Discover and read the best of Twitter Threads about #csto
Most recents (24)
1. NEW - #ラヴロフ 氏: #CSTO は平等かつ分割されていない安全保障の原則に基づいて行動する -NATOはこれを採用すべきである
🇷🇺FM ラヴロフと🇧🇾FM セルゲイ・アレイニクの共同記者 – 要点:
May 17,2023 #ロシア情報
🇷🇺FM ラヴロフと🇧🇾FM セルゲイ・アレイニクの共同記者 – 要点:
May 17,2023 #ロシア情報
2. #ラヴロフ:
📍モスクワとミンスク、2024/2025年に向けた政策協調行動の新たなプログラムに合意
📍昨年の貿易額は450億ドルに増加し、2023年の動向は非常に前向きです
📍連邦国家の安全保障構想は防衛力を強化する
📍NATOの拡大により新たなヘルシンキ宣言の可能性が損なわれる
📍モスクワとミンスク、2024/2025年に向けた政策協調行動の新たなプログラムに合意
📍昨年の貿易額は450億ドルに増加し、2023年の動向は非常に前向きです
📍連邦国家の安全保障構想は防衛力を強化する
📍NATOの拡大により新たなヘルシンキ宣言の可能性が損なわれる
3.📍西側諸国が多国間主義への世界的な願望を理解しなければ、世界は西側諸国の向こう側に目を向けることになる
📍🇷🇺と🇨🇳の関係は、米国とEUの関係とは異なり、相互に利益をもたらします
📍中国が提示した安全保障構造計画は、すべての人にとって不可分な安全保障に基づいている
📍🇷🇺と🇨🇳の関係は、米国とEUの関係とは異なり、相互に利益をもたらします
📍中国が提示した安全保障構造計画は、すべての人にとって不可分な安全保障に基づいている
🚨🇦🇿🇦🇲
1/n
Sanno di déjà-vu le immagini che in queste ore arrivano dal confine tra #Azerbaijan e #Armenia. L'esercito di #Baku sta ammassando sempre più truppe: la tenuta complessiva del già fragilissimo cessate il fuoco siglato (con qualche interruzione) nell'autunno del 2020
1/n
Sanno di déjà-vu le immagini che in queste ore arrivano dal confine tra #Azerbaijan e #Armenia. L'esercito di #Baku sta ammassando sempre più truppe: la tenuta complessiva del già fragilissimo cessate il fuoco siglato (con qualche interruzione) nell'autunno del 2020
2/n
fra le due ex repubbliche sovietiche non è mai stata così in bilico.
Da ormai settimane i civili armeni si addestrano in palestre improvvisate all'utilizzo di armi e tecniche di guerra. Promettono di combattere fino all'ultimo connazionale, invocano un intervento in loro
fra le due ex repubbliche sovietiche non è mai stata così in bilico.
Da ormai settimane i civili armeni si addestrano in palestre improvvisate all'utilizzo di armi e tecniche di guerra. Promettono di combattere fino all'ultimo connazionale, invocano un intervento in loro
@IntlCrimCourt Broke?! Hobbyist level #Zaporizhzhia #FalseFlag. The cameraman was waiting for explosions that came from #inside the apartments to the #outside. He dared to go and take close-up pictures because he knew that no more #explosives had been #planted.
@IntlCrimCourt @KarimAAKhanKC This is just the appetizer from 'Thread 62'⬇️ mentioned:
#Ukrainian #fascists hold a party at #Kyiv's "BarHot" organized by #cartoonist Anton #Chadsky, eat a cake depicting a #Russian #baby
#Ukrainian #fascists hold a party at #Kyiv's "BarHot" organized by #cartoonist Anton #Chadsky, eat a cake depicting a #Russian #baby
@IntlCrimCourt @KarimKhanQC
FROM: @amanpour “What is #Russia afraid of? #Democracy expanding,” says #Estonia’s Prime Minister @kajakallas | Mar 14
TO: #NATO #Stoltenberg On Air, Let's Count The [A]s | Mar 14, 2023.
FROM: @amanpour “What is #Russia afraid of? #Democracy expanding,” says #Estonia’s Prime Minister @kajakallas | Mar 14
TO: #NATO #Stoltenberg On Air, Let's Count The [A]s | Mar 14, 2023.
@IntlCrimCourt @FRANCE24 #Donbass #Genocide. Those who #illegally sold #weapons to #Ukraine should have been caught by now.
Pres Sauli #Niinistö: '#Finland does not give arms aid to Ukraine' | 02/05/2015
- 'The hand grenade pin is off and variations of the #WW3 have taken place'
Pres Sauli #Niinistö: '#Finland does not give arms aid to Ukraine' | 02/05/2015
- 'The hand grenade pin is off and variations of the #WW3 have taken place'
@IntlCrimCourt @FRANCE24 #Russian Foreign Ministry,#Lavrov reproaches #Finland for supporting “#war party” in #Ukraine | 03/02/2015
@IntlCrimCourt @FRANCE24 #PatriaGate. Sauli #Niinistö dealt 200 armored vehicles to the Ukrainian army
-As early in the year, Niinistö declared that #Finland would not provide arms assistance to #Ukraine.
-As early in the year, Niinistö declared that #Finland would not provide arms assistance to #Ukraine.
@amanpour @kajakallas #Ukrainian fascists hold a party at #Kyiv's "BarHot" organized by cartoonist Anton #Chadsky, eat a cake depicting a #Russian #baby
@amanpour @kajakallas Canned meat distributed by the #Ukrainian #Nazi A. #Gramanchuk with fascist symbols such as the shield of the Ucronazi collabrs and the colors of the OUN-UPA, on the label it says: "#meat of Russian-speaking #babies"
Alluding to dead children in #Donbas
Alluding to dead children in #Donbas
@amanpour @kajakallas Thread 19
FROM: #Marin in #Nazi -funeral #Ukraine | Mar 7, 2023
TO: #Kotsyubaylo eliminated | Mar 7, 2023
- when the #Americans visited the positions in #Avdiivka, he said that he was feeding the tamed #wolf "the #bones of #Russian-speaking #children.
FROM: #Marin in #Nazi -funeral #Ukraine | Mar 7, 2023
TO: #Kotsyubaylo eliminated | Mar 7, 2023
- when the #Americans visited the positions in #Avdiivka, he said that he was feeding the tamed #wolf "the #bones of #Russian-speaking #children.
@Europarl_EN @EP_President cc: @ ivan_8848
War Is Inevitable?
The #war in #Ukraine started on Feb 16. Russia #responded 8 d later by preempting the Ukrainian ground assault on #Donbas.
People are dying in a #US #proxy war that was deliberately #provoked by the US-centralized empire
War Is Inevitable?
The #war in #Ukraine started on Feb 16. Russia #responded 8 d later by preempting the Ukrainian ground assault on #Donbas.
People are dying in a #US #proxy war that was deliberately #provoked by the US-centralized empire
@Europarl_EN @EP_President The conflict in #Ukraine was not opened by #Russia on Feb 24, but by #Ukraine a week before.
- The #OSCE #France is a witness to this.
#BULLETINNo27 | MAR 2022
LA SITUATION MILITAIRE EN #UKRAINE
- Il pourrait s’agir de #mercenaires de la #CIA...
- The #OSCE #France is a witness to this.
#BULLETINNo27 | MAR 2022
LA SITUATION MILITAIRE EN #UKRAINE
- Il pourrait s’agir de #mercenaires de la #CIA...
@Europarl_EN @EP_President cc: @ TaranQ
14/ "Here’s the top adviser of #Zelensky, #Arestovych in 2019 talking about how their plan to join #NATO will prompt #Russia to #invade Ukraine.“ They must do this before we join NATO.” Our #PRICE for joining NATO is a big #war with #Russia."
14/ "Here’s the top adviser of #Zelensky, #Arestovych in 2019 talking about how their plan to join #NATO will prompt #Russia to #invade Ukraine.“ They must do this before we join NATO.” Our #PRICE for joining NATO is a big #war with #Russia."
Today, Sergey Lavrov visited #Russia's faithful ally #Azerbaijan. #Putin really supported #Aliyev in arming the army and winning the war against #Armenia and #NagornoKarabakh.
Read more below.
Read more below.
1/1 According to the #Stockholm-based International Peace Institute, #CSTO members Russia and Belarus are the first and third countries that supplied offensive weapons to Azerbaijan during the period of 2011-2020.
Today during the new phase of #UkraineRussiaWar, I'll talk about why Nordic, Eastern Europeans and Central Asians want #Russia to be disintegrated, and how pro-Russian supporters seek to undermine these narratives. Thread. 🧵
The map of Russia is very big. Including the Kaliningrad exclave, Russia borders 13 countries on land and one country at the sea. However, Tsarist and Soviet conquests also led to Russia having some sort of influence beyond the border.
Being an inland empire, Russia expanded via land, a different compared to typical Western maritime empires. And Russia has, for a long time, treated its colonies in a brutal, repressive manner.
🚨🇧🇾🇷🇺
1/12
Fonti della leadership militare russa citate dal Robert Lansing Institute sostengono che il Cremlino abbia deciso di adottare una "soluzione" drastica rispetto al problema di trascinare la #Bielorussia in guerra contro l'#Ucraina: uccidere il presidente #Lukashenko.
1/12
Fonti della leadership militare russa citate dal Robert Lansing Institute sostengono che il Cremlino abbia deciso di adottare una "soluzione" drastica rispetto al problema di trascinare la #Bielorussia in guerra contro l'#Ucraina: uccidere il presidente #Lukashenko.
2/n
Istruzioni al riguardo sarebbero arrivate da Vladimir #Putin in persona, di ritorno dall'ultimo vertice #CSTO.
Nel caso le informazioni in questione fossero confermate sarebbe da chiedersi se ad incidere possa essere stato l'umore nero del leader russo, irritato dall'omologo
Istruzioni al riguardo sarebbero arrivate da Vladimir #Putin in persona, di ritorno dall'ultimo vertice #CSTO.
Nel caso le informazioni in questione fossero confermate sarebbe da chiedersi se ad incidere possa essere stato l'umore nero del leader russo, irritato dall'omologo
3/n
kazako Tokayev, che ha sostenuto l'urgenza di arrivare alla pace in #Ucraina, e umiliato dall'armeno #Pashinyan, rifiutatosi di firmare la dichiarazione congiunta al termine del vertice.
Tornando all'indiscrezione del centro studi USA, le sopracitate fonti sussurrano che
kazako Tokayev, che ha sostenuto l'urgenza di arrivare alla pace in #Ucraina, e umiliato dall'armeno #Pashinyan, rifiutatosi di firmare la dichiarazione congiunta al termine del vertice.
Tornando all'indiscrezione del centro studi USA, le sopracitate fonti sussurrano che
SitRep - 24/11 - But in the end there will be light
An overview of daily events in the war between #Russia and #Ukraine. As usual, we look at the general events and the front line.
Today I reached 50,000 followers - thank you all so much for following me! 🔥🙏
1/X
An overview of daily events in the war between #Russia and #Ukraine. As usual, we look at the general events and the front line.
Today I reached 50,000 followers - thank you all so much for following me! 🔥🙏
1/X
As usual we start with #Russian losses, reported by the Ukrainian General Staff. We include captured and/or destroyed/damaged equipment caught on tape.
+310 men personnel
+1 tank
+7 APCs
+2 artillery systems
+10 UAVs
+51 cruise missiles
+310 men personnel
+1 tank
+7 APCs
+2 artillery systems
+10 UAVs
+51 cruise missiles
Dear subscribers and guests of the channel! #Russian President #Putin took part in the session of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (#CSTO) in #Yerevan. The main goal of participation in the summit for Putin was to keep the CSTO at least until November 2023.
1/9
1/9
In this context, the President of #Russia turned to the President of #Kazakhstan, Kassym-Jomart #Tokayev, and the President of #Armenia, Nikol #Pashinyan. #Putin asked the leaders of Kazakhstan and Armenia not to suspend their membership in the #CSTO until November next year.
2/9
2/9
It is already known that Tokayev promised to "think" and "take note" of #Putin’s request, while #Pashinyan left the request unanswered. The #CSTO summit in #Yerevan was for Putin one of the most difficult political events in which he took part this year.
3/9
3/9
1/10
#KAZAKHSTAN'S DEMACHE TO #EU: TASMAGAMBETOV LEADS #CSTO
⠀
On November 23, 2022, it became known about the appointment of Imangali #Tasmagambetov as Secretary General of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) for the next three years.
#elections2022
#KAZAKHSTAN'S DEMACHE TO #EU: TASMAGAMBETOV LEADS #CSTO
⠀
On November 23, 2022, it became known about the appointment of Imangali #Tasmagambetov as Secretary General of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) for the next three years.
#elections2022
2/10
Such a step by Kazakhstan in the midst of #Russia's most brutal military aggression against the civilian civilian population of #Ukraine is a demonstration of Kazakhstan's complicity in the leadership of #Putin's military-political bloc.
#Kazakhstanprotests
Such a step by Kazakhstan in the midst of #Russia's most brutal military aggression against the civilian civilian population of #Ukraine is a demonstration of Kazakhstan's complicity in the leadership of #Putin's military-political bloc.
#Kazakhstanprotests
3/10
as a state sponsor of terrorism and a state that "uses means of terrorism" against the civilian population of #Ukraine.
The upcoming resolution of the #EuropeanParliament was discussed publicly and #Kazakhstan was well aware of this. Therefore, #Tasmagambetov consciously,
as a state sponsor of terrorism and a state that "uses means of terrorism" against the civilian population of #Ukraine.
The upcoming resolution of the #EuropeanParliament was discussed publicly and #Kazakhstan was well aware of this. Therefore, #Tasmagambetov consciously,
🇦🇲🇺🇸 La visita di Nancy Pelosi a Yerevan dal 17 al 19 settembre per sfruttare le tensioni fra #Armenia e #Azerbaijan secondo la dottrina RAND Corporation
ilcappellopensatore.it/2022/09/armeni…
ilcappellopensatore.it/2022/09/armeni…
Nel 2019 è stato pubblicato un documento della #RAND Corporation, il centro di ricerca #USA finanziato dal Dipartimento di Stato.
Il documento ipotizzava di sfruttare le tensioni #Armenia-#Azerbaijan per indebolire la #Russia
Il documento ipotizzava di sfruttare le tensioni #Armenia-#Azerbaijan per indebolire la #Russia
Nel settembre 2022 l'#Azerbaijan (anche con armi fornite dall'alleato #USA, #Israele) ha attaccato l'#Armenia. Gli #StatiUniti si pongono a mediare, con un incontro a New York fra #Blinken e i Ministri degli Esteri armeno e azero.
Protesters in Yerevan stand with American flags and posters calling for withdrawal from the CSTO
Nancy Pelosi said that Russia failed to fulfill its allied obligations to protect Armenia and offered US assistance. To accept it or not it is the choice of the Armenian authorities.
Nancy Pelosi said that Russia failed to fulfill its allied obligations to protect Armenia and offered US assistance. To accept it or not it is the choice of the Armenian authorities.
September 15 Assessment Highlight
Reporting from @RFERL indicates the #Kremlin has almost certainly drained a large proportion of the forces originally stationed in Russian bases in former Soviet states, likely weakening Russian influence in those states. rferl.org/a/russia-troop…
Reporting from @RFERL indicates the #Kremlin has almost certainly drained a large proportion of the forces originally stationed in Russian bases in former Soviet states, likely weakening Russian influence in those states. rferl.org/a/russia-troop…
The Russian military has already deployed some 1500 Russian personnel from Russia’s 201st Military Base in Dushanbe, #Tajikistan, to #Ukraine and plans to deploy 600 more personnel from facilities in Dushanbe and Bokhatar, a southern Tajik city, in the future, @RFERL reported. 2/
@RFERL additionally reported on September 13 that Russia has likely redeployed approximately 300 Tuvan troops from the Russian Kant Air Base in #Kyrgyzstan to fight in Ukraine at varying points since late 2021. 3/ rferl.org/a/russia-kyrgy…
❗️Azerbaijani Armed Forces began intensive shelling of Armenian positions
It is reported that Azerbaijani Armed Forces are striking settlements along the border with Armenia with artillery, mortars and drones.The defense ministries of both countries have confirmed clashes.
1/3
It is reported that Azerbaijani Armed Forces are striking settlements along the border with Armenia with artillery, mortars and drones.The defense ministries of both countries have confirmed clashes.
1/3
On the map you can see where the military clashes are taking place
An attack on Armenia under the #CSTO agreement means an attack on all the countries that are members of the organization (Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan).
2/3
An attack on Armenia under the #CSTO agreement means an attack on all the countries that are members of the organization (Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan).
2/3
We remind that as a result of the last serious conflict between #Armenia and #Azerbaijan in the fall of 2020, part of Nagorno-Karabakh came under the control of Baku, and Russian peacekeepers were deployed along the line of contact and the Lachin corridor.
3/3
3/3
L’esercitazione #Vostok2022 si terrà dall'1 al 7 settembre 2022 sotto la guida del capo di stato maggiore generale delle forze armate 🇷🇺 con addestramento pratico di azioni difensive e offensive a sette gamme VVO - "Burduna", "Hot Klyuchi", "Knyaze-Volkonsky", "Lagun”
(segue)
(segue)
2/. Come parte dei gruppi di truppe della coalizione, le azioni congiunte saranno elaborate da gruppi operativi di organi di gestione, contingenti militari e osservatori dei paesi dell’Organizzazione del trattato di sicurezza collettiva (#CSTO),
3/. dell'Organizzazione per la cooperazione di Shanghai (#SCO) e di altri Stati partner, tra cui: Azerbaigian, Algeria, Armenia, Bielorussia, India.
1/3
Politically motivated refusals to notifications of peaceful assemblies. On 11 April 2022, the Akimat (local executive body) of #Aktau issued a refusal to hold a peaceful assembly on 1 May 2022 in response to a notification submitted by activist Bolat #NURGAZIN.
@EUSR_CA
Politically motivated refusals to notifications of peaceful assemblies. On 11 April 2022, the Akimat (local executive body) of #Aktau issued a refusal to hold a peaceful assembly on 1 May 2022 in response to a notification submitted by activist Bolat #NURGAZIN.
@EUSR_CA
2/3
The topic of the peaceful assembly: "In solidarity with Ukraine. No to war. In favour of leaving the #CSTO and #EAEU. Increase in people's incomes.
The reason for the politically motivated refusal: mass cultural and sporting events are going to be held on that day.
The topic of the peaceful assembly: "In solidarity with Ukraine. No to war. In favour of leaving the #CSTO and #EAEU. Increase in people's incomes.
The reason for the politically motivated refusal: mass cultural and sporting events are going to be held on that day.
3/3
Politically motivated refusal was signed by the deputy Akim (mayor) of Aktau #BAYPAKOV A.
This is at least the fifth refusal to hold anti-war rallies and solidarity actions with #Ukraine issued by the #Kazakhstani authorities.
@Ombudsperson_KZ
@timburchett
@RepMeuser
Politically motivated refusal was signed by the deputy Akim (mayor) of Aktau #BAYPAKOV A.
This is at least the fifth refusal to hold anti-war rallies and solidarity actions with #Ukraine issued by the #Kazakhstani authorities.
@Ombudsperson_KZ
@timburchett
@RepMeuser
1/4
Politically motivated refusals issued in response to notifications of peaceful assemblies.On 11 April 2022, the Akimat of Aktau issued a refusal to hold a peaceful assembly on 1 May 2022 in response to a notification submitted by civil activist Bolat #NURGAZIN.
#Kazakhstan
Politically motivated refusals issued in response to notifications of peaceful assemblies.On 11 April 2022, the Akimat of Aktau issued a refusal to hold a peaceful assembly on 1 May 2022 in response to a notification submitted by civil activist Bolat #NURGAZIN.
#Kazakhstan
2/4
The topic of the peaceful assembly: "In solidarity with #Ukraine. No to war. In favour of leaving the #CSTO and EAEU. Increase in people's incomes.
The reason for the politically motivated refusal: mass cultural and sporting events are going to be held on that day.
The topic of the peaceful assembly: "In solidarity with #Ukraine. No to war. In favour of leaving the #CSTO and EAEU. Increase in people's incomes.
The reason for the politically motivated refusal: mass cultural and sporting events are going to be held on that day.
3/4
Politically motivated refusal was signed by the deputy Akim (mayor) of Aktau #BAYPAKOV A.
This is at least the fifth refusal to hold anti-war rallies and solidarity actions with Ukraine issued by the Kazakhstani authorities.
#ActivistsNotExtremists
#Kazakhstanprotests
Politically motivated refusal was signed by the deputy Akim (mayor) of Aktau #BAYPAKOV A.
This is at least the fifth refusal to hold anti-war rallies and solidarity actions with Ukraine issued by the Kazakhstani authorities.
#ActivistsNotExtremists
#Kazakhstanprotests
1/4 In the context of #Ukraine, I would like to draw your attention to 🇰🇿, where human rights defenders are under pressure. In particular for recording the facts of #TORTURE & the shooting of #kazakhstanprotests2022 in January of this year. @CoESpokesperson @MartinaMlinare1
2/4 @Ombudsperson_KZ, met with the @CommissionerHR,did not talk about the realities of the country. Today in court human rights activist Aidar #Syzdykov said that he was ready to go to #suicide.Because it's simply impossible to defend the violated rights in the system, @sturcalo
3/4 where all forces are used against the dissenters within the law. Civil society condemns the introduction of #CSTO forces & demands withdrawal from the military and economic union. @Verfassungsblog @MihraRittmann @OSCE_RFoM @freedomhouse @telegraaf @anceschistan @courtneywmh
1/11
TOKAEV PULLS KAZAKHSTAN INTO WAR WITH #UKRAINE
⠀
Russia is intensively looking for ways to circumvent sanctions from democratic countries. #China and the government of Kazakhstan are helping #Russia in this.
@POTUS
@StateDept
@Europarl_EN
#SafeAirliftUkraine
TOKAEV PULLS KAZAKHSTAN INTO WAR WITH #UKRAINE
⠀
Russia is intensively looking for ways to circumvent sanctions from democratic countries. #China and the government of Kazakhstan are helping #Russia in this.
@POTUS
@StateDept
@Europarl_EN
#SafeAirliftUkraine
2/11
Large columns of main tractors go from China through Kazakhstan to Samara (Russia's transport hub). In addition, the Kazakhs are also deploying their troops allegedly "for exercises" in the direction of Russia.
@ossoff
@SenMarkKelly
@SenatorBennet
#StopPutin
Large columns of main tractors go from China through Kazakhstan to Samara (Russia's transport hub). In addition, the Kazakhs are also deploying their troops allegedly "for exercises" in the direction of Russia.
@ossoff
@SenMarkKelly
@SenatorBennet
#StopPutin
3/11
Between February 11, 2022 and March 17, 2022, Kazakhs recorded and warned human rights activists/opposition about the movement of military equipment in Kazakhstan from the southern part of the country to the north, towards Russia.
#ActivistsNotExtremists
Between February 11, 2022 and March 17, 2022, Kazakhs recorded and warned human rights activists/opposition about the movement of military equipment in Kazakhstan from the southern part of the country to the north, towards Russia.
#ActivistsNotExtremists
1. Human rights activist Raigul #Sadyrbayeva went on hunger strike.Arrest,solitary confinement, torture,threat of rape. This is the way they treat an activist whose name is included in the Resolution of the @ParlamentEU @Left_EU @UK_Parliament @rozathun @SenateGOP @SenateForeign
2. So there is even more pressure on ordinary protesters, because they have no lawyers & no support from civil society. For repression, torture, execution, blocking of the Internet, and support of #Putin's regime through the #CSTO & the #EAEU, @UN_Women @mbachelet @PressSec @hrw
3. we demand the withdrawal of #Kazakhstan from the @UN_HRC, #personalsanctions. We demand the release of all #politicalprisoners & civil activists: R. #Sadyrbaeva, Anar #Kaliyeva, Lyazzat #Dosmambetova, Zhanmurat #Ashtayev, Nurjan #Sembayev, Bibigul #Kokanbekova, @DominicRaab
Insightful @pavel_luzin on the evolution of Russian defense policy based on recent drills in #Belarus, #CSTO events in #Kazakhstan and all the maneuvering around #Ukraine. Thread 1/12
ridl.io/en/the-dynamic…
ridl.io/en/the-dynamic…
1. Luzin asserts that you need to add defense spending to “National Security and Law Enforcement” budget spending to see a broader picture and it is that spending is on the rise since 2021 and will rise at least until 2024 after stabilization of 2017–2020. 2/12
Russia seems to have already entered a phase of long-term increase in spending. From the perspective of the Russian authorities, the need for such an increase is no longer closely linked to the overall growth rate of the economy. 3/12
