science

Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so ... more Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so screening of the cultivars for drought tolerance is crucial. Our study screens 10 commercial rice cultivars grown in the mid-hills of Nepal and four pipeline genotypes. Our objective is to identify the superior drought-tolerant cultivar and suitable indices for screening. The 14 rice genotypes were evaluated under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in randomized complete block design with three replications. The yield reduction for the cultivars ranged from 12-54% during water-stressed conditions. The drought indices mean productivity, geometric mean productivity and stress tolerance index showed a positive and high correlation with grain yield. Based on drought indices, genotype NR 119 showed the highest mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index and lowest yield loss. Further, principal component analysis bolsters our results by clustering similar drought indices and droughttolerant cultivars. The NR 119 is followed by Chaite 5 and Chaite 4 as a drought-tolerant genotype, therefore, we recommend it for drought-prone areas of the mid-hill region of Nepal. We identified mean productivity, stress tolerance index and geometric mean productivity as important drought indices, so we recommend using this for drought screening.

Effect of different genotypes, tillage methods and plant populations on dry matter, grain yield, stover yield and harvest index of hybrid maize

by Shrawan Kumar Sah and bishnu kandel

International Journal of Global Science Research, 2019

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of genotypes, tillage methods and plant populati... more An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of genotypes, tillage methods and plant populations on dry matter, grain yield, stover yield and harvest index of hybrid maize at research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during winter season of 2015/16. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design that consisting of two hybrids as horizontal factor (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6), two tillage methods as vertical factors (zero and conventional tillage) and four plant populations (55,555, 69,444, 85,470 and 1,01,010 plants ha-1) as subsub plot factors. Rampur hybrid 6 produced more dry matter as compared to Rampur hybrid 4 except early stage (30 DAS). Rampur hybrid 6 produced slightly higher grain yield (6.11 t ha-1) than Rampur hybrid 4 (5.88 t ha-1). Grain yield under zero tillage (6.25 t ha-1) was similar to conventional tillage (5.74 t ha-1). Significantly higher grain yield (6.54 t ha-1) was obtained from the population of 85,470 plants ha-1 than 55,555 (5.31 t ha-1) and 69,444 (5.92 t ha-1) plants ha-1 but remained at par with 1,01,010 plants ha-1 (6.21 t ha-1) which was similar to 69,444 plants ha-1 but significantly superior over 55,555 plants ha-1 Thus, it can be mentioned that both hybrid maize varieties

Morphological characterization and evaluation of soybean genotypes under rainfed ecosystem of Nepal

Morphological description of soybean genotypes useful in soybean improvement program. The objecti... more Morphological description of soybean genotypes useful in soybean improvement program. The objective of this research was to identify genotypes with high grain yield and desirable agronomic traits as well as stability across environments. A set of 25 soybean genotypes were used to evaluate under alpha lattice design with two replications at research farm of National Oilseed Research Program, Nawalpur, Sarlahi; National Grain Legumes Research Program Khajura, Banke, and Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Sundarbazar, Lamjung during July to November of 2018. Result showed that soybean accessions exhibited morphological variation in qualitative traits. The soybean landrace Kailali-3 had a significantly higher grain yield (1.7 ton ha-1). The result of GGE biplots indicated Kavre, Kailali-3 and Lekali Bhatta as the most stable genotypes in all environments. CO 164 was the highest-yielding genotype with above mean average yield at all tested environments. On the other hand, additive main-effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) Analysis revealed Chitwan-9 and Palpa white as the most stable due to the low IPC1 scores and moderate mean yield.

Drought tolerance screening of rice genotypes in mid-hills of Nepal using various drought indices

Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so ... more Drought is a major abiotic factor causing rice yield loss in rainfed and drought-prone areas, so screening of the cultivars for drought tolerance is crucial. Our study screens 10 commercial rice cultivars grown in the mid-hills of Nepal and four pipeline genotypes. Our objective is to identify the superior drought-tolerant cultivar and suitable indices for screening. The 14 rice genotypes were evaluated under both drought stress and non-stress conditions in randomized complete block design with three replications. The yield reduction for the cultivars ranged from 12-54% during water-stressed conditions. The drought indices mean productivity, geometric mean productivity and stress tolerance index showed a positive and high correlation with grain yield. Based on drought indices, genotype NR 119 showed the highest mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index and lowest yield loss. Further, principal component analysis bolsters our results by clustering similar drought indices and droughttolerant cultivars. The NR 119 is followed by Chaite 5 and Chaite 4 as a drought-tolerant genotype, therefore, we recommend it for drought-prone areas of the mid-hill region of Nepal. We identified mean productivity, stress tolerance index and geometric mean productivity as important drought indices, so we recommend using this for drought screening.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Estimates in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes in Nepal

Agricultura, 2018

Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block de... more Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Lumle, Kaski and National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal respectively to assess the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits during summer (Kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2016-2017. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for 10 characters studied among the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) is higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) recorded for all traits. High GCV and PCV was recorded for grain yield, thousand kernel weight and ear height. Heritability was moderate to high except thousand kernel weight in Kharif whereas number of kernel per ear showed lowest heritability in winter season. Genetic gain as percentage of mean (GAM) was ...

Energy Use Efficiency (Eue) for Hybrid Maize Under Different Tillage Systems and Plant Density in Chitwan, Nepal

Agricultura, 2019

To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant densi... more To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant density. A field experiment was carried out at research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during winter season of 2015/16. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design comprising two hybrids as horizontal factor (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6), two tillage methods as vertical factors (zero and conventional tillage) and four plant populations as sub-sub plot factors (55,555, 69,444, 85,470 and 1,01,010 plants ha-1). Zero tillage recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (238.98 and 217.48 MJ ha-1) as compared to conventional tillage (193.65 and 172.22 MJ ha-1, respectively). Similarly, the plant population of 85 thousand plants ha-1 recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (233.98 and 212.45 thousand MJ ha-1) than 55 (184.10 and 162.87 thousand MJ ha-1) but remained at par with 69 (206.63 a...

Performance evaluation of maize hybrids in inner-plains of Nepal

Heliyon, 2020

Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluati... more Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluating maize hybrids in a specific environment is a key task for the hybrid maize program. The objective of this study was to identify a promising maize hybrid for winter planting in inner terai regions. Ten maize hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the winter season of 2018 and 2019 at the research field of Purwanchal Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, Nepal. The results suggested that among tested hybrids, P3396 (11.18 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.67 tons ha À1), and Rampur Hybrid 6 (10.37 tons ha À1) produced significantly higher yield in 2018 whereas P3396 (11.10 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.20 tons ha À1), and Ganga Kaveri (10.03 tons ha À1) were the ones with the highest grain yield in 2019. Comparing both years, P3396 and Shresta consistently outperform the other hybrids in terms of grain yield, which is an important traits for the farmers. Correlation studies suggested that ear weight and thousand-grain weight showed a positive significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, we suggest P3396 and Shresta as promising hybrids for the maize growers in the inner terai regions of Nepal.

Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Estimates in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes in Nepal

Agricultura, 2018

Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block de... more Eleven early maize and ten winter maize genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Lumle, Kaski and National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal respectively to assess the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits during summer (Kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2016-2017. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for 10 characters studied among the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) is higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) recorded for all traits. High GCV and PCV was recorded for grain yield, thousand kernel weight and ear height. Heritability was moderate to high except thousand kernel weight in Kharif whereas number of kernel per ear showed lowest heritability in winter season. Genetic gain as percentage of mean (GAM) was ...

Evaluation the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management

Journal of Research in Weed Science, 2019

A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Su... more A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management at Bhanu-11 Rupakot, Tanahun during rainy season 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments. The phenological, growth, yield and yield attributing characters were observed in the experiment. Results revealed that maximum grain yield (5.91 ton ha-1) was obtained in application of butachlor at 4 days after transplanting (DAT) which was statistically at par with all other treatments except single manual weeding, single cono-weeding and non-weeding plots (3.66 ton ha-1). The highest grain yield obtained from this treatment was might be due to higher number of effective grains per panicle (203 grains), less sterility (6.4%), high test weight (30.7g) with good harvest index (38.4%). Although the single application of butachlor as pre emergence spray showed highest...

Energy Use Efficiency (Eue) for Hybrid Maize Under Different Tillage Systems and Plant Density in Chitwan, Nepal

Agricultura, 2019

To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant densi... more To assess energy use efficiency of hybrids maize as influenced by tillage methods and plant density. A field experiment was carried out at research field of National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during winter season of 2015/16. The experiment was laid out in strip-split plot design comprising two hybrids as horizontal factor (Rampur hybrid 4 and Rampur hybrid 6), two tillage methods as vertical factors (zero and conventional tillage) and four plant populations as sub-sub plot factors (55,555, 69,444, 85,470 and 1,01,010 plants ha-1). Zero tillage recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (238.98 and 217.48 MJ ha-1) as compared to conventional tillage (193.65 and 172.22 MJ ha-1, respectively). Similarly, the plant population of 85 thousand plants ha-1 recorded significantly higher energy output and net energy balance (233.98 and 212.45 thousand MJ ha-1) than 55 (184.10 and 162.87 thousand MJ ha-1) but remained at par with 69 (206.63 a...

Performance evaluation of maize hybrids in inner-plains of Nepal

Heliyon, 2020

Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluati... more Hybridization plays a vital role in increasing the production and productivity of maize. Evaluating maize hybrids in a specific environment is a key task for the hybrid maize program. The objective of this study was to identify a promising maize hybrid for winter planting in inner terai regions. Ten maize hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during the winter season of 2018 and 2019 at the research field of Purwanchal Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, Nepal. The results suggested that among tested hybrids, P3396 (11.18 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.67 tons ha À1), and Rampur Hybrid 6 (10.37 tons ha À1) produced significantly higher yield in 2018 whereas P3396 (11.10 tons ha À1), Shresta (10.20 tons ha À1), and Ganga Kaveri (10.03 tons ha À1) were the ones with the highest grain yield in 2019. Comparing both years, P3396 and Shresta consistently outperform the other hybrids in terms of grain yield, which is an important traits for the farmers. Correlation studies suggested that ear weight and thousand-grain weight showed a positive significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, we suggest P3396 and Shresta as promising hybrids for the maize growers in the inner terai regions of Nepal.

Production and Profitability of Hybrid Rice Is Influenced by Different Nutrient Management Practices

Agriculture, 2021

The government of Nepal has recommended blanket fertilizer application for rice cultivation, whic... more The government of Nepal has recommended blanket fertilizer application for rice cultivation, which results in lower nutrient use efficiency (NUE) particularly under rainfed conditions. With the aim of finding an appropriate nutrient management practices concerning rice production and profitability, a field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2017 and 2018 at Kavrepalanchowk and Dang district of Nepal. Altogether, five treatments comprising various nutrient management practices viz. Nutrient Expert Model (NE), use of Leaf Color Chart (LCC), Government Recommended Fertilizer Dose (GON), Farm Yard Manure (FYM), and Farmers’ Field Practice (FFP), were laid out in RCBD with four replications in farmers’ fields. The analysis of variance showed significant difference between treatments for test weight and grain yield in Kavrepalanchowk whereas all traits except number of effective tillers were significant in Dang. The significantly higher grain yield and harvest index were obta...

Evaluation and identification of stable and high yielding genotypes for varietal development in amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) under hilly region of Nepal

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2021

Evaluating amaranthus genotypes in different locations is a key task for amaranthus improvement p... more Evaluating amaranthus genotypes in different locations is a key task for amaranthus improvement programs. Generally, at the farmers' level steady and high yielding genotypes that were identified are recommended for cultivation. For this purpose, 13 amaranthus genotypes were subjected to stability analysis to determine the nature and extent of genetic stability for three consecutive years viz 2018, 2019 and 2020 across two locations, Dolakha; and Jumla for grain yield and yield components. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in this study with two replications for the identification of stable and high yielding genotypes. Genotype and environment (G × E) interactions and stability analyses were performed for yield and yield components in a particular location. The results showed that genotype (G), environment (E) and their interaction (G × E) at a 0.05% probability level of 0.05, significantly influenced the grain yields of amaranthus genotypes. Genotypes ACC#10 (bi = 1.16) and ACC#2 (bi = 1.81) with more than unity regression indicated the genotype's suitability for favorable conditions. As shown by the GGE biplot, the under-tasted environment genotype ACC#10 was stable. Thus, to improve the production of amaranthus in the mid hill environments of Nepal, this genotype was put forward for release as a variety.

Evaluation the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management

Journal of Research in Weed Science, 2019

A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Su... more A field experiment was conducted to assess the growth, productivity and profitability of rice (Sukhadhan-3 variety) under different methods of weed management at Bhanu-11 Rupakot, Tanahun during rainy season 2017. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments. The phenological, growth, yield and yield attributing characters were observed in the experiment. Results revealed that maximum grain yield (5.91 ton ha-1) was obtained in application of butachlor at 4 days after transplanting (DAT) which was statistically at par with all other treatments except single manual weeding, single cono-weeding and non-weeding plots (3.66 ton ha-1). The highest grain yield obtained from this treatment was might be due to higher number of effective grains per panicle (203 grains), less sterility (6.4%), high test weight (30.7g) with good harvest index (38.4%). Although the single application of butachlor as pre emergence spray showed highest...