Legal Studies

Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers is one of the important and central tenets of the democracy. Therefore Indian apex Court has declared it as basic structure of the constitution. In India, Judges are appointed by Executive in consultation with the legal expert and there is no political interference.  But recently, Justice Markandey Katju, a former judge of the Supreme Court alleged that three former Chief Justices of India made “improper compromises” under political pressure in confirming the appointment of a judge they knew to be corrupt .
In the light of above problem, present paper focuses on the constitutional provisions on independence of judiciary and also vitiating factors and cases thereof, and suggestion to overcome the problem as well.

The Constitution 73rd Amendment Act, (commonly referred to as the Panchayati Raj Act) and the Constitution 74th Amendment Act, 1992 (the Nagarpalika Act) has made provision women reservation in politics at local level, but women's representation in local/national level is not satisfactory. The fact is that, even after getting an effective post at local level (Panchayat or Municipality), women's are not policy/ decision maker in true sense, because dominating by male family members. Women leaders are no better or worse than men. Nor have women leaders been typically anxious to give greater representation to other women within their own organizations or in the political process generally. Representation of women has not necessarily increased greatly under the leadership of women. In fact interestingly the 73rd Constitutional amendment and the policy and implementation of 33% reservation for women in Panchayats received strong support and impetus due to Rajiv Gandhi's interest and advocacy in the matter. Indian political system cannot be said to be non-receptive to the emergence and dominance of women leaders even though the political representation of women has not particularly registered a significant increase over the last 14 general elections. While on the one hand most women politicians have found it difficult to rise within male dominated party hierarchies, on the other hand some women have managed to become leaders when they have set up parties of their own. Once they have established themselves as leaders, there has been an unquestioning acceptance of their leadership and decisions by the party rank and file, even if it is largely male. In the light of abovementioned theme the present paper offers a brief discussion about legal/Constitutional provisions to increase women's representation in Indian politics. The paper further examines the social dilemmas and the reformative ideas to overcome the problem faced by women to make effective representation in politics.

The importance of freedom of speech and expression enshrines the ability to think and speak freely and to obtain information from others through publications, public discourse and in cyber era to like, share and comment through audiovisual medium, without fear of retribution, restriction, or repression by the government. It is through free speech, people could come together to achieve political influence, to strengthen their moral ity, and to help others to become moral and enlightened citizens. This freedom is recognised as mother of all freedom at the national and international level in all the civil societies. The present paper offers an overview on the protection of the freedom of speech and expression at international level and civil societies. The paper examines in detail the constitutional dimension s of the freedom of expression and the approaches of the States in curbing freedom of expression on reasonable grounds.

Fast growing internet has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. The increasing use of information technology facilitate common people to get information, store information, share information etc. Internet provides great facilities to society but same time it present opportunities for crime also. Credit card frauds, spams, defamation or hate expression on the social networking sites and piracies are some of disadvantages due to illegal activities on internet. Cyber Law has emerged due to proliferation of misuse of the computer and internet in the cyber space. The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. In present paper there is brief discussion about cyber law and cyber crime and legal provisions to overcome cyber crimes and penalty there for.

Modern generation generally prefers small and nuclear family, and to overcome the financial problem in the era of competition where husband and wife both prefer service, they completely lack proper care of their children. In present time which is the era of cyber revolution everything can be easily accesses by a click on cell phone, tabs, laptops or computers. It is said that 'devil lives in an empty minds'. Therefore due to lack of proper care and guidance they misled to evil and abuse. Experiencing the adverse effect the Government of India also adopted the Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act, in 2012, which provides a strong legal framework to protect children against child pornography and sexual exploitation through the use of information and communication technologies and Chapter III of which specifically addresses the issue of child pornography. In context of above things, the present paper trying to through light on legal frameworks protecting children against child pornography and against child sexual abuse and suggestions and recommendation to overcome the problem.

Though medical profession is one of the noblest professions, is not immune to negligence which at times results in death of patient or complete / partial impairment of limbs, or culminates into another misery. Thus, nowadays medical negligence has become one of the serious issues in India. In many cases incompetent or negligence by medical professionals puts in trouble to the innocent patients, which many times led to litigation. In the last few months of the year 2017, there were few sensational cases. In a shocking incident, premature twins were allegedly declared dead by doctors of Max Hospital in S halimar Bagh and handed over to their parents who realised that one of them was alive only when they were on their way to perform the last rites. Thus in the light of these problems the present paper aims to analyze the concept of negligence in medical profession in the light of case laws and some statutory provisions (specially the Clinical Establishments Act, 2010) .

Right to live with dignity is an important part of right to life and personal liberty. Apex court of India has recognised its many dimensions through various judgments. Recently on 9 th March 2018, the Supreme Court gave legal sanctity to the living will and euthanasia for people suffering from terminal diseases and reduced to a permanent vegetative state, by ruling that every individual has the right to "die with dignity". The object of this research shall be to analyze the right to live with dignity and to touch the various dimensions of the right. The research shall provide a brief overview of the right provided by the Indian constitution and its various derivative rights derived by the judiciary.

Criminals are found every system of the world and therefore there is no any crimes free Country in the world. The prison system was developed in all the societies throughout the globe, and to check the system and reduce the rate of crime. Indian prison system is not much developed because the traditions, culture and the poor economic conditions have prevented the jail administration to evolve the better models of prison management. The condition of prisoners in India is very bad. In India management, administration and treatment of prisoners have been much depends on old Prison Act 1894 and also in various other national and international provisions. Though, various committees have worked upon prison reforms along with prison manuals which include the executive instructions issued by the Inspector General of Prisons from time to time for the guidance of prison personnel. The Constitution of India also provides any provisions with respect to prison system and inmates, but there are drastic violations of human rights of prisoners in India. Indian Judiciary like every country has an obligation and a Constitutional role to protect Human Rights of citizens. As per the mandate of the Constitution of India, this function is assigned to the superior judiciary namely the Supreme Court of India and High courts. In the light of above theme this article presents problems of prisoners and constitutional provisions judicial trends and reports of various committees for the protection of the rights of prisoners in India.

International Court of Justice (ICJ) is judicial body to resolve disputes at International level. After the establishment it is playing crucial role in resolving International disputes. With respect to India and Pakistan relation it has played crucial role time to time. India was party in six matters before the ICJ. In ICJ four out of the six cases were against Pakistan. Recently 11-judge bench of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) at The Hague unanimously agreed to accept India's plea against Pakistan's death sentence to Kulbhushan Jadhav. In the above context present paper offers brief outline of the ICJ, its constitution, function and role in India-Pakistan relation. The case of Kulbhushan Jadhav is specially discussed.

Abstract
The word "socialism"has been used in the context of economic planning and commitment to attain ideals like removal of inequalities, provision of minimum basic necessities to all, equal pay for equal work etc. The concept of socialism was not incorporated in the original constitution of India.
It was inserted after 42nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1976. To see how these ideals have been
incorporated as well as partly, implemented in the Constitution one must read about the Directive
Principles of the State Policy. In the light of abovementioned theme the present paper offers a brief
discussion on the concept of socialism through constitutional Assembly Debate and its importance
under Indian Constitution.

Fast growing internet has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. The increasing use of information technology facilitate common people to get information, store information, share information etc. Internet provides great facilities to society but same time it present opportunities for crime also. Credit card frauds, spams, defamation or hate expression on the social networking sites and piracies are some of disadvantages due to illegal activities on internet. Cyber Law has emerged due to proliferation of misuse of the computer and internet in the cyber space. The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. In present paper there is brief discussion about cyber law and cyber crime and legal provisions to overcome cyber crimes and penalty there for.

The right to sue and defend in the courts is one of the highest and most essential privileges of citizenship therefore it must be allowed by each State to the citizens of all other States lie its own citizen. The constitutional requirement is satisfied if the non-resident is given access to the courts of the State upon terms which, in themselves, are reasonable and adequate for the enforcing of any rights he may have, even though they may not be technically the same as those accorded to resident citizens. One of the underlying tenets of democracy is to provide justice equally to all citizens. A means of ensuring this is to allow citizens access to court. "Access to justice" in its general term, means that individual's right to go or sue in the court or a guarantee of legal representation. It has many fundamental elements such as identification and recognition of grievance, awareness and legal advice or assistance, accessibility to court or claim for relief, adjudication of grievance, enforcement of relief, of course this may be the ultimate goal of a litigant public.

Freedom of expression', is one of the most important and central tenet of democracy,therefore most of the countries have made provision for its protection. It does not provide unrestricted right to freedom of expression, but the State has raised certain constraints and within the premises of law one can enjoy this freedom. Cartoon is an unique art of expression by which cartoonist expresses their ideas by a picture and few words, but some times it turns in to hatred, anti religious and defamatory expression. In recent years, Indian media (print and social) has witnessed a number of controversies relating to freedom of expression and the way the State have tackled the issues of the expression. The present paper offers a critical reflection on the recent cartoon controversies in Indian context and the state's response to these controversies. The paper examines in detail the constitutional dimensions of the freedom of expression and the approaches of the States in curbing freedom of expression of the media on reasonable grounds.

The importance of freedom of speech and expression enshrines the ability to think and speak freely and to obtain information from others through publications, public discourse and in cyber era to like, share and comment through audiovisual medium, without fear of retribution, restriction, or repression by the government. It is through free speech, people could come together to achieve political influence, to strengthen their moral ity, and to help others to become moral and enlightened citizens. This freedom is recognised as mother of all freedom at the national and international level in all the civil societies. The present paper offers an overview on the protection of the freedom of speech and expression at international level and civil societies. The paper examines in detail the constitutional dimension s of the freedom of expression and the approaches of the States in curbing freedom of expression on reasonable grounds.