Why do you want to read it?
The data is only kept there while messages (QOS1 or QOS2) are in flight to ensure they are not lost in transit while waiting for a response from the subscribed client.
Data may also be kept for clients that are disconnected but have persistent subscriptions (cleanSession=false) until that client reconnects.
If you are looking to persist all messages for later consumption you will have to write a client to subscribe and store this data in a DB of your choosing. One possible option to do this quickly and simply is Node-RED, but there are others and some brokers even have plugins for this e.g. HiveMQ.
If you really want to read it then you will probably have to write your own tool to do this based on the Mosquitto src code