House of Representatives (Netherlands)

House of Representatives

*Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal*
House of Representatives ; Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal
States General of the Netherlands
Type
Type	Lower house
Leadership
President	Martin-Bosma, PVV ; since 14 December 2023
First Vice President	Tom van der Lee, GL-PvdA ; since 19 December 2023
Second Vice President	Roelien Kamminga, VVD ; since 19 December 2023
Structure
Seats	150
Political groups	Government (41) VVD (24); D66 (9); CDA (5); CU (3); Opposition (109) PVV (37); GL-PvdA (25); NSC (20); BBB (7); SP (5); DENK (3); PvdD (3); FVD (3); SGP (3); Volt (2); JA21 (1);
Length of term	4 years
Elections
Voting system	Party-list proportional representation D'Hondt method
Last election	22 November 2023
Next election	November 2027 or earlier
Meeting place
	House of Representatives Chamber; Binnenhof; The Hague, Netherlands
Website
	www.houseofrepresentatives.nl

The House of Representatives, Dutch: Tweede Kamer (literally Second Chamber), is the lower house of the States General, the parliament of the Netherlands.

It is comparable with the House of Representatives in other countries, because it is chosen by direct elections.

It consists of 150 members, who are chosen every four years or earlier when the government has been brought down.

In contrast with the First Chamber or Senate the Second Chamber has extensive legislative powers.

House of Representatives 2021-2023

The elections for the new House of Representatives were held on Wednesday 17 March 2021. The new House was installed on 31 March 2021. Twenty parliamentary groups had been present in the House since March 2022 (originally 17).

Parties with considerable gains were the progressive liberal party D66, the populist parties FVD and JA21, and newcomer Volt. Considerable losses had been suffered by the Christian democratic party CDA, the left parties GL and SP, the populist party PVV, and the senior party 50+.

BBB and BIJ1 had made their first appearance in parliament.

On 6 May 2021, Liane den Haan left 50+ and became an independent MP. On 13 May 2021, Wybren van Haga and two other MPs left FVD and became the Group Van Haga. On 12 June 2021, Pieter Omtzigt left the CDA and became an independent MP. In February 2022, Nilüfer Gündoğan was expelled from the Volt group and had been an independent MP since 22 March 2022.

President of the House of Representatives was Vera Bergkamp (D66).

Party	Dutch name	Shortened	Parliamentary leader	Original seats	Seats after changes
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy	Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie	VVD	Mark Rutte (2021-2022), Sophie Hermans (2022-2023)	34	34
Democrats 66	Democraten 66	D66	Sigrid Kaag (2021), Rob Jetten (2021), Sigrid Kaag (2021-2022), Jan Paternotte (2022-2023)	24	24
Party for Freedom	Partij voor de Vrijheid	PVV	Geert Wilders	17	17
Christian Democratic Appeal ^[1]	Christen-Democratisch Appèl	CDA	Wopke Hoekstra (2021-2022), Pieter Heerma (2022-2023), Henri Bontenbal (2023)	15	14
Socialist Party	Socialistische Partij	SP	Lilian Marijnissen	9	9
Labour Party	Partij van de Arbeid	PvdA	Lilianne Ploumen (2021-2022), Attje Kuiken (2022-2023), Jesse Klaver (2023)	9	9
GreenLeft	GroenLinks	GL	Jesse Klaver	8	8
Forum for Democracy ^[2]	Forum voor Democratie	FVD	Thierry Baudet	8	5
Party for the Animals	Partij voor de Dieren	PvdD	Esther Ouwehand	6	6
ChristianUnion	ChristenUnie	CU	Gert-Jan Segers (2021-2023), Mirjam Bikker (2023)	5	5
Volt Netherlands ^[3]	Volt Nederland	Volt	Laurens Dassen	3	2
JA21	JA21	JA21	Joost Eerdmans	3	3
Reformed Political Party	Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij	SGP	Kees van der Staaij (2021-2023), Chris Stoffer (2023)	3	3
DENK	DENK	DENK	Farid Azarkan (2021-2023), Stephan van Baarle (2023)	3	3
50PLUS ^[4]	50PLUS	50+	Liane den Haan (2021), / (2021-2023)	1	0
FarmerCitizenMovement	BoerBurgerBeweging	BBB	Caroline van der Plas	1	1
BIJ1	BIJ1	BIJ1	Sylvana Simons	1	1
Group Van Haga ^[2]	Groep-Van Haga		Wybren van Haga	/	3
Member Den Haan ^[4]	Lid-Den Haan		Liane den Haan	/	1
Member Omtzigt ^[1]	Lid-Omtzigt		Pieter Omtzigt	/	1
Member Gündoğan ^[3]	Lid-Gündoğan		Nilüfer Gündoğan	/	1
Total				150	150

House of Representatives 2017-2021

The general elections for this House of Representatives were held on Wednesday 15 March 2017. This House was installed on 23 March 2017 and dissolved on 31 March 2021.

When the results were announced, the Labour Party (PvdA) lost many seats, while the winner, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) led by Mark Rutte, also lost seats, but not as many.

Most of the opposition parties won seats. The populist Party for Freedom (PVV) of Geert Wilders did not win as many seats as were expected of them, but they became second in the number of seats they had. More seats were won by (especially) GreenLeft (GL), Democrats 66 (D66), the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), the Party for the Animals (PvdD), and 50PLUS (50+), along with the newly formed parties DENK and Forum for Democracy (FVD). The only other party to lose seats was the Socialist Party (SP), while the small Christian parties ChristianUnion (CU) and Reformed Political Party (SGP) did not gain or lose any seats.

President of the House of Representatives was Khadija Arib (PvdA).

Party	Dutch name	Shortened	Parliamentary leader	Original seats	Seats after changes
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ^[5]	Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie	VVD	Klaas Dijkhoff	33	32
Party for Freedom	Partij voor de Vrijheid	PVV	Geert Wilders	20	20
Christian Democratic Appeal	Christen-Democratisch Appèl	CDA	Sybrand van Haersma Buma (-2019), Pieter Heerma (2019-)	19	19
Democrats 66	Democraten 66	D66	Alexander Pechtold (-2018), Rob Jetten (2018-)	19	19
GreenLeft	GroenLinks	GL	Jesse Klaver	14	14
Socialist Party	Socialistische Partij	SP	Emile Roemer (-2017), Lilian Marijnissen (2017-)	14	14
Labour Party	Partij van de Arbeid	PvdA	Lodewijk Asscher (-2021), Lilianne Ploumen (2021-)	9	9
ChristianUnion	ChristenUnie	CU	Gert-Jan Segers	5	5
Party for the Animals ^[6]	Partij voor de Dieren	PvdD	Marianne Thieme (-2019), Esther Ouwehand (2019-)	5	4
50PLUS ^[7]	50PLUS	50+	Henk Krol (-2020), Corrie van Brenk (2020-)	4	3
Reformed Political Party	Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij	SGP	Kees van der Staaij	3	3
DENK	DENK	DENK	Tunahan Kuzu (-2020), Farid Azarkan (2020-)	3	3
Forum for Democracy	Forum voor Democratie	FVD	Thierry Baudet	2	2
Member Van Haga ^[5]	Lid-Van Haga		Wybren van Haga	/	1
Member Van Kooten ^[6]	Lid-Van Kooten		Femke Merel van Kooten	/	1
Member Krol ^[7]	Lid-Krol		Henk Krol	/	1
Total				150	150

General elections results since 1946

Original seats in post-war Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer).^[8]
Coalitian parties marked in olive.
Prime Minister's party in bold.^[9]

Party	2023	2021	2017	2012	2010	2006	2003	2002	1998	1994	1989	1986	1982	1981	1977	1972	1971	1967	1965	1963	1959	1956	1952	1948	1946
PVV	37	17	20	15	24	9
PvdA	25 !	9	9	38	30	33	42	23	45	37	49	52	47	44	53	43	39	37	43	43	48	50	30	27	29
GL	25 !	8	14	4	10	7	8	10	11	5	6	3	9	9	6	16	10	9	8	8	5	7	6	8	10
* CPN													3	3	2	7	6	5	4	4	3	7	6	8	10
* EVP													1
* PPR												2	2	3	3	7	2
* PSP											1	3	3	1	2	2	4	4	4	2
VVD	24	34	33	41	31	22	28	24	38	31	22	27	36	26	28	22	16	17	16	16	19	13	9	8	6
* PvdV																									6
NSC	20
D66	9	24	19	12	10	3	6	7	14	24	12	9	6	17	8	6	11	7
BBB	7	1
CDA	5	15	19	13	21	41	44	43	29	34	54	54	45	48	49	48	58	69	76	76	75	77	51	54	53
* ARP																14	13	15	13	13	14	15	12	13	13
* CHU																7	10	12	13	13	12	13	9	9	8
* KVP																27	35	42	50	50	49	49	30	32	32
SP	5	9	14	15	15	25	9	9	5	2
DENK	3	3	3
PvdD	3	6	5	2	2	2
FVD	3	8	2
SGP	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	3	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	2	2
CU	3	5	5	5	5	6	3	4	5	5	3	2	3	3	1	2	2	1	1	1
* GPV									2	2	2	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1
* RPF									3	3	1	1	2	2
Volt	2	3
JA21	1	3
50+		1	4	2
BIJ1		1
LPF							8	26
LN								2
AOV										6
CD										3	1
DS'70															1	6	8
BP															1	3	1	7	3	3
others										1			1			1	2						2	1
Total coalition	41	78	76	79	76	80	78	93	97	92	103	81	81	109	77	97	82	86	106	92	94	127	81	76	61
Total	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	150	100	100	100

! PvdA and GL together 25 seats

Related pages

References

Official website
(in Dutch) www.kiesraad.nl (elections results)

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Member Omtzigt split from CDA.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Group Van Haga split from FVD.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Member Gündoğan split from Volt.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Member Den Haan split from 50+.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Member Van Haga split from VVD.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Member Van Kooten split from PvdD.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Member Krol split from 50+.
↑ www.nlverkiezingen.com
↑ Prime Minister's party:
1956 elections: 1956-1958 PvdA, 1958-1959 KVP.
1965 elections: 1965-1966 KVP, 1966-1967 ARP.
1972 elections: 1972-1973 ARP, 1973-1977 PvdA.

This short article about politics can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

[Omtzigt-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Member Omtzigt split from CDA.

[Haga-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Group Van Haga split from FVD.

[Gundogan-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Member Gündoğan split from Volt.

[Haan-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Member Den Haan split from 50+.

[Haga2-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Member Van Haga split from VVD.

[Kooten-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Member Van Kooten split from PvdD.

[Krol-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Member Krol split from 50+.

[8] www.nlverkiezingen.com

[9] Prime Minister's party:
1956 elections: 1956-1958 PvdA, 1958-1959 KVP.
1965 elections: 1965-1966 KVP, 1966-1967 ARP.
1972 elections: 1972-1973 ARP, 1973-1977 PvdA.

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