Opšta teorija relativnosti

Opšta relativnost ili opšta teorija relativnosti (OTR) je geometrijska teorija gravitacije koju je Albert Ajnštajn objavio u članku Osnove opšte teorije relativnosti (nem. Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie), 1915. godine u Annalen der Physik. Teorija predstavlja relativističko poopštenje specijalne relativnosti i Njutnove teorije gravitacije. Ona pruža ujedinjeni opis gravitacije kao geometrijskog svojstva prostora i vremena, ili prostor-vremena. Specifično, zakrivljenost prostor-vremena je direktno povezana sa energijom i momentom nezavisno od toga koja materija i radijacija su prisutne. Odnos je specificiran u Ajnštajnovim jednačinama polja, sistemu parcijalnih diferencijalnih jednačina.

Simulisana crna rupa sa 10 solarnih masa unutar Mlečnog puta, gledana sa rastojanja od 600 km.

Neka od predviđanja opšte relativnosti se znatno razlikuju od klasično fizičkih stavova, posebno u pogledu protoka vremena, geometrije prostora, kretanja tela pri slobodnom padu, i prostiranja svetlosti. Primeri tih razlika obuhvataju gravitacionu dilataciju vremena, gravitaciona sočiva, Gravitacioni crveni pomak svetlosti, i gravitaciono vremensko kašnjenje. Predviđanja teorije opšte relativnosti su do sad bila potvrđena u svim opažanjima i eksperimentima. Mada opšta relativnost nije jedina relativistička teorija gravitacije, ona je najjednostavnija teorija koja je konzistentna sa eksperimentalnim podacima. Međutim, pitanja bez odgovora ostaju, najfundamentalnije od kojih je usaglašavanje opšte relativnosti sa zakonima kvantne fizike kojim bi se proizvela kompletna i usaglašena teorija kvantne gravitacije.

Ajnštajnova teorija ima važne astrofizičke implikacije. Na primer, iz nje proističe mogućnost postojanja crnih rupa — prostornih regiona u kojima su prostor i vreme zakrivljeni na takav način da ništa, čak ni svetlost, ne može da pobegne — kao krajnjeg stadijuma masivnih zvezda. Postoji obilje dokaza da je intenzivna radijacija koju emituju pojedine vrste astronomskih objekata uzrokovana crnim rupama; na primer, mikrokvazari i aktivna galaktika jezgra su rezultat prisustva zvezdanih crnih rupa i crnih rupa daleko masivnijeg tipa. Savijanje svetlosti dejstvom gravitacije može da dovede do fenomena gravitacionog sočiva, usled kojeg su višestruke slike istog udaljenog astronomskog objekta vidljive na nebu. Opšta relativnost takođe predviđa postojanje gravitacionih talasa, koji su indirektno uočeni; direktna merenja su cilj projekata kao što su LIGO (engl. Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) i NASA/ESA (engl. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) i raznih nizova za pulsarske vremenske proračune. Pored toga, opšta relativnost je osnova današnjih kosmoloških modela konzistentno ekspandirajućeg svemira.

Postulati i struktura teorije

Dvodimenzionalna analogija zakrivljenosti prostorvremena

Za razliku od klasičnog, Njutnovog opisa gravitacije kao sile koja se javlja među masivnim telima na pozadini apsolutnog prostor-vremena, u OTR ulogu gravitacije uzima samo prostor-vreme. Njega sada opisujemo pomoću metričkog tenzora ($g_{\mu \nu }$) koji je rešenje Ajnštajnovih jednačina:

$R_{\mu \nu }-{\frac {1}{2}}\,R\,g_{\mu \nu }={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{2}}}\,T_{\mu \nu }$

gde je $R_{\mu \nu }$ Ričijev tenzor, $R$ Ričijev skalar, a $T_{\mu \nu }$ tenzor energije-impulsa. Konstante u jednačini su $c$, brzina svetlosti i $G$, gravitacijska konstanta. Uticaj gravitacije na čestice definisan je zakrivljenošću prostor-vremena (tj. njegovom geometrijom) koju definišu mase i sva fizička polja (osim gravitacionog).

Literatura

• Alpher, R. A.; Herman, R. C. (1948), „Evolution of the universe”, Nature, 162 (4124): 774—775, Bibcode:1948Natur.162..774A, doi:10.1038/162774b0 
• Anderson, J. D.; Campbell, J. K.; Jurgens, R. F.; Lau, E. L. (1992), „Recent developments in solar-system tests of general relativity”, Ur.: Sato, H.; Nakamura, T., Proceedings of the Sixth Marcel Großmann Meeting on General Relativity, World Scientific, str. 353—355, ISBN 978-981-02-0950-6 
• Arnold, V. I. (1989), Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-96890-0 
• Arnowitt, Richard; Deser, Stanley; Misner, Charles W. (1962), „The dynamics of general relativity”, Ur.: Witten, Louis, Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research, Wiley, str. 227—265 
• Arun, K.G.; Blanchet, L.; Iyer, B. R.; Qusailah, M. S. S. (2007), „Inspiralling compact binaries in quasi-elliptical orbits: The complete 3PN energy flux”, Physical Review D, 77 (6), Bibcode:2008PhRvD..77f4035A, arXiv:0711.0302 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.77.064035 
• Ashby, Neil (2002), „Relativity and the Global Positioning System” (PDF), Physics Today, 55 (5): 41—47, Bibcode:2002PhT....55e..41A, doi:10.1063/1.1485583 
• Ashby, Neil (2003), „Relativity in the Global Positioning System”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 6, Bibcode:2003LRR.....6....1A, doi:10.12942/lrr-2003-1, Arhivirano iz originala 04. 07. 2007. g., Pristupljeno 06. 07. 2007 
• Ashtekar, Abhay (1986), „New variables for classical and quantum gravity”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 57 (18): 2244—2247, Bibcode:1986PhRvL..57.2244A, PMID 10033673, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2244 
• Ashtekar, Abhay (1987), „New Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity”, Phys. Rev., D36 (6): 1587—1602, Bibcode:1987PhRvD..36.1587A, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.36.1587 
• Ashtekar, Abhay (2007), „LOOP QUANTUM GRAVITY: FOUR RECENT ADVANCES AND A DOZEN FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS”, The Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting - on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation and Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings of the MG11 Meeting on General Relativity, str. 126, Bibcode:2008mgm..conf..126A, ISBN 978-981-283-426-3, arXiv:0705.2222 , doi:10.1142/9789812834300_0008 
• Ashtekar, Abhay; Krishnan, Badri (2004), „Isolated and Dynamical Horizons and Their Applications”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7...10A, arXiv:gr-qc/0407042 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-10, Pristupljeno 28. 08. 2007 
• Ashtekar, Abhay; Lewandowski, Jerzy (2004), „Background Independent Quantum Gravity: A Status Report”, Class. Quant. Grav., 21 (15): R53—R152, Bibcode:2004CQGra..21R..53A, arXiv:gr-qc/0404018 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/21/15/R01 
• Ashtekar, Abhay; Magnon-Ashtekar, Anne (1979), „On conserved quantities in general relativity”, Journal of Mathematical Physics, 20 (5): 793—800, Bibcode:1979JMP....20..793A, doi:10.1063/1.524151 
• Auyang, Sunny Y. (1995), How is Quantum Field Theory Possible?, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-509345-2 
• Bania, T. M.; Rood, R. T.; Balser, D. S. (2002), „The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way”, Nature, 415 (6867): 54—57, Bibcode:2002Natur.415...54B, PMID 11780112, doi:10.1038/415054a 
• Barack, Leor; Cutler, Curt (2004), „LISA Capture Sources: Approximate Waveforms, Signal-to-Noise Ratios, and Parameter Estimation Accuracy”, Phys. Rev., D69 (8): 082005, Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69h2005B, arXiv:gr-qc/0310125 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.082005 
• Bardeen, J. M.; Carter, B.; Hawking, S. W. (1973), „The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics”, Comm. Math. Phys., 31 (2): 161—170, Bibcode:1973CMaPh..31..161B, doi:10.1007/BF01645742 
• Barish, Barry (2005), „Towards detection of gravitational waves”, Ur.: Florides, P.; Nolan, B.; Ottewil, A., General Relativity and Gravitation. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference, World Scientific, str. 24—34, ISBN 978-981-256-424-5 
• Barstow, M; Bond, Howard E.; Holberg, J. B.; Burleigh, M. R.; Hubeny, I.; Koester, D. (2005), „Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of the Balmer lines in Sirius B”, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 362 (4): 1134—1142, Bibcode:2005MNRAS.362.1134B, arXiv:astro-ph/0506600 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09359.x 
• Bartusiak, Marcia (2000), Einstein's Unfinished Symphony: Listening to the Sounds of Space-Time, Berkley, ISBN 978-0-425-18620-6 
• Begelman, Mitchell C.; Blandford, Roger D.; Rees, Martin J. (1984), „Theory of extragalactic radio sources”, Rev. Mod. Phys., 56 (2): 255—351, Bibcode:1984RvMP...56..255B, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.56.255 
• Beig, Robert; Chruściel, Piotr T. (2006), „Stationary black holes”, Ur.: Françoise, J.-P.; Naber, G.; Tsou, T.S., Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, Volume 2, Elsevier, str. 2041, Bibcode:2005gr.qc.....2041B, ISBN 978-0-12-512660-1, arXiv:gr-qc/0502041  
• Bekenstein, Jacob D. (1973), „Black Holes and Entropy”, Phys. Rev., D7 (8): 2333—2346, Bibcode:1973PhRvD...7.2333B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2333 
• Bekenstein, Jacob D. (1974), „Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics in Black-Hole Physics”, Phys. Rev., D9 (12): 3292—3300, Bibcode:1974PhRvD...9.3292B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.9.3292 
• Belinskii, V. A.; Khalatnikov, I. M.; Lifschitz, E. M. (1971), „Oscillatory approach to the singular point in relativistic cosmology”, Advances in Physics, 19 (80): 525—573, Bibcode:1970AdPhy..19..525B, doi:10.1080/00018737000101171 ; original paper in Russian: Belinsky, V. A.; Lifshits, I. M.; Khalatnikov, E. M. (1970), „Kolebatelьnый Režim Približeniя K Osoboй Točke V Relяtivistskoй Kosmologii”, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (Uspehi Fizičeskih Nauk), 102(3) (11): 463—500, Bibcode:1970UsFiN.102..463B, doi:10.3367/ufnr.0102.197011d.0463 
• Bennett, C. L.; Halpern, M.; Hinshaw, G.; Jarosik, N.; Kogut, A.; Limon, M.; Meyer, S. S.; Page, L.; et al. (2003), „First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Preliminary Maps and Basic Results”, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 148 (1): 1—27, Bibcode:2003ApJS..148....1B, arXiv:astro-ph/0302207 , doi:10.1086/377253 
• Berger, Beverly K. (2002), „Numerical Approaches to Spacetime Singularities”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 5, Bibcode:2002LRR.....5....1B, arXiv:gr-qc/0201056 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2002-1, Pristupljeno 04. 08. 2007 
• Bergström, Lars; Goobar, Ariel (2003), Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics (2nd izd.), Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-3-540-43128-2 
• Bertotti, Bruno; Ciufolini, Ignazio; Bender, Peter L. (1987), „New test of general relativity: Measurement of de Sitter geodetic precession rate for lunar perigee”, Physical Review Letters, 58 (11): 1062—1065, Bibcode:1987PhRvL..58.1062B, PMID 10034329, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1062 
• Bertotti, Bruno; Iess, L.; Tortora, P. (2003), „A test of general relativity using radio links with the Cassini spacecraft”, Nature, 425 (6956): 374—376, Bibcode:2003Natur.425..374B, PMID 14508481, doi:10.1038/nature01997 
• Bertschinger, Edmund (1998), „Simulations of structure formation in the universe”, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 36 (1): 599—654, Bibcode:1998ARA&A..36..599B, doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.599 
• Birrell, N. D.; Davies, P. C. (1984), Quantum Fields in Curved Space, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-27858-4 
• Blair, David; McNamara, Geoff (1997), Ripples on a Cosmic Sea. The Search for Gravitational Waves, Perseus, ISBN 978-0-7382-0137-5 
• Blanchet, L.; Faye, G.; Iyer, B. R.; Sinha, S. (2008), „The third post-Newtonian gravitational wave polarisations and associated spherical harmonic modes for inspiralling compact binaries in quasi-circular orbits”, Classical and Quantum Gravity, 25 (16): 165003, Bibcode:2008CQGra..25p5003B, arXiv:0802.1249 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/25/16/165003 
• Blanchet, Luc (2006), „Gravitational Radiation from Post-Newtonian Sources and Inspiralling Compact Binaries”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 9, Bibcode:2006LRR.....9....4B, doi:10.12942/lrr-2006-4, Arhivirano iz originala 15. 09. 2019. g., Pristupljeno 07. 08. 2007 
• Blandford, R. D. (1987), „Astrophysical Black Holes”, Ur.: Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, str. 277—329, ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2 
• Börner, Gerhard (1993), The Early Universe. Facts and Fiction, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-56729-7 
• Brandenberger, Robert H. (2007), „Conceptual Problems of Inflationary Cosmology and a New Approach to Cosmological Structure Formation”, Inflationary Cosmology, Lecture Notes in Physics, 738, str. 393—424, Bibcode:2008LNP...738..393B, ISBN 978-3-540-74352-1, arXiv:hep-th/0701111 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74353-8_11 
• Brans, C. H.; Dicke, R. H. (1961), „Mach's Principle and a Relativistic Theory of Gravitation”, Physical Review, 124 (3): 925—935, Bibcode:1961PhRv..124..925B, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.124.925 
• Bridle, Sarah L.; Lahav, Ofer; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Steinhardt, Paul J. (2003), „Precision Cosmology? Not Just Yet”, Science, 299 (5612): 1532—1533, Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1532B, PMID 12624255, arXiv:astro-ph/0303180 , doi:10.1126/science.1082158 
• Bruhat, Yvonne (1962), „The Cauchy Problem”, Ur.: Witten, Louis, Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research, Wiley, str. 130, ISBN 978-1-114-29166-9 
• Buchert, Thomas (2007), „Dark Energy from Structure—A Status Report”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 40 (2–3): 467—527, Bibcode:2008GReGr..40..467B, arXiv:0707.2153 , doi:10.1007/s10714-007-0554-8 
• Buras, R.; Rampp, M.; Janka, H.-Th.; Kifonidis, K. (2003), „Improved Models of Stellar Core Collapse and Still no Explosions: What is Missing?”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 90 (24): 241101, Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90x1101B, PMID 12857181, arXiv:astro-ph/0303171 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.241101 
• Caldwell, Robert R. (2004), „Dark Energy”, Physics World, 17 (5): 37—42 
• Carlip, Steven (2001), „Quantum Gravity: a Progress Report”, Rept. Prog. Phys., 64 (8): 885—942, Bibcode:2001RPPh...64..885C, arXiv:gr-qc/0108040 , doi:10.1088/0034-4885/64/8/301 
• Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (1996), An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-54730-6 
• Carroll, Sean M. (2001), „The Cosmological Constant”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 4, Bibcode:2001LRR.....4....1C, arXiv:astro-ph/0004075 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-1, Arhivirano iz originala 20. 06. 2004. g., Pristupljeno 21. 07. 2007 
• Carter, Brandon (1979), „The general theory of the mechanical, electromagnetic and thermodynamic properties of black holes”, Ur.: Hawking, S. W.; Israel, W., General Relativity, an Einstein Centenary Survey, Cambridge University Press, str. 294—369and 860—863, ISBN 978-0-521-29928-2 
• Celotti, Annalisa; Miller, John C.; Sciama, Dennis W. (1999), „Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes”, Class. Quant. Grav., 16 (12A): A3—A21, arXiv:astro-ph/9912186 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/16/12A/301 
• Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1983), The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850370-5 
• Charbonnel, C.; Primas, F. (2005), „The Lithium Content of the Galactic Halo Stars”, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 442 (3): 961—992, Bibcode:2005A&A...442..961C, arXiv:astro-ph/0505247 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042491 
• Ciufolini, Ignazio; Pavlis, Erricos C. (2004), „A confirmation of the general relativistic prediction of the Lense-Thirring effect”, Nature, 431 (7011): 958—960, Bibcode:2004Natur.431..958C, PMID 15496915, doi:10.1038/nature03007 
• Ciufolini, Ignazio; Pavlis, Erricos C.; Peron, R. (2006), „Determination of frame-dragging using Earth gravity models from CHAMP and GRACE”, New Astron., 11 (8): 527—550, Bibcode:2006NewA...11..527C, doi:10.1016/j.newast.2006.02.001 
• Coc, A.; Vangioni‐Flam, Elisabeth; Descouvemont, Pierre; Adahchour, Abderrahim; Angulo, Carmen (2004), „Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements”, Astrophysical Journal, 600 (2): 544—552, Bibcode:2004ApJ...600..544C, arXiv:astro-ph/0309480 , doi:10.1086/380121 
• Cutler, Curt; Thorne, Kip S. (2002), „An overview of gravitational wave sources”, Ur.: Bishop, Nigel; Maharaj, Sunil D., Proceedings of 16th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation (GR16), World Scientific, str. 4090, Bibcode:2002gr.qc.....4090C, ISBN 978-981-238-171-2, arXiv:gr-qc/0204090  
• Dalal, Neal; Holz, Daniel E.; Hughes, Scott A.; Jain, Bhuvnesh (2006), „Short GRB and binary black hole standard sirens as a probe of dark energy”, Phys.Rev., D74 (6): 063006, Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74f3006D, arXiv:astro-ph/0601275 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.063006 
• Danzmann, Karsten; Rüdiger, Albrecht (2003), „LISA Technology—Concepts, Status, Prospects” (PDF), Class. Quant. Grav., 20 (10): S1—S9, Bibcode:2003CQGra..20S...1D, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/20/10/301, Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 26. 09. 2007. g., Pristupljeno 12. 03. 2017 
• Dirac, Paul (1996), General Theory of Relativity, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-01146-2 
• Donoghue, John F. (1995), „Introduction to the Effective Field Theory Description of Gravity”, Ur.: Cornet, Fernando, Effective Theories: Proceedings of the Advanced School, Almunecar, Spain, 26 June–1 July 1995, Singapore: World Scientific, str. 12024, Bibcode:1995gr.qc....12024D, ISBN 978-981-02-2908-5, arXiv:gr-qc/9512024  
• Duff, Michael (1996), „M-Theory (the Theory Formerly Known as Strings)”, Int. J. Mod. Phys., A11 (32): 5623—5641, Bibcode:1996IJMPA..11.5623D, arXiv:hep-th/9608117 , doi:10.1142/S0217751X96002583 
• Ehlers, Jürgen (1973), „Survey of general relativity theory”, Ur.: Israel, Werner, Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, str. 1—125, ISBN 978-90-277-0369-9 
• Ehlers, Jürgen; Falco, Emilio E.; Schneider, Peter (1992), Gravitational lenses, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-66506-9 
• Ehlers, Jürgen; Lämmerzahl, Claus, ur. (2006), Special Relativity—Will it Survive the Next 101 Years?, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-34522-0 
• Ehlers, Jürgen; Rindler, Wolfgang (1997), „Local and Global Light Bending in Einstein's and other Gravitational Theories”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 29 (4): 519—529, Bibcode:1997GReGr..29..519E, doi:10.1023/A:1018843001842 
• Einstein, Albert (1907), „Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogene Folgerungen” (PDF), Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, 4: 411, Pristupljeno 05. 05. 2008 
• Einstein, Albert (1915), „Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation”, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 844—847, Arhivirano iz originala 27. 10. 2016. g., Pristupljeno 12. 09. 2006 
• Einstein, Albert (1916), „Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Annalen der Physik, 49: 769—822, Bibcode:1916AnP...354..769E, doi:10.1002/andp.19163540702, Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 29. 08. 2006. g., Pristupljeno 14. 02. 2016 
• Einstein, Albert (1917), „Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie”, Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 142 
• Ellis, George F R; Van Elst, Henk (1999), Lachièze-Rey, Marc, ur., „Theoretical and Observational Cosmology: Cosmological models (Cargèse lectures 1998)”, Theoretical and observational cosmology : proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Theoretical and Observational Cosmology, Kluwer, Bibcode:1999toc..conf....1E, ISBN 978-0-7923-5946-3, arXiv:gr-qc/9812046 , doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4455-1_1 
• Everitt, C. W. F.; Buchman, S.; DeBra, D. B.; Keiser, G. M. (2001), „Gravity Probe B: Countdown to launch”, Ur.: Lämmerzahl, C.; Everitt, C. W. F.; Hehl, F. W., Gyros, Clocks, and Interferometers: Testing Relativistic Gravity in Space (Lecture Notes in Physics 562), Springer, str. 52—82, ISBN 978-3-540-41236-6 
• Everitt, C. W. F.; Parkinson, Bradford; Kahn, Bob (2007), The Gravity Probe B experiment. Post Flight Analysis—Final Report (Preface and Executive Summary) (PDF), Project Report: NASA, Stanford University and Lockheed Martin, Pristupljeno 05. 08. 2007 
• Falcke, Heino; Melia, Fulvio; Agol, Eric (2000), „Viewing the Shadow of the Black Hole at the Galactic Center”, Astrophysical Journal, 528 (1): L13—L16, Bibcode:2000ApJ...528L..13F, PMID 10587484, arXiv:astro-ph/9912263 , doi:10.1086/312423 
• Flanagan, Éanna É.; Hughes, Scott A. (2005), „The basics of gravitational wave theory”, New J.Phys., 7: 204, Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..204F, arXiv:gr-qc/0501041 , doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/204 
• Font, José A. (2003), „Numerical Hydrodynamics in General Relativity”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 6, doi:10.12942/lrr-2003-4, Pristupljeno 19. 08. 2007 
• Fourès-Bruhat, Yvonne (1952), „Théoréme d'existence pour certains systémes d'équations aux derivées partielles non linéaires”, Acta Mathematica, 88 (1): 141—225, Bibcode:1952AcM....88..141F, doi:10.1007/BF02392131 
• Frauendiener, Jörg (2004), „Conformal Infinity”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7....1F, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-1, Pristupljeno 21. 07. 2007 
• Friedrich, Helmut (2005), „Is general relativity 'essentially understood'?”, Annalen der Physik, 15 (1–2): 84—108, Bibcode:2006AnP...518...84F, arXiv:gr-qc/0508016 , doi:10.1002/andp.200510173 
• Futamase, T.; Itoh, Y. (2006), „The Post-Newtonian Approximation for Relativistic Compact Binaries”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 10, doi:10.12942/lrr-2007-2, Pristupljeno 29. 02. 2008 
• Gamow, George (1970), My World Line, Viking Press, ISBN 978-0-670-50376-6 
• Garfinkle, David (2007), „Of singularities and breadmaking”, Einstein Online, Arhivirano iz originala 10. 08. 2007. g., Pristupljeno 03. 08. 2007 
• Geroch, Robert (1996). „Partial Differential Equations of Physics”. arXiv:gr-qc/9602055  [gr-qc]. 
• Giulini, Domenico (2005), Special Relativity: A First Encounter, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-856746-2 
• Giulini, Domenico (2006), „Algebraic and Geometric Structures in Special Relativity”, Ur.: Ehlers, Jürgen; Lämmerzahl, Claus, Special Relativity—Will it Survive the Next 101 Years?, Springer, str. 45—111, Bibcode:2006math.ph...2018G, ISBN 978-3-540-34522-0, arXiv:math-ph/0602018 , doi:10.1007/3-540-34523-X_4 
• Giulini, Domenico (2006), Stamatescu, I. O., ur., „An assessment of current paradigms in the physics of fundamental interactions: Some remarks on the notions of general covariance and background independence”, Approaches to Fundamental Physics, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer, 721: 105—120, Bibcode:2007LNP...721..105G, ISBN 978-3-540-71115-5, arXiv:gr-qc/0603087 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71117-9_6 
• Gnedin, Nickolay Y. (2005), „Digitizing the Universe”, Nature, 435 (7042): 572—573, Bibcode:2005Natur.435..572G, PMID 15931201, doi:10.1038/435572a 
• Goenner, Hubert F. M. (2004), „On the History of Unified Field Theories”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7....2G, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-2, Pristupljeno 28. 02. 2008 
• Goroff, Marc H.; Sagnotti, Augusto (1985), „Quantum gravity at two loops”, Phys. Lett., 160B (1–3): 81—86, Bibcode:1985PhLB..160...81G, doi:10.1016/0370-2693(85)91470-4 
• Gourgoulhon, Eric (2007). „3+1 Formalism and Bases of Numerical Relativity”. arXiv:gr-qc/0703035  [gr-qc]. 
• Gowdy, Robert H. (1971), „Gravitational Waves in Closed Universes”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 27 (12): 826—829, Bibcode:1971PhRvL..27..826G, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.27.826 
• Gowdy, Robert H. (1974), „Vacuum spacetimes with two-parameter spacelike isometry groups and compact invariant hypersurfaces: Topologies and boundary conditions”, Annals of Physics, 83 (1): 203—241, Bibcode:1974AnPhy..83..203G, doi:10.1016/0003-4916(74)90384-4 
• Green, M. B.; Schwarz, J. H.; Witten, E. (1987), Superstring theory. Volume 1: Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-35752-4 
• Greenstein, J. L.; Oke, J. B.; Shipman, H. L. (1971), „Effective Temperature, Radius, and Gravitational Redshift of Sirius B”, Astrophysical Journal, 169: 563, Bibcode:1971ApJ...169..563G, doi:10.1086/151174 
• Hamber, Herbert W. (2009), Quantum Gravitation - The Feynman Path Integral Approach, Springer Publishing, ISBN 978-3-540-85292-6, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85293-3 
• Gödel, Kurt (1949). „An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solution of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation”. Rev. Mod. Phys. 21 (3): 447—450. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..447G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.447. 
• Hafele, J. C.; Keating, R. E. (14. 7. 1972). „Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Predicted Relativistic Time Gains”. Science. 177 (4044): 166—168. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..166H. PMID 17779917. doi:10.1126/science.177.4044.166. 
• Hafele, J. C.; Keating, R. E. (14. 7. 1972). „Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Observed Relativistic Time Gains”. Science. 177 (4044): 168—170. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..168H. PMID 17779918. doi:10.1126/science.177.4044.168. 
• Havas, P. (1964), „Four-Dimensional Formulation of Newtonian Mechanics and Their Relation to the Special and the General Theory of Relativity”, Rev. Mod. Phys., 36 (4): 938—965, Bibcode:1964RvMP...36..938H, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.36.938 
• Hawking, Stephen W. (1966), „The occurrence of singularities in cosmology”, Proceedings of the Royal Society, A294 (1439): 511—521, Bibcode:1966RSPSA.294..511H, JSTOR 2415489, doi:10.1098/rspa.1966.0221 
• Hawking, S. W. (1975), „Particle Creation by Black Holes”, Communications in Mathematical Physics, 43 (3): 199—220, Bibcode:1975CMaPh..43..199H, doi:10.1007/BF02345020 
• Hawking, Stephen W. (1987), „Quantum cosmology”, Ur.: Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, str. 631—651, ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2 
• Hawking, Stephen W.; Ellis, George F. R. (1973), The large scale structure of space-time, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-09906-6 
• Heckmann, O. H. L.; Schücking, E. (1959), „Newtonsche und Einsteinsche Kosmologie”, Ur.: Flügge, S., Encyclopedia of Physics, 53, str. 489 
• Heusler, Markus (1998), „Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-6, Pristupljeno 04. 08. 2007 
• Heusler, Markus (1996), Black Hole Uniqueness Theorems, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-56735-0 
• Hey, Tony; Walters, Patrick (2003), The new quantum universe, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-56457-1 
• Hough, Jim; Rowan, Sheila (2000), „Gravitational Wave Detection by Interferometry (Ground and Space)”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 3, Pristupljeno 21. 07. 2007 
• Hubble, Edwin (1929), „A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae” (PDF), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 15 (3): 168—173, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H, PMC 522427 , PMID 16577160, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168 
• Hulse, Russell A.; Taylor, Joseph H. (1975), „Discovery of a pulsar in a binary system”, Astrophys. J., 195: L51—L55, Bibcode:1975ApJ...195L..51H, doi:10.1086/181708 
• Ibanez, L. E. (2000), „The second string (phenomenology) revolution”, Class. Quant. Grav., 17 (5): 1117—1128, Bibcode:2000CQGra..17.1117I, arXiv:hep-ph/9911499 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/17/5/321 
• Iorio, L. (2009), „An Assessment of the Systematic Uncertainty in Present and Future Tests of the Lense-Thirring Effect with Satellite Laser Ranging”, Space Sci. Rev., 148 (1–4): 363—381, Bibcode:2009SSRv..148..363I, arXiv:0809.1373 , doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9478-1 
• Isham, Christopher J. (1994), „Prima facie questions in quantum gravity”, Ur.: Ehlers, Jürgen; Friedrich, Helmut, Canonical Gravity: From Classical to Quantum, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-58339-4 
• Israel, Werner (1971), „Event Horizons and Gravitational Collapse”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 2 (1): 53—59, Bibcode:1971GReGr...2...53I, doi:10.1007/BF02450518 
• Israel, Werner (1987), „Dark stars: the evolution of an idea”, Ur.: Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner, 300 Years of Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, str. 199—276, ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2 
• Janssen, Michel (2005), „Of pots and holes: Einstein's bumpy road to general relativity”, Annalen der Physik, 14 (S1): 58—85, Bibcode:2005AnP...517S..58J, doi:10.1002/andp.200410130, Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 25. 08. 2020. g., Pristupljeno 12. 03. 2017 
• Jaranowski, Piotr; Królak, Andrzej (2005), „Gravitational-Wave Data Analysis. Formalism and Sample Applications: The Gaussian Case”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 8, doi:10.12942/lrr-2005-3, Pristupljeno 30. 07. 2007 
• Kahn, Bob (1996), Gravity Probe B Website, Stanford University, Pristupljeno 20. 04. 2012 
• Kahn, Bob (14. 4. 2007), Was Einstein right? Scientists provide first public peek at Gravity Probe B results (Stanford University Press Release) (PDF), Stanford University News Service 
• Kamionkowski, Marc; Kosowsky, Arthur; Stebbins, Albert (1997), „Statistics of Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization”, Phys. Rev., D55 (12): 7368—7388, Bibcode:1997PhRvD..55.7368K, arXiv:astro-ph/9611125 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.7368 
• Kennefick, Daniel (2005), „Astronomers Test General Relativity: Light-bending and the Solar Redshift”, Ur.: Renn, Jürgen, One hundred authors for Einstein, Wiley-VCH, ISBN 978-3-527-40574-9 
• Kennefick, Daniel (2007), „Not Only Because of Theory: Dyson, Eddington and the Competing Myths of the 1919 Eclipse Expedition”, Proceedings of the 7th Conference on the History of General Relativity, Tenerife, 2005, 0709, str. 685, Bibcode:2007arXiv0709.0685K, arXiv:0709.0685  
• Kenyon, I. R. (1990), General Relativity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-851996-6 
• Kochanek, C.S.; Falco, E.E.; Impey, C.; Lehar, J. (2007), CASTLES Survey Website, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Pristupljeno 21. 08. 2007 
• Komar, Arthur (1959), „Covariant Conservation Laws in General Relativity”, Phys. Rev., 113 (3): 934—936, Bibcode:1959PhRv..113..934K, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.113.934 
• Kramer, Michael (2004), Karshenboim, S. G.; Peik, E., ur., „Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants: Millisecond Pulsars as Tools of Fundamental Physics”, Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer, 648, Bibcode:2004LNP...648...33K, ISBN 978-3-540-21967-5, arXiv:astro-ph/0405178 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-40991-5_3 
• Kramer, M.; Stairs, I. H.; Manchester, R. N.; McLaughlin, M. A.; Lyne, A. G.; Ferdman, R. D.; Burgay, M.; Lorimer, D. R.; et al. (2006), „Tests of general relativity from timing the double pulsar”, Science, 314 (5796): 97—102, Bibcode:2006Sci...314...97K, PMID 16973838, arXiv:astro-ph/0609417 , doi:10.1126/science.1132305 
• Kraus, Ute (1998), „Light Deflection Near Neutron Stars”, Relativistic Astrophysics, Vieweg, str. 66—81, ISBN 978-3-528-06909-4 
• Kuchař, Karel (1973), „Canonical Quantization of Gravity”, Ur.: Israel, Werner, Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, str. 237—288, ISBN 978-90-277-0369-9 
• Künzle, H. P. (1972), „Galilei and Lorentz Structures on spacetime: comparison of the corresponding geometry and physics”, Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré A, 17: 337—362 
• Lahav, Ofer; Suto, Yasushi (2004), „Measuring our Universe from Galaxy Redshift Surveys”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, Bibcode:2004LRR.....7....8L, arXiv:astro-ph/0310642 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-8, Pristupljeno 19. 08. 2007 
• Landgraf, M.; Hechler, M.; Kemble, S. (2005), „Mission design for LISA Pathfinder”, Class. Quant. Grav., 22 (10): S487—S492, Bibcode:2005CQGra..22S.487L, arXiv:gr-qc/0411071 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/22/10/048 
• Lehner, Luis (2001), „Numerical Relativity: A review”, Class. Quant. Grav., 18 (17): R25—R86, Bibcode:2001CQGra..18R..25L, arXiv:gr-qc/0106072 , doi:10.1088/0264-9381/18/17/202 
• Lehner, Luis (2002), „NUMERICAL RELATIVITY: STATUS AND PROSPECTS”, General Relativity and Gravitation - Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, str. 210, Bibcode:2002grg..conf..210L, ISBN 978-981-238-171-2, arXiv:gr-qc/0202055 , doi:10.1142/9789812776556_0010 
• Linde, Andrei (1990), Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology, Harwood, str. 3203, Bibcode:2005hep.th....3203L, ISBN 978-3-7186-0489-0, arXiv:hep-th/0503203  
• Linde, Andrei (2005), „Towards inflation in string theory”, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 24: 151—160, Bibcode:2005JPhCS..24..151L, arXiv:hep-th/0503195 , doi:10.1088/1742-6596/24/1/018 
• Loll, Renate (1998), „Discrete Approaches to Quantum Gravity in Four Dimensions”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, Bibcode:1998LRR.....1...13L, arXiv:gr-qc/9805049 , doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-13, Pristupljeno 09. 03. 2008 
• Lovelock, David (1972), „The Four-Dimensionality of Space and the Einstein Tensor”, J. Math. Phys., 13 (6): 874—876, Bibcode:1972JMP....13..874L, doi:10.1063/1.1666069 
• Ludyk, Günter (2013). Einstein in Matrix Form (1st izd.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35797-8. 
• MacCallum, M. (2006), „Finding and using exact solutions of the Einstein equations”, Ur.: Mornas, L.; Alonso, J. D., AIP Conference Proceedings (A Century of Relativity Physics: ERE05, the XXVIII Spanish Relativity Meeting), 841, American Institute of Physics, str. 129, Bibcode:2006AIPC..841..129M, arXiv:gr-qc/0601102 , doi:10.1063/1.2218172 
• Maddox, John (1998), What Remains To Be Discovered, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-684-82292-1 
• Mannheim, Philip D. (2006), „Alternatives to Dark Matter and Dark Energy”, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 56 (2): 340—445, Bibcode:2006PrPNP..56..340M, arXiv:astro-ph/0505266 , doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2005.08.001 
• Mather, J. C.; Cheng, E. S.; Cottingham, D. A.; Eplee, R. E.; Fixsen, D. J.; Hewagama, T.; Isaacman, R. B.; Jensen, K. A.; et al. (1994), „Measurement of the cosmic microwave spectrum by the COBE FIRAS instrument”, Astrophysical Journal, 420: 439—444, Bibcode:1994ApJ...420..439M, doi:10.1086/173574 
• Mermin, N. David (2005), It's About Time. Understanding Einstein's Relativity, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12201-4 
• Messiah, Albert (1999), Quantum Mechanics, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-40924-5 
• Miller, Cole (2002), Stellar Structure and Evolution (Lecture notes for Astronomy 606), University of Maryland, Pristupljeno 25. 07. 2007 
• Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip. S.; Wheeler, John A. (1973), Gravitation, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0 
• Møller, Christian (1952), The Theory of Relativity (3rd izd.), Oxford University Press 
• Narayan, Ramesh (2006), „Black holes in astrophysics”, New Journal of Physics, 7: 199, Bibcode:2005NJPh....7..199N, arXiv:gr-qc/0506078 , doi:10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/199 
• Narayan, Ramesh; Bartelmann, Matthias (1997). „Lectures on Gravitational Lensing”. arXiv:astro-ph/9606001  [astro-ph]. 
• Narlikar, Jayant V. (1993), Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-41250-6 
• Nieto, Michael Martin (2006), „The quest to understand the Pioneer anomaly” (PDF), EurophysicsNews, 37 (6): 30—34, Bibcode:2006ENews..37...30N, doi:10.1051/epn:2006604 
• Nordström, Gunnar (1918), „On the Energy of the Gravitational Field in Einstein's Theory”, Verhandl. Koninkl. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap., 26: 1238—1245 
• Nordtvedt, Kenneth (2003). „Lunar Laser Ranging—a comprehensive probe of post-Newtonian gravity”. arXiv:gr-qc/0301024  [gr-qc]. 
• Norton, John D. (1985), „What was Einstein's principle of equivalence?” (PDF), Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 16 (3): 203—246, doi:10.1016/0039-3681(85)90002-0, Pristupljeno 11. 06. 2007 
• Ohanian, Hans C.; Ruffini, Remo (1994), Gravitation and Spacetime, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-96501-8 
• Olive, K. A.; Skillman, E. A. (2004), „A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance”, Astrophysical Journal, 617 (1): 29—49, Bibcode:2004ApJ...617...29O, arXiv:astro-ph/0405588 , doi:10.1086/425170 
• O'Meara, John M.; Tytler, David; Kirkman, David; Suzuki, Nao; Prochaska, Jason X.; Lubin, Dan; Wolfe, Arthur M. (2001), „The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO: HS0105+1619”, Astrophysical Journal, 552 (2): 718—730, Bibcode:2001ApJ...552..718O, arXiv:astro-ph/0011179 , doi:10.1086/320579 
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert; Snyder, H. (1939), „On continued gravitational contraction”, Physical Review, 56 (5): 455—459, Bibcode:1939PhRv...56..455O, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.56.455 
• Overbye, Dennis (1999), Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: the story of the scientific quest for the secret of the Universe, Back Bay, ISBN 978-0-316-64896-7 
• Pais, Abraham (1982), 'Subtle is the Lord ...' The Science and life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-853907-0 
• Peacock, John A. (1999), Cosmological Physics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-41072-4 
• Peebles, P. J. E. (1966), „Primordial Helium abundance and primordial fireball II”, Astrophysical Journal, 146: 542—552, Bibcode:1966ApJ...146..542P, doi:10.1086/148918 
• Peebles, P. J. E. (1993), Principles of physical cosmology, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-01933-8 
• Peebles, P.J.E.; Schramm, D.N.; Turner, E.L.; Kron, R.G. (1991), „The case for the relativistic hot Big Bang cosmology”, Nature, 352 (6338): 769—776, Bibcode:1991Natur.352..769P, doi:10.1038/352769a0 
• Penrose, Roger (1965), „Gravitational collapse and spacetime singularities”, Physical Review Letters, 14 (3): 57—59, Bibcode:1965PhRvL..14...57P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.57 
• Penrose, Roger (1969), „Gravitational collapse: the role of general relativity”, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, 1: 252—276, Bibcode:1969NCimR...1..252P 
• Penrose, Roger (2004), The Road to Reality, A. A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-679-45443-4 
• Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1965), „A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mc/s”, Astrophysical Journal, 142: 419—421, Bibcode:1965ApJ...142..419P, doi:10.1086/148307 
• Peskin, Michael E.; Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995), An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-50397-5 
• Peskin, Michael E. (2007), „Dark Matter and Particle Physics”, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 76 (11): 111017, Bibcode:2007JPSJ...76k1017P, arXiv:0707.1536 , doi:10.1143/JPSJ.76.111017 
• Poisson, Eric (2004), „The Motion of Point Particles in Curved Spacetime”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-6, Pristupljeno 13. 06. 2007 
• Poisson, Eric (2004), A Relativist's Toolkit. The Mathematics of Black-Hole Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83091-1 
• Polchinski, Joseph (1998), String Theory Vol. I: An Introduction to the Bosonic String, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63303-1 
• Polchinski, Joseph (1998), String Theory Vol. II: Superstring Theory and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-63304-8 
• Pound, R. V.; Rebka, G. A. (1959), „Gravitational Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance”, Physical Review Letters, 3 (9): 439—441, Bibcode:1959PhRvL...3..439P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.3.439 
• Pound, R. V.; Rebka, G. A. (1960), „Apparent weight of photons”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 4 (7): 337—341, Bibcode:1960PhRvL...4..337P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.4.337 
• Pound, R. V.; Snider, J. L. (1964), „Effect of Gravity on Nuclear Resonance”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 13 (18): 539—540, Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..539P, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.539 
• Ramond, Pierre (1990), Field Theory: A Modern Primer, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-54611-8 
• Rees, Martin (1966), „Appearance of Relativistically Expanding Radio Sources”, Nature, 211 (5048): 468—470, Bibcode:1966Natur.211..468R, doi:10.1038/211468a0 
• Reissner, H. (1916), „Über die Eigengravitation des elektrischen Feldes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”, Annalen der Physik, 355 (9): 106—120, Bibcode:1916AnP...355..106R, doi:10.1002/andp.19163550905 
• Remillard, Ronald A.; Lin, Dacheng; Cooper, Randall L.; Narayan, Ramesh (2006), „The Rates of Type I X-Ray Bursts from Transients Observed with RXTE: Evidence for Black Hole Event Horizons”, Astrophysical Journal, 646 (1): 407—419, Bibcode:2006ApJ...646..407R, arXiv:astro-ph/0509758 , doi:10.1086/504862 
• Renn, Jürgen, ur. (2007), The Genesis of General Relativity (4 Volumes), Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-3999-7 
• Renn, Jürgen, ur. (2005), Albert Einstein—Chief Engineer of the Universe: Einstein's Life and Work in Context, Berlin: Wiley-VCH, ISBN 978-3-527-40571-8 
• Reula, Oscar A. (1998), „Hyperbolic Methods for Einstein's Equations”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, Bibcode:1998LRR.....1....3R, doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-3, Pristupljeno 29. 08. 2007 
• Rindler, Wolfgang (2001), Relativity. Special, General and Cosmological, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850836-6 
• Rindler, Wolfgang (1991), Introduction to Special Relativity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-853952-0 
• Robson, Ian (1996), Active galactic nuclei, John Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-95853-6 
• Roulet, E.; Mollerach, S. (1997), „Microlensing”, Physics Reports, 279 (2): 67—118, Bibcode:1997PhR...279...67R, arXiv:astro-ph/9603119 , doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(96)00020-8 
• Rovelli, Carlo (2000). „Notes for a brief history of quantum gravity”. arXiv:gr-qc/0006061  [gr-qc]. 
• Rovelli, Carlo (1998), „Loop Quantum Gravity”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-1, Pristupljeno 13. 03. 2008 
• Schäfer, Gerhard (2004), „Gravitomagnetic Effects”, General Relativity and Gravitation, 36 (10): 2223—2235, Bibcode:2004GReGr..36.2223S, arXiv:gr-qc/0407116 , doi:10.1023/B:GERG.0000046180.97877.32 
• Schödel, R.; Ott, T.; Genzel, R.; Eckart, A.; Mouawad, N.; Alexander, T. (2003), „Stellar Dynamics in the Central Arcsecond of Our Galaxy”, Astrophysical Journal, 596 (2): 1015—1034, Bibcode:2003ApJ...596.1015S, arXiv:astro-ph/0306214 , doi:10.1086/378122 
• Schutz, Bernard F. (1985), A first course in general relativity, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-27703-7 
• Schutz, Bernard F. (2001), „Gravitational radiation”, Ur.: Murdin, Paul, Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Grove's Dictionaries, ISBN 978-1-56159-268-5 
• Schutz, Bernard F. (2003), Gravity from the ground up, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-45506-0 
• Schwarz, John H. (2007), „String Theory: Progress and Problems”, Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, 170: 214—226, Bibcode:2007PThPS.170..214S, arXiv:hep-th/0702219 , doi:10.1143/PTPS.170.214 
• Schwarzschild, Karl (1916), „Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 189—196 
• Schwarzschild, Karl (1916), „Über das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie”, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 424—434 
• Seidel, Edward (1998), „Numerical Relativity: Towards Simulations of 3D Black Hole Coalescence”, Ur.: Narlikar, J. V.; Dadhich, N., Gravitation and Relativity: At the turn of the millennium (Proceedings of the GR-15 Conference, held at IUCAA, Pune, India, December 16–21, 1997), IUCAA, str. 6088, Bibcode:1998gr.qc.....6088S, ISBN 978-81-900378-3-9, arXiv:gr-qc/9806088  
• Seljak, Uros̆; Zaldarriaga, Matias (1997), „Signature of Gravity Waves in the Polarization of the Microwave Background”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (11): 2054—2057, Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78.2054S, arXiv:astro-ph/9609169 , doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2054 
• Shapiro, S. S.; Davis, J. L.; Lebach, D. E.; Gregory, J. S. (2004), „Measurement of the solar gravitational deflection of radio waves using geodetic very-long-baseline interferometry data, 1979–1999”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92 (12): 121101, Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92l1101S, PMID 15089661, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.121101 
• Shapiro, Irwin I. (1964), „Fourth test of general relativity”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 13 (26): 789—791, Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..789S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.789 
• Shapiro, I. I.; Pettengill, Gordon; Ash, Michael; Stone, Melvin; Smith, William; Ingalls, Richard; Brockelman, Richard (1968), „Fourth test of general relativity: preliminary results”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 20 (22): 1265—1269, Bibcode:1968PhRvL..20.1265S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.20.1265 
• Singh, Simon (2004), Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe, Fourth Estate, ISBN 978-0-00-715251-3 
• Sorkin, Rafael D. (2005), „Causal Sets: Discrete Gravity”, Ur.: Gomberoff, Andres; Marolf, Donald, Lectures on Quantum Gravity, Springer, str. 9009, Bibcode:2003gr.qc.....9009S, ISBN 978-0-387-23995-8, arXiv:gr-qc/0309009  
• Sorkin, Rafael D. (1997), „Forks in the Road, on the Way to Quantum Gravity”, Int. J. Theor. Phys., 36 (12): 2759—2781, Bibcode:1997IJTP...36.2759S, arXiv:gr-qc/9706002 , doi:10.1007/BF02435709 
• Spergel, D. N.; Verde, L.; Peiris, H. V.; Komatsu, E.; Nolta, M. R.; Bennett, C. L.; Halpern, M.; Hinshaw, G.; et al. (2003), „First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters”, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 148 (1): 175—194, Bibcode:2003ApJS..148..175S, arXiv:astro-ph/0302209 , doi:10.1086/377226 
• Spergel, D. N.; Bean, R.; Doré, O.; Nolta, M. R.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.; Hinshaw, G.; Jarosik, N.; et al. (2007), „Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology”, Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 170 (2): 377—408, Bibcode:2007ApJS..170..377S, arXiv:astro-ph/0603449 , doi:10.1086/513700 
• Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M.; Jenkins, Adrian; Frenk, Carlos S.; Yoshida, Naoki; Gao, Liang; Navarro, Julio; Thacker, Robert; et al. (2005), „Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars”, Nature, 435 (7042): 629—636, Bibcode:2005Natur.435..629S, PMID 15931216, arXiv:astro-ph/0504097 , doi:10.1038/nature03597 
• Stairs, Ingrid H. (2003), „Testing General Relativity with Pulsar Timing”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 6, Bibcode:2003LRR.....6....5S, arXiv:astro-ph/0307536 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2003-5, Pristupljeno 21. 07. 2007 
• Stephani, H.; Kramer, D.; MacCallum, M.; Hoenselaers, C.; Herlt, E. (2003), Exact Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations (2 izd.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-46136-8 
• Synge, J. L. (1972), Relativity: The Special Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-7204-0064-9 
• Szabados, László B. (2004), „Quasi-Local Energy-Momentum and Angular Momentum in GR”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 7, doi:10.12942/lrr-2004-4, Pristupljeno 23. 08. 2007 
• Taylor, Joseph H. (1994), „Binary pulsars and relativistic gravity”, Rev. Mod. Phys., 66 (3): 711—719, Bibcode:1994RvMP...66..711T, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.66.711 
• Thiemann, Thomas (2006), „Approaches to Fundamental Physics: Loop Quantum Gravity: An Inside View”, Lecture Notes in Physics, 721: 185—263, Bibcode:2007LNP...721..185T, ISBN 978-3-540-71115-5, arXiv:hep-th/0608210 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71117-9_10 
• Thiemann, Thomas (2003), „Lectures on Loop Quantum Gravity”, Lecture Notes in Physics, 631: 41—135, Bibcode:2003LNP...631...41T, ISBN 978-3-540-40810-9, arXiv:gr-qc/0210094 , doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45230-0_3 
• 't Hooft, Gerard; Veltman, Martinus (1974), „One Loop Divergencies in the Theory of Gravitation”, Ann. Inst. Poincare, 20: 69 
• Thorne, Kip S. (1972), „Nonspherical Gravitational Collapse—A Short Review”, Ur.: Klauder, J., Magic without Magic, W. H. Freeman, str. 231—258 
• Thorne, Kip S. (1994), Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, W W Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-31276-8 
• Thorne, Kip S. (1995), „Gravitational radiation”, Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Cosmology in the Next Millenium: 160, Bibcode:1995pnac.conf..160T, ISBN 978-0-521-36853-7, arXiv:gr-qc/9506086  
• Townsend, Paul K. (1997). „Black Holes (Lecture notes)”. arXiv:gr-qc/9707012  [gr-qc]. 
• Townsend, Paul K. (1996). „Four Lectures on M-Theory”. arXiv:hep-th/9612121  [hep-th]. 
• Traschen, Jenny (2000), Bytsenko, A.; Williams, F., ur., „An Introduction to Black Hole Evaporation”, Mathematical Methods of Physics (Proceedings of the 1999 Londrina Winter School), World Scientific: 180, Bibcode:2000mmp..conf..180T, arXiv:gr-qc/0010055  
• Trautman, Andrzej (2006), „Einstein–Cartan theory”, Ur.: Françoise, J.-P.; Naber, G. L.; Tsou, S. T., Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 2, Elsevier, str. 189—195, Bibcode:2006gr.qc.....6062T, arXiv:gr-qc/0606062  
• Unruh, W. G. (1976), „Notes on Black Hole Evaporation”, Phys. Rev. D, 14 (4): 870—892, Bibcode:1976PhRvD..14..870U, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.870 
• Valtonen, M. J.; Lehto, H. J.; Nilsson, K.; Heidt, J.; Takalo, L. O.; Sillanpää, A.; Villforth, C.; Kidger, M.; et al. (2008), „A massive binary black-hole system in OJ 287 and a test of general relativity”, Nature, 452 (7189): 851—853, Bibcode:2008Natur.452..851V, PMID 18421348, arXiv:0809.1280 , doi:10.1038/nature06896 
• Veltman, Martinus (1975), „Quantum Theory of Gravitation”, Ur.: Balian, Roger; Zinn-Justin, Jean, Methods in Field Theory - Les Houches Summer School in Theoretical Physics., 77, North Holland 
• Wald, Robert M. (1975), „On Particle Creation by Black Holes”, Commun. Math. Phys., 45 (3): 9—34, Bibcode:1975CMaPh..45....9W, doi:10.1007/BF01609863 
• Wald, Robert M. (1984), General Relativity, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5 
• Wald, Robert M. (1994), Quantum field theory in curved spacetime and black hole thermodynamics, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-87027-4 
• Wald, Robert M. (2001), „The Thermodynamics of Black Holes”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 4, Bibcode:2001LRR.....4....6W, doi:10.12942/lrr-2001-6, Pristupljeno 08. 08. 2007 
• Walsh, D.; Carswell, R. F.; Weymann, R. J. (1979), „0957 + 561 A, B: twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens?”, Nature, 279 (5712): 381—4, Bibcode:1979Natur.279..381W, PMID 16068158, doi:10.1038/279381a0 
• Wambsganss, Joachim (1998), „Gravitational Lensing in Astronomy”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 1, Bibcode:1998LRR.....1...12W, arXiv:astro-ph/9812021 , doi:10.12942/lrr-1998-12, Pristupljeno 20. 07. 2007 
• Weinberg, Steven (1972), Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-92567-5 
• Weinberg, Steven (1995), The Quantum Theory of Fields I: Foundations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55001-7 
• Weinberg, Steven (1996), The Quantum Theory of Fields II: Modern Applications, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55002-4 
• Weinberg, Steven (2000), The Quantum Theory of Fields III: Supersymmetry, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-66000-6 
• Weisberg, Joel M.; Taylor, Joseph H. (2003), „The Relativistic Binary Pulsar B1913+16"”, Ur.: Bailes, M.; Nice, D. J.; Thorsett, S. E., Proceedings of "Radio Pulsars," Chania, Crete, August, 2002, ASP Conference Series 
• Weiss, Achim (2006), „Elements of the past: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation”, Einstein Online, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Arhivirano iz originala 08. 02. 2007. g., Pristupljeno 24. 02. 2007 
• Wheeler, John A. (1990), A Journey Into Gravity and Spacetime, Scientific American Library, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-6034-4 
• Will, Clifford M. (1993), Theory and experiment in gravitational physics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43973-2 
• Will, Clifford M. (2006), „The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment”, Living Reviews in Relativity, 9, Bibcode:2006LRR.....9....3W, arXiv:gr-qc/0510072 , doi:10.12942/lrr-2006-3, Pristupljeno 12. 06. 2007 
• Zwiebach, Barton (2004), A First Course in String Theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83143-7 
• Geroch, R (1981). General Relativity from A to B. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28864-2. 
• Lieber, Lillian (2008). The Einstein Theory of Relativity: A Trip to the Fourth Dimension. Philadelphia: Paul Dry Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58988-044-3. 
• Wald, Robert M. (1992). Space, Time, and Gravity: the Theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87029-8. 
• Wheeler, John; Ford, Kenneth (1998). Geons, Black Holes, & Quantum Foam: a life in physics. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31991-0. 

Beginning undergraduate textbooks

• Callahan, James J. (2000). The Geometry of Spacetime: an Introduction to Special and General Relativity. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98641-8. 
• Taylor, Edwin F.; Wheeler, John Archibald (2000). Exploring Black Holes: Introduction to General Relativity. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-38423-9. 
• B. F. Schutz (2009). A First Course in General Relativity (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88705-2. 
• Cheng, Ta-Pei (2005). Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology: a Basic Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852957-6. 
• Gron, O.; Hervik, S. (2007). Einstein's General theory of Relativity. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-69199-2. 
• Hartle, James B. (2003). Gravity: an Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8662-2. 
• Hughston, L. P.; Tod, K. P. (1991). Introduction to General Relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33943-8. 
• d'Inverno, Ray (1992). Introducing Einstein's Relativity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-859686-8. 
• Ludyk, Günter (2013). Einstein in Matrix Form (1st izd.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35797-8. 
• Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8732-2. 
• Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn (2007). Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-69199-2. 
• Landau, Lev D.; Lifshitz, Evgeny F. (1980). The Classical Theory of Fields (4th izd.). London: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-2768-9. 
• Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip. S.; Wheeler, John A. (1973). Gravitation. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0. 
• Stephani, Hans (1990). General Relativity: An Introduction to the Theory of the Gravitational Field. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37941-0. 
• Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Relativnost: specijalna i opšta teorija Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (9. maj 2008) (PDF)
• Ajnštajn onlajn – Članci o raznim aspektima relativističke fizike za opšte čitalaštvo; hostuje Maks Plank institut za gravitacionu fiziku
• NCSA Spacetime Wrinkles – produced by the numerical relativity group at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, with an elementary introduction to general relativity
• Einstein's General Theory of Relativity na sajtu YouTube (lecture by Leonard Susskind recorded September 22, 2008 at Stanford University).
• Series of lectures on General Relativity given in 2006 at the Institut Henri Poincaré (introductory/advanced).
• General Relativity Tutorials by John Baez.
• Brown, Kevin. „Reflections on relativity”. Mathpages.com. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 12. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2005. 
• Carroll, Sean M. „Lecture Notes on General Relativity”. Pristupljeno 5. 1. 2014. 
• Moor, Rafi. „Understanding General Relativity”. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 12. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 11. 7. 2006. 
• Waner, Stefan. „Introduction to Differential Geometry and General Relativity”. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 19. 04. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 05. 04. 2015.