The Academy of International Business-AIB-UKI Chapter book series is dedicated to publish cutting... more The Academy of International Business-AIB-UKI Chapter book series is dedicated to publish cutting-edge research in International Business (IB) that is of contemporary relevance and at the cusp of conceptual and empirical development. The socio-political environment within which IB activity takes place is reconfigured and transformed with tremendous speed. This book series seeks to close the time-to-market of new findings and offer a solid evidence base and frameworks that helps to understand these changes. Each of the editions curates the work that exists under a special IB theme, bringing together advances by leading authors in the field.
Non-market strategy refers to the actions undertaken by firms to improve their organizational per... more Non-market strategy refers to the actions undertaken by firms to improve their organizational performance by managing the political and societal context(s) in which they operate. These strategies encompass a variety of activities that include ‘corporate political activities’ such as lobbying as well as ‘corporate social responsibilities’ and ‘environmental management’ strategies that are useful in gaining legitimacy and trust from a variety of stakeholders. This introductory chapter explains why non-market strategies are crucial in the operations of international business, and how academic research on this important subject area has progressed. This is followed by some worthwhile avenues for future research, and finally, abstracts of how each chapter contributes to our understanding of non-market strategies in international business.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) International licens... more This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) International license which governs the terms of access and reuse for this work.
This paper explores whether Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) act as stumbling blocks or stepping ... more This paper explores whether Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) act as stumbling blocks or stepping stones to the development of the multilateral trading system. It does this by focusing on the governance structures of regional trade agreements in the Atlantic region and commenting on the evolving pattern of trade governance in the region. It conceptualises the evolution of these RTAs and how such agreements contribute to global trade and investment governance. It also comments on areas of convergence and divergence between these Atlantic RTAs and the WTO's benchmarks for the operation of the multilateral system. It concludes that the Atlantic RTAs can and do act as potential stepping stones to the development of the multilateral trading system and comments that the recent signing of the EU-Mercosur trade agreement is a positive example of this. The paper also suggests that the adoption of the America First policy of the United States may well act as a brake on further developments...
The emerging global information economy is widely integrated due to technological innovation rath... more The emerging global information economy is widely integrated due to technological innovation rather than to hierarchical forms of institutional organization. As a consequence, the almost universal availability of electronic networks across national borders does question basic conceptions of territorial sovereignty.
What do international relations scholars understand by the term ‘cooperation’? Whereas realists a... more What do international relations scholars understand by the term ‘cooperation’? Whereas realists and neoliberals disagree about the importance of international cooperation, there is widespread agreement on a working definition.1 Cooperation arises, ‘when actors adjust their behaviour to the actual or anticipated preferences of others, through a process of policy coordination’.2 Cooperation in the Airbus case should manifest itself as the adjustment of European Community and US trade policies.
This chapter traces the development of the aerospace industries in both Europe and the United Sta... more This chapter traces the development of the aerospace industries in both Europe and the United States. We examine the reasons for American dominance of the civil aircraft sector from the early 1900s until the arrival of Airbus in 1970. The European industry is also looked at. Airbus must be seen as an international collaboration that arises out of the failure of European states to develop successful national strategies to compete with the United States. In the final section, we examine how changes in the international aerospace market from 1970 onward undermined US dominance and, inadvertently, provided Airbus with its opportunity to compete.
The project began with a puzzle, why didn’t the US and the European Community engage in a trade w... more The project began with a puzzle, why didn’t the US and the European Community engage in a trade war over Airbus Industrie during the period 1970–1992? Certainly there would seem to have been good reasons to do so. The US aerospace industry is one of that state’s most important economic sectors; not only is it a key defence sector, its positive balance of trade makes a significant contribution to the US balance of payments. For the European Community, Airbus was a singular success story for European collaboration; Airbus did in 20 years what no single European firm had ever been able to do, sell civil airliners in significant quantities against American competition. In short, both sides had enormous stakes in preserving their industries.
The European Union has engaged in several attempts to increase the level of innovation in member ... more The European Union has engaged in several attempts to increase the level of innovation in member states – largely without success. This chapter argues that a combination of global and regional issues explain this failure. What was once a process dominated by Europe and America, innovation is “going global,” with many countries now developing national innovation systems. European firms are conducting more of their research in emerging markets, and in Europe, firms seem unable to raise their share of overall research and development spending. The Commission, for its part, lacks the necessary regulatory and legislative powers to forge a new regional innovation system and is instead reliant on a policy mix of overarching objectives, some directed funding, and comparative analysis of member state policies.
* An earlier version of this article was presented at a study group at Chatham House, London, on ... more * An earlier version of this article was presented at a study group at Chatham House, London, on 7 September 2012. The author is grateful to all participants at that meeting, particularly Amrita Narlikar, Caroline Soper and Stephen Woolcock, for their comments. George Frynas, Gian Luca Gardini, David Levi-Faur, Johan Lindeque and an anonymous referee also offered valuable comments and suggestions.
Trade Politics: Issues, Boundaries and Linkages Professor Brian Hocking and Dr Steven McGuire Cov... more Trade Politics: Issues, Boundaries and Linkages Professor Brian Hocking and Dr Steven McGuire Coventry University and Loughborough University. Part 1 Environments and Issues Editor's Introduction. The Changing Trade Environment: An Overview Stephen Woolcock LSE. Trade and Security Olivia Bosch University of Reading. Ideas and Policies Professor Wieslaw Michalak Ryerson Polytechnic University. Labour and Human Rights Gijsbert van Liemt INdependent consultant - Amsterdam. Environment and Trade Dr Duncan Brack Royal Instsitue of International Affairs. Intellectual Property Dr Anne Capling University of Melbourne. Trade in Services Professor Michel Kostecki Universite de Neuchatel. Part 2 Actors and Processes Editor's INtroduction. The Character of Trade Diplomacy Dr Brian Hocking Covenrty University. States, Sovereignty and Trade Dr Geoffrey Allen Pigman University of Birmingham. Business/ Government Relations Dr. Steven McGuire Loughborough University. The WTO Dr Robert Wolfe Queen's University Canada. NGO's and Trade Michelle Cloutier University of Toronto. Part 3 Regions in World Trade Editor's INtroduction. The Politics of NAFTA Professor Andrew Cooper University of Waterloo. Africa Dr Tim Shaw Dalhousie University. Asia-Pacific Dr John Ravenhill Australian National University. The European Arena Professor Michael Smith Loughborough University. Western Hemisphere E.V.K. FitzGerald University of Oxford.
This paper reviews the diverse literature on Corporate Political Activity (CPA) in firms and deve... more This paper reviews the diverse literature on Corporate Political Activity (CPA) in firms and develops a framework that integrates and details the existing research in this growing field. We conduct a systematic analysis of extant CPA literatures to order them into three domains that have implications for organizational performance. The paper is structured into three domains within the CPA research community that require more investigation: resources and capabilities focus, institutional focus and political environment focus and discusses the contributions of each to our understanding of CPA in pursuit or defense of competitive advantage. We suggest that the internationalization of business, including the more recent emergence of developing country economies, presents scholars with the challenge of understanding CPA in more varied institutional settings. The paper contributes by creating more clarity in the CPA field and concludes with a discussion of future research agendas.
Corporate political activity (CPA) can be an important element in any firm’s effort to gain compe... more Corporate political activity (CPA) can be an important element in any firm’s effort to gain competitive advantage. This has been particularly true in the area of international trade, where domestic producers seek to bar or disadvantage foreign competitors in the home market though the imposition of trade protection. In the United States the imposition of anti-dumping duties (AD) or countervailing duties (CVD) is among the most popular policy demand made by firms, and as such is a focus of corporate political activity. This paper seeks to understand how and why some firms make more effective use of this process. It does so by drawing on social capital (SC) theory to illuminate the qualitative aspects of effective corporate political activity. Resilient trust between firms and their attorneys is revealed as a prominent aspect of effective CPA. The paper also adds to the literature by including foreign as well as US firms in the sample.
The World Trade Organization and the regional aircraft dispute: should aerospace be a special cas... more The World Trade Organization and the regional aircraft dispute: should aerospace be a special case? ... McGuire, S., 2001. The World Trade Organization and the regional aircraft dispute: should aerospace be a special case? International Journal of Aerospace Management, 1 (1), pp. 46-57. ... This repository does not currently have the full-text of this item. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided below.
The Academy of International Business-AIB-UKI Chapter book series is dedicated to publish cutting... more The Academy of International Business-AIB-UKI Chapter book series is dedicated to publish cutting-edge research in International Business (IB) that is of contemporary relevance and at the cusp of conceptual and empirical development. The socio-political environment within which IB activity takes place is reconfigured and transformed with tremendous speed. This book series seeks to close the time-to-market of new findings and offer a solid evidence base and frameworks that helps to understand these changes. Each of the editions curates the work that exists under a special IB theme, bringing together advances by leading authors in the field.
Non-market strategy refers to the actions undertaken by firms to improve their organizational per... more Non-market strategy refers to the actions undertaken by firms to improve their organizational performance by managing the political and societal context(s) in which they operate. These strategies encompass a variety of activities that include ‘corporate political activities’ such as lobbying as well as ‘corporate social responsibilities’ and ‘environmental management’ strategies that are useful in gaining legitimacy and trust from a variety of stakeholders. This introductory chapter explains why non-market strategies are crucial in the operations of international business, and how academic research on this important subject area has progressed. This is followed by some worthwhile avenues for future research, and finally, abstracts of how each chapter contributes to our understanding of non-market strategies in international business.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) International licens... more This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) International license which governs the terms of access and reuse for this work.
This paper explores whether Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) act as stumbling blocks or stepping ... more This paper explores whether Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) act as stumbling blocks or stepping stones to the development of the multilateral trading system. It does this by focusing on the governance structures of regional trade agreements in the Atlantic region and commenting on the evolving pattern of trade governance in the region. It conceptualises the evolution of these RTAs and how such agreements contribute to global trade and investment governance. It also comments on areas of convergence and divergence between these Atlantic RTAs and the WTO's benchmarks for the operation of the multilateral system. It concludes that the Atlantic RTAs can and do act as potential stepping stones to the development of the multilateral trading system and comments that the recent signing of the EU-Mercosur trade agreement is a positive example of this. The paper also suggests that the adoption of the America First policy of the United States may well act as a brake on further developments...
The emerging global information economy is widely integrated due to technological innovation rath... more The emerging global information economy is widely integrated due to technological innovation rather than to hierarchical forms of institutional organization. As a consequence, the almost universal availability of electronic networks across national borders does question basic conceptions of territorial sovereignty.
What do international relations scholars understand by the term ‘cooperation’? Whereas realists a... more What do international relations scholars understand by the term ‘cooperation’? Whereas realists and neoliberals disagree about the importance of international cooperation, there is widespread agreement on a working definition.1 Cooperation arises, ‘when actors adjust their behaviour to the actual or anticipated preferences of others, through a process of policy coordination’.2 Cooperation in the Airbus case should manifest itself as the adjustment of European Community and US trade policies.
This chapter traces the development of the aerospace industries in both Europe and the United Sta... more This chapter traces the development of the aerospace industries in both Europe and the United States. We examine the reasons for American dominance of the civil aircraft sector from the early 1900s until the arrival of Airbus in 1970. The European industry is also looked at. Airbus must be seen as an international collaboration that arises out of the failure of European states to develop successful national strategies to compete with the United States. In the final section, we examine how changes in the international aerospace market from 1970 onward undermined US dominance and, inadvertently, provided Airbus with its opportunity to compete.
The project began with a puzzle, why didn’t the US and the European Community engage in a trade w... more The project began with a puzzle, why didn’t the US and the European Community engage in a trade war over Airbus Industrie during the period 1970–1992? Certainly there would seem to have been good reasons to do so. The US aerospace industry is one of that state’s most important economic sectors; not only is it a key defence sector, its positive balance of trade makes a significant contribution to the US balance of payments. For the European Community, Airbus was a singular success story for European collaboration; Airbus did in 20 years what no single European firm had ever been able to do, sell civil airliners in significant quantities against American competition. In short, both sides had enormous stakes in preserving their industries.
The European Union has engaged in several attempts to increase the level of innovation in member ... more The European Union has engaged in several attempts to increase the level of innovation in member states – largely without success. This chapter argues that a combination of global and regional issues explain this failure. What was once a process dominated by Europe and America, innovation is “going global,” with many countries now developing national innovation systems. European firms are conducting more of their research in emerging markets, and in Europe, firms seem unable to raise their share of overall research and development spending. The Commission, for its part, lacks the necessary regulatory and legislative powers to forge a new regional innovation system and is instead reliant on a policy mix of overarching objectives, some directed funding, and comparative analysis of member state policies.
* An earlier version of this article was presented at a study group at Chatham House, London, on ... more * An earlier version of this article was presented at a study group at Chatham House, London, on 7 September 2012. The author is grateful to all participants at that meeting, particularly Amrita Narlikar, Caroline Soper and Stephen Woolcock, for their comments. George Frynas, Gian Luca Gardini, David Levi-Faur, Johan Lindeque and an anonymous referee also offered valuable comments and suggestions.
Trade Politics: Issues, Boundaries and Linkages Professor Brian Hocking and Dr Steven McGuire Cov... more Trade Politics: Issues, Boundaries and Linkages Professor Brian Hocking and Dr Steven McGuire Coventry University and Loughborough University. Part 1 Environments and Issues Editor's Introduction. The Changing Trade Environment: An Overview Stephen Woolcock LSE. Trade and Security Olivia Bosch University of Reading. Ideas and Policies Professor Wieslaw Michalak Ryerson Polytechnic University. Labour and Human Rights Gijsbert van Liemt INdependent consultant - Amsterdam. Environment and Trade Dr Duncan Brack Royal Instsitue of International Affairs. Intellectual Property Dr Anne Capling University of Melbourne. Trade in Services Professor Michel Kostecki Universite de Neuchatel. Part 2 Actors and Processes Editor's INtroduction. The Character of Trade Diplomacy Dr Brian Hocking Covenrty University. States, Sovereignty and Trade Dr Geoffrey Allen Pigman University of Birmingham. Business/ Government Relations Dr. Steven McGuire Loughborough University. The WTO Dr Robert Wolfe Queen's University Canada. NGO's and Trade Michelle Cloutier University of Toronto. Part 3 Regions in World Trade Editor's INtroduction. The Politics of NAFTA Professor Andrew Cooper University of Waterloo. Africa Dr Tim Shaw Dalhousie University. Asia-Pacific Dr John Ravenhill Australian National University. The European Arena Professor Michael Smith Loughborough University. Western Hemisphere E.V.K. FitzGerald University of Oxford.
This paper reviews the diverse literature on Corporate Political Activity (CPA) in firms and deve... more This paper reviews the diverse literature on Corporate Political Activity (CPA) in firms and develops a framework that integrates and details the existing research in this growing field. We conduct a systematic analysis of extant CPA literatures to order them into three domains that have implications for organizational performance. The paper is structured into three domains within the CPA research community that require more investigation: resources and capabilities focus, institutional focus and political environment focus and discusses the contributions of each to our understanding of CPA in pursuit or defense of competitive advantage. We suggest that the internationalization of business, including the more recent emergence of developing country economies, presents scholars with the challenge of understanding CPA in more varied institutional settings. The paper contributes by creating more clarity in the CPA field and concludes with a discussion of future research agendas.
Corporate political activity (CPA) can be an important element in any firm’s effort to gain compe... more Corporate political activity (CPA) can be an important element in any firm’s effort to gain competitive advantage. This has been particularly true in the area of international trade, where domestic producers seek to bar or disadvantage foreign competitors in the home market though the imposition of trade protection. In the United States the imposition of anti-dumping duties (AD) or countervailing duties (CVD) is among the most popular policy demand made by firms, and as such is a focus of corporate political activity. This paper seeks to understand how and why some firms make more effective use of this process. It does so by drawing on social capital (SC) theory to illuminate the qualitative aspects of effective corporate political activity. Resilient trust between firms and their attorneys is revealed as a prominent aspect of effective CPA. The paper also adds to the literature by including foreign as well as US firms in the sample.
The World Trade Organization and the regional aircraft dispute: should aerospace be a special cas... more The World Trade Organization and the regional aircraft dispute: should aerospace be a special case? ... McGuire, S., 2001. The World Trade Organization and the regional aircraft dispute: should aerospace be a special case? International Journal of Aerospace Management, 1 (1), pp. 46-57. ... This repository does not currently have the full-text of this item. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided below.
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