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Metropolitan line

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Metropolitan line
Metropolitan line train at Harrow-on-the-Hill
Overview
Stations34
Colour on mapMagenta
Websitehttp://tfl.gov.uk
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemLondon Underground
Depot(s)Neasden
Rolling stockS8 Stock
Ridership66.8 million (2011/12)[1] passenger journeys
History
Opened10 January 1863 (1863-01-10)
Technical
Line length67 km (42 mi)
Number of tracksMainly 2
CharacterSub-surface
Track gauge4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification630V DC fourth rail
Operating speed62 mph (100 km/h) maximum
London Underground
Bakerloo
Central
Circle
District
Hammersmith & City
Jubilee
Metropolitan
Northern
Piccadilly
Victoria
Waterloo & City
Other systems
Crossrail
DLR
London Trams
London Overground
TfL Rail

The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground. It is coloured in TfL's Corporate Magenta[2] on the Tube map and in other branding. It was the first underground railway (or subway) in the world, opening on 10 January 1863. Today, part of that section are no longer served by the Metropolitan line, but by the Hammersmith & City, District and Circle lines. The main line runs from Aldgate in the City of London to Amersham, with branch lines to Uxbridge, Watford and Chesham. The line once went as far as Verney junction. After it was bought by the London Passenger Transport Board, the line was first cut back to Aylesbury, then to Amersham

The line runs parallel to Chiltern Railways London to Aylesbury line from Finchley Road to Amersham. Chiltern railways continues to run services to Aylesbury.

History

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Metropolitan Railway

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Construction of the Metropolitan Railway close to King's Cross station in 1861

The Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the mainline railway termini at Paddington, Euston and King's Cross to the City, built beneath the New Road using the cut-and-cover method between Paddington and King's Cross, and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield. It opened on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first underground railway.[3][4] In 1871, when plans were presented for an underground railway in Paris, it was called the Métropolitain in imitation.[5] The modern word metro is a short form of the French word.

The railway was soon extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. It reached Hammersmith in 1864 and Richmond in 1877, and completed the Inner Circle in 1884,[6] but the most important route became the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Baker Street. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone station.[7]

Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street. To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the railway purchased electric locomotives, exchanged for steam locomotives at Harrow from 1908.[8] In 1910, a seventeen-minute silent film recording was made showing large portions of the journey from Baker Street to Aylesbury and Uxbridge, seen from the cab of a train. The film survives and is publicly available.[9]

Unlike other railways in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, thus benefitting from the increase in the value of its land caused by the building of the railway. After World War I it promoted its housing estates near the railway with the "Metro-land" brand.

To improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s. A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925. After World War I, the 4-mile (6.4 km) Stanmore branch was built from Wembley Park.[10]

London Transport

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Electric Locomotive No.12 "Sarah Siddons" seen at a heritage event at Amersham in 2008

On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan was amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board, and a period of rationalisation followed. While the Metropolitan was run as an outer suburban route with steam-hauled trains and goods services, the LPTB wished to focus on electrified trains and suburban traffic. Goods services were passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, which also took over the role of providing steam locomotives for trains beyond the end of electrification at Rickmansworth. All services north-west of Aylesbury were withdrawn by 1936[11] though services returned to Quainton Road between 1943 and 1948.[12]

The 1930s was a period of rapid growth for the north-western suburbs of London, and LPTB developed ambitious plans to simplify the Metropolitan line and expand capacity. Several stations on the Uxbridge branch were rebuilt, replacing temporary wooden buildings with modernist designs and giving Uxbridge station a new site in the town centre. A major bottleneck in the line, the double-track tunnel from Baker Street to Finchley Road, was bypassed by boring two tube tunnels underneath the Metropolitan tunnels, transferring slow services and the Stanmore branch to the Bakerloo line.[13] (This route was transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979.)[14] In 1936 the line was extended east from Whitechapel to Barking along the tracks of the District line.[15] London Transport inherited a number of incompatible electric multiple units from the railway, including the 1927–33 multiple-unit compartment stock used on routes to Watford and Rickmansworth, and these were refurbished to form a uniform fleet and designated London Underground T Stock.[16] In the 1950s, F Stock trains, with sliding doors under the control of the guard, were transferred from the District line; these mainly worked the semi-fast Harrow and Uxbridge services.[17]

A major rebuilding of the main line from Wembley Park to Amersham was planned in the 1930s but delayed by the war. The line from Wembley to Harrow was rebuilt immediately after the war and the project was completed from 1956–1962, on a more modest scale than originally planned. Until 1961, passenger trains continued to be attached to a steam locomotive at Rickmansworth to run to Aylesbury. The rebuilding electrified the line from Rickmansworth to Amersham, transferring all Aylesbury services to British Railways. A pair of fast lines was added from Harrow to north of Moor Park by 1962, allowing outer-suburban trains to run fast to Moor Park.[18][not in the source given] Aluminium A stock, originally unpainted, replaced the T stock and locomotive-hauled trains. More A Stock trains were built in 1962–63 to replace the trains on the Uxbridge service, giving the main line a single train type for all services. A Stock was 4-car units that could operate as four- or eight-car trains;[19] normally operated as eight cars, a 4-car unit operated the Chesham shuttle.[20] One person operation of the trains was proposed in 1972, but due to conflict with the trades unions was not introduced on the line until 1986.[21]

A separate identity

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A Stock vehicles at Rayners Lane in their original unpainted livery

Although the East London line had been an isolated shuttle since 1939,[15] it was shown on London Underground maps as part of the Metropolitan line until 1968.[22] In 1970 it was shown with a thin white line in the middle and labelled the "East London section".[23] By the 1985 map it had become the "East London Line", remaining the same colour as the Metropolitan line with a white line in the middle,[24] changed to orange by the 1990 map.[25] In 1990 the Hammersmith & City line became a separate line from Hammersmith to Whitechapel (Barking during the peak), the Metropolitan line being from Aldgate to Baker Street and northwards to Amersham with branches to Chesham, Uxbridge and Watford.[15][25]

In 2003, the infrastructure was partly privatised in a public–private partnership managed by the Metronet consortium. Metronet went into administration in 2007 and Transport for London took over responsibilities in the end. Tube Lines was later acquired by TfL in 2011, and managed as owner-designer firm.[26]

On 12 December 2010 the service to Amersham was reduced from four trains per hour to two, and a direct service between Chesham and central London was introduced, replacing the 4-car Chesham to Chalfont & Latimer shuttle.[27] The final passenger services operated by the A Stock ran on 26 September 2012,[28] followed by a ticketed public railtour on 29 September.[29]

References

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  1. ↑ "Performance: LU Performance Data Almanac". Transport for London. 2011–2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  2. ↑ London Underground. "Corporate identity — colour standards". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  3. ↑ Green 1987, pp. 3–5.
  4. ↑ Edwards, Dennis; Pigram, Ron (1988). The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro-land Dream. Bloomsbury. p. 32. ISBN 1-870630-11-4.
  5. ↑ Bobrick, Benson (1981). Labyrinths of Iron. Newsweek books. p. 142. ISBN 9780882252995.
  6. ↑ Green 1987, pp. 7–10.
  7. ↑ Green 1987, pp. 11–14.
  8. ↑ Green 1987, pp. 24–26.
  9. ↑ "A Trip on the Metropolitan Railway (1910)". Screen Online. British Film Institute. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  10. ↑ Green 1987, pp. 43–45.
  11. ↑ Green 1987, pp. 46–48.
  12. ↑ Horne 2003, p. 69.
  13. ↑ Green 1987, p. 51.
  14. ↑ Green 1987, p. 63.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Rose, Douglas (December 2007) [1980]. The London Underground: A Diagrammatic History (8th ed.). London: Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-315-0.
  16. ↑ Bruce 1983, pp. 72–74.
  17. ↑ Bruce 1983, pp. 78–81.
  18. ↑ Green 1987, p. 55.
  19. ↑ Bruce 1983, p. 110.
  20. ↑ Bruce 1983, p. 113.
  21. ↑ Croome, Desmond F.; Jackson, Alan Arthur (1993). Rails Through the Clay: A History of London's Tube Railways. Capital Transport. p. 468. ISBN 978-1-85414-151-4.
  22. ↑ "London Underground map 1968". The London Tube map archive. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  23. ↑ "London Underground map 1970". The London Tube map archive. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  24. ↑ "London Underground map 1985". The London Tube map archive. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "London Underground map 1990". The London Tube map archive. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  26. ↑ "PPP Performance Report" (PDF). Transport for London. 2009–2010. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  27. ↑ "Chesham trains to run direct into Central London" (Press release). Transport for London. 7 December 2010. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  28. ↑ "A Stock last day on the Metropolitan Line". Railways Today. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  29. ↑ "Last A stock rail tour". London Transport Museum. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
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