Papers by Iranian Journal of Vetrerinary Medicine IJVM
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Induction of cholestasis is one of the methods of liver fibrosis which causes the dev... more BACKGROUND: Induction of cholestasis is one of the methods of liver fibrosis which causes the development of oxidative stress, increased expression of fibrogenic markers, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, and finally the incidence of fibrosis. Plantago ovata is known as a rich source of various secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, trypanoids, and ascorbic acid.
OBJECTIVES: the present study, the expression of TGF- β as a fibrotic marker and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) changes in cholestatic rats treated with P. ovata extract were evaluated.
METHODS: In this study, 48 adult Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six animals each as follows: (1) healthy control group without bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery and treatment; (2–4) three healthy experimental plus P. ovata groups: rats without BDL, treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively; (5) the BDL group: rats with BDL and treated with distilled water; and (6–8) the BDL plus P. ovata groups: rats with BDL and treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were treated with P. ovata extract for 45 consecutive days (once per day). After euthanasia and serum isolation, ALP enzyme level was measured. Moreover, the rat liver was fixed in 10% formalin buffer solution. The immunohistochemical study was performed by TGF-β antibody. Data analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test and the Prism statistical program (P<0.0001).
RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in the serum levels of ALP enzyme and TGF-β expression in BDL group. Treatment with P. ovata extract was able to significantly improve these changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that P. ovata extract probably due to its phenolic compounds and its antioxidant effect has a protective effect on the liver and subsequently improves the increased serum ALP level and also reduced TGF-β expression.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that improve the immune system.
OBJECT... more BACKGROUND: Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that improve the immune system.
OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess the changes caused by the addition of prebiotics to the feed on carcass characteristics and also chemical composition, physical characteristics, color, texture, and fatty acid profile of chicken pectoral muscles containing Eimeria species.
METHODS: Forty-one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments, including negative control (NC), positive control (PC), positive medicated with coxidine (COX), and positive medicated with prebiotics (PRE). After 42 days, carcass characteristics of the chickens were recorded, and also physical characteristics, chemical composition, color, texture, and fatty acid analysis of breast meat were determined.
RESULTS: Infection with Eimeria species diminished carcass characteristics. PRE had higher final body weight, hot carcass weight, and breast and thigh muscle weights. Drip loss, pH, cooking loss, fat, ash, dry mat-ter, and texture properties of broilers’ breast meat did not show any significant differences among the experi-mental groups. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics increased the crude protein content of breast meat. In-fection with Eimeria species decreased the a-value of breast meat. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics de-creased the amount of fatty acids 16:1 and 18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to NC.
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with prebiotics is a promising strategy with the potential to com-pensate for the negative effects of infection with Eimeria spp. on carcass characteristics, protein content, and color of breast meat of broiler chickens.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
RESULTS: The PV, TBARS, and carbonyl content of both treatment groups at all time points of froze... more RESULTS: The PV, TBARS, and carbonyl content of both treatment groups at all time points of frozen storage were significantly lower than that of the control group. Statistically, no difference was found between the samples of the two supplemented groups. Moreover, the sensory evaluation revealed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the present study, the incorporation of A. maurorum in broiler diets delayed lipid and protein oxidation in the breast meat.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
RESULTS: Erythropoietin and testosterone concentrations were virtually increased in both groups A... more RESULTS: Erythropoietin and testosterone concentrations were virtually increased in both groups A (P<0.05) and B (P<0.05). The effect of stanozolol on erythropoietin (subgroup A1) (11.35±1.31 ng/mL) was significantly higher than nandrolone decanoate (subgroup B1) (8.02±0.55 ng/mL) (P<0.05); nevertheless, the changes in testosterone levels, was not significant between groups A and B (P>0.05). The liver enzymes of ALP, ALT and AST were increased more significantly in group A than group B (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Erythropoietin and testosterone levels were virtually increased in both groups A and B; however, stanozolol had more significant effect than nandrolone decanoate in increment of erythropoietin; nevertheless, it had more side effects on liver indices. It is suggested that nandrolone decanoate to be administered for the therapeutic goals.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various products. On the other hand, ... more BACKGROUND: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various products. On the other hand, they can cause a variety of toxicity in living organisms, such as biochemical changes and oxidative stress in the liver. Scrophularia striata plant can affect the toxicity of AgNPs in diverse parts of the body due to the potent antioxidant compounds. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the modulatory impact of the hydroalcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata on the hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by AgNPs in male Wistar rats. The measured hepatic enzymes and serum biochemical metabolites included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, albumin, Globulin, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin. In addition, the assessed blood oxidative stress markers entailed malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). METHODS: A total of 30 male rats with an average weight of 200±20 g were randomly assigned to five experimental groups of six. Animals in group 1 as the negative control received 2 ml distilled water and in group 2 as positive control received 200 ppm AgNPs (i.e., hepatotoxic dose). The rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 received 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg Scrophularia striata extract and 200 ppm AgNPs in 30 days, respectively. The animals were sacrificed under slight anesthesia 24 h after the last treatment. RESULTS: Hepatic enzymes, serum biochemical metabolites, and oxidative stress markers, mainly CAT, SOD, and GPx in groups 4 and 5 were significantly different from the positive and negative control groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Scrophularia striata plant owing to the presence of some special ingredients, such as flavonoids can compensate for the side effects of AgNPs in the body.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Background: Y-U pyloroplasty is a surgical approach that is used to relieve pyloric s... more BACKGROUND: Background: Y-U pyloroplasty is a surgical approach that is used to relieve pyloric stenosis. The study of different aspects of laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty instead of conventional approaches seems to be an appropriate alternative for the development of such surgeries in animals, as pyloric stenosis is an un-common but important disease.
OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to describe the laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty in small animals as a new surgical technique, and to compare the duration of surgery, level of surgical stress, and postoperative pain of this method with the conventional Y-U pyloroplasty. It is important to note that this is the first time that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty was performed in dogs.
METHODS: A total of eight intact male and female mixed breed dogs were randomly divided into two groups of conventional (n=4) and laparoscopic (n=4) pyloroplasty. Operation time, blood glucose concentration, plasma cortisol levels, gastric emptying time, pyloric lumen, and diameter and width of pyloric ring, as well as the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) were measured in both groups during pre and postoperative in-tervals.
RESULTS: As a result, the mean operation time for conventional group was significantly lower than that for laparoscopic group (38.75±3.15 min vs. 116.25±14.34 min, P<0.05). Blood glucose concentrations in both groups elevated rapidly until 3 hours after surgery and then decreased until 24 hours. Plasma cortisol level in laparoscopic group, however, elevated rapidly until 5 hours after surgery. On the other hand, pyloric diameter and width of pyloric ring significantly increased in both groups. The UMPS in dogs undergoing conventional Y-U pyloroplasty was significantly higher than that in those undergoing laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty (P<0.001). Furthermore, pain and gastric emptying time decreased in all dogs.
CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty is an applicable minimal invasive surgery that is performed through small incisions for the treatment of pyloric stenosis in dogs.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
The present study aimed to investigate the status of Anaplasma spp. infection by microscopy and m... more The present study aimed to investigate the status of Anaplasma spp. infection by microscopy and molecular methods in dromedary camels in Bushehr province, Iran. METHODS: A total of 139 blood samples were collected from dromedary camels in Bushehr province. Giemsa staining and nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted to detect Anaplasma infection in the dromedary camels. RESULTS: We found that 27 (19.4%) out of the total 139 blood samples were suspected for the presence of Anaplasma spp. by morphological study. The PCR and nested-PCR sequencing results showed 111 (80%) and 134 (96%) samples positive for Anaplasma spp. and BLAST search in NCBI GenBank presented 100% identity with Candidatus Anaplasma camelii. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular results presented the high frequency of Candidatus Anaplasma camelii in camels, in Bushehr city.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a DNA virus from the genus capripoxvirus. Though t... more BACKGROUND: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a DNA virus from the genus capripoxvirus. Though the morbidity rate of this virus is different among species, it involves all ages. This disease was limited to sub-Saharan Africa though it gradually spread to other African countries and the Middle East. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical and epidemiologic indices of the virus in two groups of native and Holstein cattle. METHODS: In this research, 1652 native cattle (group 1) and 1798 Holstein cattle (group 2), which were kept in 32-unvaccinated epidemiologic units, were studied during the field investigation about the disease in Zanjan province, at first outbreak of LSD. All major symptoms, lesions, morbidity and mortality rates observed were recorded in pre-designed forms. None of the infected cattle in this study were vaccinated. RESULTS: One hundred percent of the cattle in both groups had skin nodules. The number of nodules in group 1 was significantly fewer than that in group 2 (P≤0.05). Moreover, edema in the legs was observed in 5.88% of group 1 and 37.14% of group 2. Moreover, 11.76% of group 1 and 45.71% of group 2 suffered from pneumonia and respiratory distress. The morbidity rate was 1.03% in group 1 and 1.98% in group 2, showing a significant difference (P≤0.05); while there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that native cows are more resistant to LSDV than Holstein cows.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: In commercial hatcheries, chicks are deprived of feed and water for up to 72 h, which... more BACKGROUND: In commercial hatcheries, chicks are deprived of feed and water for up to 72 h, which is a detrimental effect on growth performance.
OBJECTIVES: Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of hatching parameters and feeding time on the body and organ weights of chickens.
METHODS: In the first experiment, 300 of both early- and later-hatched broiler chicks received feed immedi-ately after hatching or 48 h later and were divided into four experimental groups. The body and internal organ weights of chicks were determined for up to seven days. In the second study, 370 embryos, which were incu-bated in a setter until the 18th day, were transferred to two hatchers, which differed their air and eggshell tem-peratures. Then, hatching and post-hatched parameters were followed.
RESULTS: Comparing early-hatched chicks, later-hatched chicks had significantly greater weight (P<0.05) on day 3 and better yolk utilization and higher relative liver and intestine (P<0.01) weights on day 2. However, early-fed chicks indicated significantly higher body weight (P<0.0001) until day 7 and early yolk utilization and higher internal organ weights than later-fed chicks. In the second experiment, when the air temperature of hatcher A (control) was kept at 37.5ºC, its eggshell temperature was determined at 38.5ºC, while the eggshell temperature of hatcher B was optimized at 37.5ºC, and its air temperature showed 36.5ºC. Earlier hatchability was higher in the control hatcher (46.8%) than hatcher B (27.1%), but later hatchability was reversed. Howev-er, final hatchability was lower in hatcher B (96.6%) than the control hatcher (98.3%).
CONCLUSIONS: Later-hatched and early-fed chicks showed greater body and internal organ weights, indicat-ing better maturation of these chicks. The results of the second study indicated that the hatching window could be shorter and also shifted to the end of the incubation time by reducing the egg temperature.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
Tendon injuries are a major part of musculoskeletal injuries in animals, particularly in horses. ... more Tendon injuries are a major part of musculoskeletal injuries in animals, particularly in horses. So far, no com-plete cure has been found for this disease, and most treatments focus on pain control. The advantages of using exosomes over cell-based therapies and the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on tissue repair suggest exosomes derived from MSCs as an appropriate treatment option in repairing tendon injuries. This paper aimed to review various protocols for exosome isolation and the role of MSCs- derived exosomes on tendon tissue repair of animals, especially in horses. In the treatment of tendon disorders, exosomes are more stable than cells, have a lower risk of immune rejection after allogeneic administration, and can be used as an appro-priate alternative therapy. Exosomes derived from MSCs of different sources stimulate the proliferation and migration of tenocytes and fibroblasts, modulate collagen fiber arrangement, macrophage functions, and in-flammatory responses, inhibit adhesion, and generally repair damaged tendons. Exosomes are involved in cell-cell communication due to the exchange of proteins and genetic materials. The use of MSCs-derived exo-somes is considered a treatment option due to easier maintenance and reduction of the risk of rejection by the immune system, reducing the possibility of aneuploidy compared to cell-based methods.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
Three adult crossbred Thoroughbred horses died in June 2018 at a ranch near Hamedan, Iran. Rigor ... more Three adult crossbred Thoroughbred horses died in June 2018 at a ranch near Hamedan, Iran. Rigor mortis was evident with no signs of post-mortem bloating in the carcasses. The neck muscles appeared excessively cyanotic in necropsy. In addition, widespread petechiae were observed on the inner surface of the thoracic intercostal mus-cles. Dropsy was visible in the inner surface of the abdominal wall and peritoneum. The stomach content was wa-tery and dark gray. Furthermore, gastric mucosa was also gray. The livers had a dark appearance and the adja-cent duodenum was gaseous and blackened. The kidneys showed autolysis with areas of medullary hyperemia. In addition to decomposition, a specific odor similar to the garlic aroma or natural gas could be smelled from the carcasses. Tissues and contents of various organs, as well as food and water samples, were collected for diagnos-tic tests. Preliminary toxicological studies showed detectable amounts of phosphide in the samples collected from gastric contents of the animals, and complementary tests confirmed the presence of zinc phosphide in the con-centrate feed.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: The probiotics must be alive in sufficient numbers and one of the main stress factors... more BACKGROUND: The probiotics must be alive in sufficient numbers and one of the main stress factors that pro-biotic strains should tolerate is food preservatives, like herbal essential oils (EOs). To provide a balance between sensory acceptability and antimicrobial efficacy, the use of sub-lethal concentrations of EOs in combination with other preservation methods has been proposed.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub-lethal level of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO) stress on viability of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifi-dum, and examine physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt during 28 days of storage. More-over, the survival of probiotics was evaluated in gastrointestinal conditions.
METHODS: The sub-lethal and lethal levels of ZEO were determined for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Both probiotics (109 CFU/mL) were exposed to sub-lethal dose of ZEO on MRS broth for about 2 h and then microencapsulated with alginate-chitosan. First, viability of encapsulated probiotics was estimated in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. After preparation of yoghurt, enumeration of free and encap-sulated probiotics in yoghurt was done. Finally, physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt were measured.
RESULTS: According to the GC-MS, Thymol (41.70%), alpha-terpineol (7.31%) and carvacrol (5.39%) were the most commonly detected components in the ZEO. The lethal doses of ZEO for L. acidophilus and B. bifidum probiotic bacteria were 1750 and 1500 ppm, respectively. Encapsulation and exposure of probiotics to sub-lethal dose of ZEO increased significantly the survival of probiotics in both gastrointestinal conditions and during 28 days of yoghurt storage (P<0.05). Furthermore, encapsulation and exposure of probiotics to sub-lethal dose of ZEO did not significantly change the pH of yoghurt samples (P>0.05). On the other hand, syneresis was not signif-icantly different in all samples (P>0.05). The group exposed to ZEO obtained the lowest score for flavor. Howev-er, significant differences were observed between the exposed and other groups in the term of flavor, texture and overall acceptability (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to sublethal concentration of ZEO could be used as a prebiotic in probiotic yoghurt containing probiotics so as to improve the survival and viability of microcapsulated probiotics and enhance some of the physico-chemical and sensory properties.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Persian fallow deer (PFD), Dama dama mesopotamica, is one of the rarest members of th... more BACKGROUND: Persian fallow deer (PFD), Dama dama mesopotamica, is one of the rarest members of the Cervidae family currently listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. OBJECTIVES: Morphological variations in the skulls of male and female PFDs were evaluated in this investigation. METHODS: In cooperation with the Department of Environment, skulls and mandibles were obtained from five male and four female animals. After the usual practices of bone cleaning, the specimens were evaluated for morphological differences. Next, 29 parameters were measured on the skulls and mandibles by a digital Vernier caliper for morphometric studies. In addition, ten, six, and nine landmark points were defined on the left lateral photos of mandibles, dorsal, and left lateral photos of skulls, respectively. The points were digitized on twodimensional images using the TpsDig2 software. The shape differences between the two genders were analyzed using discriminate function analysis in the MorphoJ software. RESULTS: The interfrontal ridge was more prominent in male PFDs than in female animals. Moreover, there were some significant differences in the measured parameters, mostly in the mandible. The geometric morphometric evaluations showed no significant differences between the two genders. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present investigation revealed some morphological differences between the skulls of male and female PFDs.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Metabolic disorders, and their consequences, are among the most important hygienic pr... more BACKGROUND: Metabolic disorders, and their consequences, are among the most important hygienic problems of modern life. OBJECTIVES: Due to the increased global interest in natural remedies and their importance in the treatment of diseases, Ferulago angulata, as one of the oldest known medicinal plants of folk medicine, was evaluated its hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects. METHODS: A total of 147 adult male rats were randomly divided into seven groups, each with three replicates (n=7): control group, untreated hyperlipidemia group, three treated hyperlipidemia groups, treated with 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of the F. angulata hydroalcoholic extract (FAHE), two hyperlipidemia groups treated with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), and metformin (500 mg/kg). After 21 days, serum glucose and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and the ratios of LDL/HDL and TC/LDL, were measured. RESULTS: In all hyperlipidemia groups treated with different doses of FAHE, glucose, TG, TC, LDL-C, and LDL/HDL ratios were significantly reduced, while significant increases in HDL-C and cholesterol/LDL ratios were observed compared to the untreated hyperlipidemia group; however, a significant reduction of VLDL was only observed at the dose of 500 mg/kg FAHE. Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of FAHE at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses were comparable to atorvastatin and metformin. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of FAHE, which may be due to the high phenolic, flavonoids, and trace element contents, providing powerful antioxidant potential and affecting the enzymatic pathways of lipid and glucose synthesis and metabolism.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important pathogens.
OBJECTIVES... more BACKGROUND: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important pathogens.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) biotypes of BVDV on vital status, membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in Holstein dairy bulls in vitro.
METHODS: BVDV-free frozen semen samples were counted after thawing and centrifuged to separate live sperms. A sample containing 105 spermatozoa/mL was prepared. CP and NCP BVDV with 3 different doses of 105 (high dose), 104 (medium dose), and 103 (low dose) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) 50/mL were chal-lenged to sperm cells. After 2 hours of incubation at 38.5°C, eosin-nigrosine staining and hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test were performed to assess the sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity. Computer assisted se-men analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the sperm motility parameters. The obtained data were analyzed us-ing GLM method in SAS software.
RESULTS: The percentage of live spermatozoa in the control group was 72±3.60%. However, it decreased signif-icantly with the increase of virus concentration in both groups (P≤0.05). Sperm integrity in the control group showed that the quality of semen was 65± 3.21. But the effect of virus biotypes resulted in a significant decrease in both high (105) and low (103) concentrations (P≤0.05). BVDV biotypes are able to reduce different sperm movements as their concentrationincreases.
CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that CP and NCP biotypes of BVDV had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on surviv-al, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in vitro.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Early resumption of ovarian activity after parturition could positively influence the... more BACKGROUND: Early resumption of ovarian activity after parturition could positively influence the fertility of dairy cows. Ovulation of the first postpartum follicular wave and formation of corpus luteum that secretes progesterone can substantially benefit the resumption of ovarian cyclicity in cows. In this regard, the presence of a dominant follicle in the ovary before day 10 postpartum could enhance ovulation rate in the first postpartum follicular wave. Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) is one of the hormones with the potential to improve the growth of follicles. OBJECTIVES: Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PMSG injection six days after parturition on reproductive parameters in dairy cows. METHODS: The subjects were randomly assigned to the two groups of control (N=74) and treatment (N=79). Cows in the control group received no treatment, while animals in the treatment group received 500 IU PMSG on day six postpartum. In both experimental groups, cows were subjected to Presynch-Ovsynch protocol 30-35 days postpartum. The subjects that experienced estrus during the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol were inseminated. On the other hand, the cows that were not in estrus during this period were subjected to fixed-time insemination at the end of the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol. Pregnancy was diagnosed 45 days after artificial insemination using the rectal examination. RESULTS: In the control group, 66.22% of cows were inseminated based on estrus detection and 33.78% of cows were inseminated at fixed times. In the intervention group, 68.35% of cows were inseminated based on estrus detection and 31.65% of cows were inseminated at fixed times. The first-service conception rate (FSCR) was 27.03% and 48.1% in the control and treatment groups, respectively (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that the injection of 500 IU PMSG six days after parturition could enhance FSCR in dairy cows.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis is a very common cause of lameness... more BACKGROUND: Equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis is a very common cause of lameness in athletic horses inducing long lameness and prolonged recovery. Multiple treatment protocols have been proposed for this injury none of which have been able to solve the problem completely. Therefore, an affordable, widely available, and non-invasive therapeutic protocol is sought in the horse industry. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to compare the use of topical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with a combination of topical DMSO and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). METHODS: The subjects were divided into two groups of five polo ponies. The animals in the control group were treated by topical DMSO and controlled exercise, while the ponies in the experiment group received the same protocol plus PEMF on the injured tendon. RESULTS: The ultrasonographic factors evaluated in the current study were mostly similar between the two groups except for fiber alignment and echogenicity. The latter variables were shown to have a slightly better improvement in the test group indicating the minimal positive effects of PEMF. In clinical evaluation, both groups were almost identical suggesting no impacts for PEMF. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, applying PEMF using different protocols, such as more extended application at different frequencies is deemed necessary to elicit a favorable outcome of PEMF for the treatment of SDF tendonitis.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a significant viral disease of cattle sometimes found in ... more BACKGROUND: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a significant viral disease of cattle sometimes found in Iran. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was the molecular detection of LSD virus (LSDV) and the determination of their relationship with other Iranian isolates. Moreover, the origin and spread of these viruses were evaluated. METHODS: The lymph node samples taken from clinically affected cattle from the Kurdistan province of Iran were tested for LSDV using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The partial P32 gene of LSDV was detected by PCR, sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. The LSDVs detected in the present study were 42.98%-100% similar to other LSDVs of Iran. CONCLUSIONS: Iranian LSDV isolates in this research had the highest similarity to the isolates found in the Indian regions. However, they showed the lowest nucleotide identity with the countries located in the west and southwest of Iran, namely Turkey and Saudi Arabia LSDVs. It could be concluded that these viruses have entered Iran from the eastern borders. It seems that the monitoring of the country borders should be taken into consideration. Further studies should be carried out on LSDV pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
BACKGROUND: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of y... more BACKGROUND: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). IBDV consists of a two-segmented double-stranded RNA genome which can easily undergo genomic recombination or reassortment during mixed infections. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to characterize a previously identified Iranian IBDV strain (JRMP29IR) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, evaluate the presence of a mixed and/or reassortant virus population in this strain, and examine the frequency of genomic recombination and reassortment in publicly available IBDV genomes through bioinformatics. METHODS: The SPF chickens were challenged with the JRMP29IR strain via oral and intraocular routes. Bursal tissues were extracted for histopathological evaluation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by Sanger sequencing. Putative recombinations and reassortments were evaluated using the Recombination Detection Program 5. RESULTS: Through genomic sequencing of the viruses from the bursas of infected chickens, the JRMP29IR strain was found to contain viruses from the classic, variant and very virulent IBDV genotypes. Through bioinformatics, numerous putative recombination and reassortment events were identified that naturally occured throughout the IBDV genome. CONCLUSIONS: Parental JRMP29IR appears to be derived from a flock undergoing a mixed IBDV infection. High frequency of recombination and reassortment among IBDVs suggests that these events are evolutionarily beneficial for the virus.
Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021
Moving towards globalization, food packaging requires longer storage time, quality control, and h... more Moving towards globalization, food packaging requires longer storage time, quality control, and hygienic measures based on international standards. Nanotechnology can meet all these needs and implement the essential factors for packaging, storage, protection, marketing, distribution, and communications. Polymer nanotechnology can provide new food packaging materials with suitable mechanical, inhibitory, and antimicrobial properties along with nanosensors to track and control food conditions during transportation and storage. In this survey, the latest innovations and applications of nanomaterials in food packaging using improved, active, and smart nanotechnology are reviewed. Moreover, the current business situation, understanding of the health concept in these technologies, as well as the limitations of recently advanced polymer nanomaterials that can effectively change the food packaging industry are discussed.
Uploads
Papers by Iranian Journal of Vetrerinary Medicine IJVM
OBJECTIVES: the present study, the expression of TGF- β as a fibrotic marker and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) changes in cholestatic rats treated with P. ovata extract were evaluated.
METHODS: In this study, 48 adult Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six animals each as follows: (1) healthy control group without bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery and treatment; (2–4) three healthy experimental plus P. ovata groups: rats without BDL, treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively; (5) the BDL group: rats with BDL and treated with distilled water; and (6–8) the BDL plus P. ovata groups: rats with BDL and treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were treated with P. ovata extract for 45 consecutive days (once per day). After euthanasia and serum isolation, ALP enzyme level was measured. Moreover, the rat liver was fixed in 10% formalin buffer solution. The immunohistochemical study was performed by TGF-β antibody. Data analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test and the Prism statistical program (P<0.0001).
RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in the serum levels of ALP enzyme and TGF-β expression in BDL group. Treatment with P. ovata extract was able to significantly improve these changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that P. ovata extract probably due to its phenolic compounds and its antioxidant effect has a protective effect on the liver and subsequently improves the increased serum ALP level and also reduced TGF-β expression.
OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess the changes caused by the addition of prebiotics to the feed on carcass characteristics and also chemical composition, physical characteristics, color, texture, and fatty acid profile of chicken pectoral muscles containing Eimeria species.
METHODS: Forty-one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments, including negative control (NC), positive control (PC), positive medicated with coxidine (COX), and positive medicated with prebiotics (PRE). After 42 days, carcass characteristics of the chickens were recorded, and also physical characteristics, chemical composition, color, texture, and fatty acid analysis of breast meat were determined.
RESULTS: Infection with Eimeria species diminished carcass characteristics. PRE had higher final body weight, hot carcass weight, and breast and thigh muscle weights. Drip loss, pH, cooking loss, fat, ash, dry mat-ter, and texture properties of broilers’ breast meat did not show any significant differences among the experi-mental groups. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics increased the crude protein content of breast meat. In-fection with Eimeria species decreased the a-value of breast meat. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics de-creased the amount of fatty acids 16:1 and 18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to NC.
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with prebiotics is a promising strategy with the potential to com-pensate for the negative effects of infection with Eimeria spp. on carcass characteristics, protein content, and color of breast meat of broiler chickens.
OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to describe the laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty in small animals as a new surgical technique, and to compare the duration of surgery, level of surgical stress, and postoperative pain of this method with the conventional Y-U pyloroplasty. It is important to note that this is the first time that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty was performed in dogs.
METHODS: A total of eight intact male and female mixed breed dogs were randomly divided into two groups of conventional (n=4) and laparoscopic (n=4) pyloroplasty. Operation time, blood glucose concentration, plasma cortisol levels, gastric emptying time, pyloric lumen, and diameter and width of pyloric ring, as well as the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) were measured in both groups during pre and postoperative in-tervals.
RESULTS: As a result, the mean operation time for conventional group was significantly lower than that for laparoscopic group (38.75±3.15 min vs. 116.25±14.34 min, P<0.05). Blood glucose concentrations in both groups elevated rapidly until 3 hours after surgery and then decreased until 24 hours. Plasma cortisol level in laparoscopic group, however, elevated rapidly until 5 hours after surgery. On the other hand, pyloric diameter and width of pyloric ring significantly increased in both groups. The UMPS in dogs undergoing conventional Y-U pyloroplasty was significantly higher than that in those undergoing laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty (P<0.001). Furthermore, pain and gastric emptying time decreased in all dogs.
CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty is an applicable minimal invasive surgery that is performed through small incisions for the treatment of pyloric stenosis in dogs.
OBJECTIVES: Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of hatching parameters and feeding time on the body and organ weights of chickens.
METHODS: In the first experiment, 300 of both early- and later-hatched broiler chicks received feed immedi-ately after hatching or 48 h later and were divided into four experimental groups. The body and internal organ weights of chicks were determined for up to seven days. In the second study, 370 embryos, which were incu-bated in a setter until the 18th day, were transferred to two hatchers, which differed their air and eggshell tem-peratures. Then, hatching and post-hatched parameters were followed.
RESULTS: Comparing early-hatched chicks, later-hatched chicks had significantly greater weight (P<0.05) on day 3 and better yolk utilization and higher relative liver and intestine (P<0.01) weights on day 2. However, early-fed chicks indicated significantly higher body weight (P<0.0001) until day 7 and early yolk utilization and higher internal organ weights than later-fed chicks. In the second experiment, when the air temperature of hatcher A (control) was kept at 37.5ºC, its eggshell temperature was determined at 38.5ºC, while the eggshell temperature of hatcher B was optimized at 37.5ºC, and its air temperature showed 36.5ºC. Earlier hatchability was higher in the control hatcher (46.8%) than hatcher B (27.1%), but later hatchability was reversed. Howev-er, final hatchability was lower in hatcher B (96.6%) than the control hatcher (98.3%).
CONCLUSIONS: Later-hatched and early-fed chicks showed greater body and internal organ weights, indicat-ing better maturation of these chicks. The results of the second study indicated that the hatching window could be shorter and also shifted to the end of the incubation time by reducing the egg temperature.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub-lethal level of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO) stress on viability of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifi-dum, and examine physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt during 28 days of storage. More-over, the survival of probiotics was evaluated in gastrointestinal conditions.
METHODS: The sub-lethal and lethal levels of ZEO were determined for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Both probiotics (109 CFU/mL) were exposed to sub-lethal dose of ZEO on MRS broth for about 2 h and then microencapsulated with alginate-chitosan. First, viability of encapsulated probiotics was estimated in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. After preparation of yoghurt, enumeration of free and encap-sulated probiotics in yoghurt was done. Finally, physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt were measured.
RESULTS: According to the GC-MS, Thymol (41.70%), alpha-terpineol (7.31%) and carvacrol (5.39%) were the most commonly detected components in the ZEO. The lethal doses of ZEO for L. acidophilus and B. bifidum probiotic bacteria were 1750 and 1500 ppm, respectively. Encapsulation and exposure of probiotics to sub-lethal dose of ZEO increased significantly the survival of probiotics in both gastrointestinal conditions and during 28 days of yoghurt storage (P<0.05). Furthermore, encapsulation and exposure of probiotics to sub-lethal dose of ZEO did not significantly change the pH of yoghurt samples (P>0.05). On the other hand, syneresis was not signif-icantly different in all samples (P>0.05). The group exposed to ZEO obtained the lowest score for flavor. Howev-er, significant differences were observed between the exposed and other groups in the term of flavor, texture and overall acceptability (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to sublethal concentration of ZEO could be used as a prebiotic in probiotic yoghurt containing probiotics so as to improve the survival and viability of microcapsulated probiotics and enhance some of the physico-chemical and sensory properties.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) biotypes of BVDV on vital status, membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in Holstein dairy bulls in vitro.
METHODS: BVDV-free frozen semen samples were counted after thawing and centrifuged to separate live sperms. A sample containing 105 spermatozoa/mL was prepared. CP and NCP BVDV with 3 different doses of 105 (high dose), 104 (medium dose), and 103 (low dose) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) 50/mL were chal-lenged to sperm cells. After 2 hours of incubation at 38.5°C, eosin-nigrosine staining and hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test were performed to assess the sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity. Computer assisted se-men analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the sperm motility parameters. The obtained data were analyzed us-ing GLM method in SAS software.
RESULTS: The percentage of live spermatozoa in the control group was 72±3.60%. However, it decreased signif-icantly with the increase of virus concentration in both groups (P≤0.05). Sperm integrity in the control group showed that the quality of semen was 65± 3.21. But the effect of virus biotypes resulted in a significant decrease in both high (105) and low (103) concentrations (P≤0.05). BVDV biotypes are able to reduce different sperm movements as their concentrationincreases.
CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that CP and NCP biotypes of BVDV had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on surviv-al, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in vitro.
OBJECTIVES: the present study, the expression of TGF- β as a fibrotic marker and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) changes in cholestatic rats treated with P. ovata extract were evaluated.
METHODS: In this study, 48 adult Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six animals each as follows: (1) healthy control group without bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery and treatment; (2–4) three healthy experimental plus P. ovata groups: rats without BDL, treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively; (5) the BDL group: rats with BDL and treated with distilled water; and (6–8) the BDL plus P. ovata groups: rats with BDL and treated with P. ovata at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were treated with P. ovata extract for 45 consecutive days (once per day). After euthanasia and serum isolation, ALP enzyme level was measured. Moreover, the rat liver was fixed in 10% formalin buffer solution. The immunohistochemical study was performed by TGF-β antibody. Data analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test and the Prism statistical program (P<0.0001).
RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in the serum levels of ALP enzyme and TGF-β expression in BDL group. Treatment with P. ovata extract was able to significantly improve these changes in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that P. ovata extract probably due to its phenolic compounds and its antioxidant effect has a protective effect on the liver and subsequently improves the increased serum ALP level and also reduced TGF-β expression.
OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to assess the changes caused by the addition of prebiotics to the feed on carcass characteristics and also chemical composition, physical characteristics, color, texture, and fatty acid profile of chicken pectoral muscles containing Eimeria species.
METHODS: Forty-one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments, including negative control (NC), positive control (PC), positive medicated with coxidine (COX), and positive medicated with prebiotics (PRE). After 42 days, carcass characteristics of the chickens were recorded, and also physical characteristics, chemical composition, color, texture, and fatty acid analysis of breast meat were determined.
RESULTS: Infection with Eimeria species diminished carcass characteristics. PRE had higher final body weight, hot carcass weight, and breast and thigh muscle weights. Drip loss, pH, cooking loss, fat, ash, dry mat-ter, and texture properties of broilers’ breast meat did not show any significant differences among the experi-mental groups. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics increased the crude protein content of breast meat. In-fection with Eimeria species decreased the a-value of breast meat. Dietary supplementation with prebiotics de-creased the amount of fatty acids 16:1 and 18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) compared to NC.
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with prebiotics is a promising strategy with the potential to com-pensate for the negative effects of infection with Eimeria spp. on carcass characteristics, protein content, and color of breast meat of broiler chickens.
OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to describe the laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty in small animals as a new surgical technique, and to compare the duration of surgery, level of surgical stress, and postoperative pain of this method with the conventional Y-U pyloroplasty. It is important to note that this is the first time that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty was performed in dogs.
METHODS: A total of eight intact male and female mixed breed dogs were randomly divided into two groups of conventional (n=4) and laparoscopic (n=4) pyloroplasty. Operation time, blood glucose concentration, plasma cortisol levels, gastric emptying time, pyloric lumen, and diameter and width of pyloric ring, as well as the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) were measured in both groups during pre and postoperative in-tervals.
RESULTS: As a result, the mean operation time for conventional group was significantly lower than that for laparoscopic group (38.75±3.15 min vs. 116.25±14.34 min, P<0.05). Blood glucose concentrations in both groups elevated rapidly until 3 hours after surgery and then decreased until 24 hours. Plasma cortisol level in laparoscopic group, however, elevated rapidly until 5 hours after surgery. On the other hand, pyloric diameter and width of pyloric ring significantly increased in both groups. The UMPS in dogs undergoing conventional Y-U pyloroplasty was significantly higher than that in those undergoing laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty (P<0.001). Furthermore, pain and gastric emptying time decreased in all dogs.
CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that laparoscopic Y-U pyloroplasty is an applicable minimal invasive surgery that is performed through small incisions for the treatment of pyloric stenosis in dogs.
OBJECTIVES: Two experiments were designed to investigate the effect of hatching parameters and feeding time on the body and organ weights of chickens.
METHODS: In the first experiment, 300 of both early- and later-hatched broiler chicks received feed immedi-ately after hatching or 48 h later and were divided into four experimental groups. The body and internal organ weights of chicks were determined for up to seven days. In the second study, 370 embryos, which were incu-bated in a setter until the 18th day, were transferred to two hatchers, which differed their air and eggshell tem-peratures. Then, hatching and post-hatched parameters were followed.
RESULTS: Comparing early-hatched chicks, later-hatched chicks had significantly greater weight (P<0.05) on day 3 and better yolk utilization and higher relative liver and intestine (P<0.01) weights on day 2. However, early-fed chicks indicated significantly higher body weight (P<0.0001) until day 7 and early yolk utilization and higher internal organ weights than later-fed chicks. In the second experiment, when the air temperature of hatcher A (control) was kept at 37.5ºC, its eggshell temperature was determined at 38.5ºC, while the eggshell temperature of hatcher B was optimized at 37.5ºC, and its air temperature showed 36.5ºC. Earlier hatchability was higher in the control hatcher (46.8%) than hatcher B (27.1%), but later hatchability was reversed. Howev-er, final hatchability was lower in hatcher B (96.6%) than the control hatcher (98.3%).
CONCLUSIONS: Later-hatched and early-fed chicks showed greater body and internal organ weights, indicat-ing better maturation of these chicks. The results of the second study indicated that the hatching window could be shorter and also shifted to the end of the incubation time by reducing the egg temperature.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub-lethal level of Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil (ZEO) stress on viability of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifi-dum, and examine physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt during 28 days of storage. More-over, the survival of probiotics was evaluated in gastrointestinal conditions.
METHODS: The sub-lethal and lethal levels of ZEO were determined for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Both probiotics (109 CFU/mL) were exposed to sub-lethal dose of ZEO on MRS broth for about 2 h and then microencapsulated with alginate-chitosan. First, viability of encapsulated probiotics was estimated in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. After preparation of yoghurt, enumeration of free and encap-sulated probiotics in yoghurt was done. Finally, physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt were measured.
RESULTS: According to the GC-MS, Thymol (41.70%), alpha-terpineol (7.31%) and carvacrol (5.39%) were the most commonly detected components in the ZEO. The lethal doses of ZEO for L. acidophilus and B. bifidum probiotic bacteria were 1750 and 1500 ppm, respectively. Encapsulation and exposure of probiotics to sub-lethal dose of ZEO increased significantly the survival of probiotics in both gastrointestinal conditions and during 28 days of yoghurt storage (P<0.05). Furthermore, encapsulation and exposure of probiotics to sub-lethal dose of ZEO did not significantly change the pH of yoghurt samples (P>0.05). On the other hand, syneresis was not signif-icantly different in all samples (P>0.05). The group exposed to ZEO obtained the lowest score for flavor. Howev-er, significant differences were observed between the exposed and other groups in the term of flavor, texture and overall acceptability (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to sublethal concentration of ZEO could be used as a prebiotic in probiotic yoghurt containing probiotics so as to improve the survival and viability of microcapsulated probiotics and enhance some of the physico-chemical and sensory properties.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) biotypes of BVDV on vital status, membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in Holstein dairy bulls in vitro.
METHODS: BVDV-free frozen semen samples were counted after thawing and centrifuged to separate live sperms. A sample containing 105 spermatozoa/mL was prepared. CP and NCP BVDV with 3 different doses of 105 (high dose), 104 (medium dose), and 103 (low dose) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID) 50/mL were chal-lenged to sperm cells. After 2 hours of incubation at 38.5°C, eosin-nigrosine staining and hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test were performed to assess the sperm viability and plasma membrane integrity. Computer assisted se-men analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the sperm motility parameters. The obtained data were analyzed us-ing GLM method in SAS software.
RESULTS: The percentage of live spermatozoa in the control group was 72±3.60%. However, it decreased signif-icantly with the increase of virus concentration in both groups (P≤0.05). Sperm integrity in the control group showed that the quality of semen was 65± 3.21. But the effect of virus biotypes resulted in a significant decrease in both high (105) and low (103) concentrations (P≤0.05). BVDV biotypes are able to reduce different sperm movements as their concentrationincreases.
CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that CP and NCP biotypes of BVDV had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on surviv-al, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of sperm cells in vitro.