Ine of Wessex
| Ine | |
|---|---|
 Ine in the Transfiguration Window of Wells Cathedral | |
| King Of Wessex | |
| Reign | 688 - 726 |
| Predecessor | Caedwalla |
| Successor | Athelheard |
| Born | 26 March 670 Wessex |
| Died | 5 June 726 (aged 56) Rome, Italy |
| Consort | Ethelburh of Wessex |
| Issue | Athelheard |
| House | House of Wessex |
| Father | Cenred, underking in Wessex |
Ine (26 March 670 - 728) was a West Saxon nobleman who was King of Wessex from 688 to 726. He established Wessex as a true kingdom by introducing a code of laws. He strengthened the position of the Church in Wessex. He was seen as one of Wessex's greatest & most powerful kings especially his long & successful reign & ahead of his predecessor. That is until Alfred the Great took that title away & made Ine second.
Just like Caedwalla, in 726, Ine abdicated the throne to go to Rome in Italy where he died there 2 years later. He was succeeded by his son, Athelheard.
Atheling
[change | change source]Ine was the son of Cenred, an underking of Wessex.[a][1] Bede says of Ine that he was "an atheling".[3] His brother was Ingild, ancestor of Alfred the Great.[4] His sister Cuthburh was married to King Aldfrith of Northumbria.[4] She was the founder of Wimborne abbey.
King of Wessex
[change | change source]The former king, Caedwalla, was one of Wessex's more important military leaders.[5] When he abdicated in 688 it left a power vacuum. Wessex was broken up into several sub-kingdoms. Each was ruled by a underking. Ine many have started as a sub-king but before long was able to establish himself as the sole ruler of Wessex.[1] Ine reorganized Wessex and established a system of shires. He removed the positions of sub-kings, or underkings, and replaced them with ealdormen.[6] In many respects Ine was the first true king of Wessex.[b]
Ine wrote his laws between 688 and 694[7] He mentions in the preamble bishop Erconwald who helped him. This is Erconwald who from 675 to 694 was bishop of Essex (London). He was replaced in 994 by Waldhere. But the mention of Ine's father still being alive points to the laws being written earlier in this period rather than later.[7] The laws of Ine are the first set of laws for the Saxons of Wessex.[1] There were earlier law codes in Wessex. But none covered as wide a range of situations as a king or his officers might have to deal with.[8] For the next two centuries there were no law codes written after those of Ine. Not until Alfred the Great was a more extensive law code created.[7]
In 705 the king of Essex was sheltering exiles from Wessex.[2] This created a serious problem between the two kings. But finally the exiles were expelled after a threat by Ine to invade the East Saxon territory.[9] A similar situation occurred in 722 when an exile named Ealdbert was received in Sussex. Ine invaded sussex as a result.[2] In 725 Ine invaded again and this time Ealdberht was killed.[2] In 710 Ine was at war with Geraint, king of Dumnonia.[9] This was part of his campaign against the Britons and expanding the borders of Wessex west to the River Tamar.[9] But he was unable to conqueror Cornwall.[10] Ine was defeated by the Cornish in 722 at the Tamar river.[10] All through his reign Ine seems to have been on good terms with the Mercians.[10] There is only one incident; a battle at Wodnesbeorg in 715 between Ine and Ceolred, King of Mercia. But the only source for this informaiton, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who won.[11]
Ine was a strong supporter of the Church. While he resisted the creation of a second bishopric at Sherborne, he did support the first bishop there in 705, bishop Aldhelm.[c][11] Ine supported the creation of an organized church in Wessex. Formerly it was just scattered monasteries and churches.[11] Many of Ine's laws concerned the spiritual welfare of his people. He law required baptism within thirty days of a child's birth, no working on sundays and the paying of church dues at Martinmas.[13] The first synods in Wessex trace back to his reign.[11] The oldest surviving records shows Ine presided over these church councils.[11]
In spite of his power and all the things he did near the end of his long reign he had internal problems.[10] There was dissension among several of the West Saxon athelings. In 721 Ine killed a Cynewulf. For what reason is not clear, but it was at this time Ealdbert fled Wessex.[10] In 722 he was besieged by Ine's queen, Ethelburg at Taunton. The queen's involvement seems to indicate Ealdbert was a member of the family, possibly their son. He escaped only to be killed three years later (see above).[10] Whatever their relationship, Ine seems to have become very tired. In 726 he abdicated the throne and went to Rome. Less than two years later (728) he died there.[10] He stated he was leaving the kingdom "to younger men" and made no attempt to name an heir.[10] He was succeeded by Athelheard.
Family
[change | change source]There is no mention in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of Ine's wife or children. Ine's brother and two sisters are recorded:
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Cenred was one of several underkings ruling in Wessex before Ine brought all of Wessex under his rule. Cenred's territory was centered on Dorset in the west.[1] Cenred seems to have been one of his son's main advisors.[2]
- ↑ Most of the "kings" of Wessex up to this time, while called kings, were more war-leaders or chieftains.[1]
- ↑ Aldhelm, later Saint Aldhelm, was a member of the royal House of Wessex and was related to king Ine.[12]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 308
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 72
- ↑ Bede; A M Sellar, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: A Revised Translation with introduction, life, and notes (London: G. Bell, 1907), p. 314
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 77
- ↑ The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. Jana K. Schulman (Westport,CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), p. 232
- ↑ Barbara Yorke, Wessex in the early Middle Ages (London; New York: Leicester University Press, 1995). p. 92
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The Laws of the Earliest English Kings, ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 34
- ↑ Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 71-72
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 106
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 309
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 71
- ↑ Michael Walsh, A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West (London; New York: Burns and Oats, 2007), pp. 21-22
- ↑ The Laws of the Earliest English Kings, ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 36
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 G. H. Wheeler, 'The Genealogy of the Early West Saxon Kings', The English Historical Review, Vol. 36, No. 142 (Apr., 1921), p. 164
Other websites
[change | change source]- Britannia: Kings of Wessex Archived 2013-07-27 at the Wayback Machine