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7 October 2023 attack on Israel

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Map of the attacks on 7–8 October

On 6/7 October 2023, Hamas/Palestinian Islamic Jihad and several other Palestinian militant groups launched armed attacks from the Gaza Strip into the Gaza Envelope of Judah. It was the first invasion of Israeli-occupied Palestina since the 1948 Palestine War. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks Operation Al-Aqsa Flood (or Deluge; Arabic: عَمَلِيَّةُ طُوفَانِ الْأَقْصَى, romanized: ʿamaliyyat ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā, usually romanised as "Tufan Al-Aqsa" or "Toofan Al-Aqsa"),[1] while in Israel they are known as Black Sabbath (Saturday) (Hebrew: הַשַּׁבָּת הַשְּׁחוֹרָה)[2] or the In Simchat Torah, the slaughter (הַטֶּבַח בְּשִׂמְחַת תּוֹרָה),[3] and internationally as the 6th/7th October attack.[4][5][6], as it's claimed that Pro-Temple Activists, Kahanist, settler-actives, who want the Demolition of Masjid Al-Aqsa. The attacks started the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.

The attacks began early on 6/7 October with a launch of at least 3,000 rockets launched against Israel.[7][8] Hamas fighters entered the Gaza–Israel barrier, attacking military bases and killing civilians in 21 communities. 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded while attending a music festival.[9][10]

As of November 2023, the IDF said that about 3,000 terrorists invaded southern Israel.[11] In total the attackers killed 1,139 people: 695 Israeli civilians (including 38 children),[12] 71 foreign nationals, and 373 members of the security forces.[13] About 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were taken as hostages to the Gaza Strip, including 30 children.[14][15][16][17] The Hamas-P.I.J massively used rape as a weapon against Israeli residents, who are not Israeli and kidnapped hostages.[18][19]

Attack locations

[change | change source]
This table is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Attack Location Israelis and foreign nationals Physical destruction Palestinian militants References
Name Pop.[A] Total killed Civilians killed [B] Combatants killed[C] Hostages & POWs Killed POWs )Claimed the attack
7 October attacks on Israel Gaza Envelope and Southern Israel total pop. = total = 1,187 [23] total = total = total = Gaza–Israel barrier + military bases + kibbutzim + moshavim [en] [24][25]
Rocket attacks [en] 48 Israel
Attack on Erez crossing Military: Erez crossing crossing allegedly made unusable [26][27][28]
Battle of Sderot [en] Police station in Sderot computer server and connections[D] [29][30][31]
The town of Sderot 33,002 15+ [32]
Re'im music festival massacre Music festival near Re'im ~3500[E] 357+ 40 cars [35][36][37]
Kibbutz Re'im 422
Battle of Re'im Military: Re'im headquarters[F] [38][39][40]
Be'eri massacre [en] Kibbutz Be'eri 1,071 117+ Surveillance tower[41] [42]
Nahal Oz attack [en] Military: Nahal Oz lookout base 100+ [43] 66[44] none 15+ Base set on fire. [45][46]
Kibbutz Nahal Oz 479 12+ [47]
Kfar Aza massacre [en] Kibbutz Kfar Aza 787 52+ Weeapons tower destroyed[41] [48][49]
Zikim attack [en] Zikim Beach 35+ 19 Qassam naval commandos [50][51] [52][53][54][55]
Military: Zikim Training Base [en] 134[G] 7[H] [58][57][59]
Military: Yiftach outpost 5+[I] [60]
Kibbutz Zikim 918
Nir Oz massacre Kibbutz Nir Oz 380 27+ [J] [61]
Psyduck massacre Music festival between Nir Oz and Nirim ~100[K] 17 [62]
Nirim attack Kibbutz Nirim 416 5+ [63][64]
Netiv HaAsara massacre [en] Moshav Netiv HaAsara 948 21+ [65][66]
Alumim massacre Kibbutz Alumim 531 19+ [67][68]
Kissufim massacre Kibbutz Kissufim 294 16+ [69][70]
Holit massacre Kibbutz Holit 210 13+ [71]
Ein HaShlosha attack Kibbutz Ein HaShlosha 353 5+ [72]
Nir Yitzhak attack Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak 633 5+ [72]
Defence of Nir Am [he] Kibbutz Nir Am 726 none none none 1
Battle of Yated Moshav Yated 570 none none none none Communications and electricity infrastructure 15 [73][74][75]
Battle of Ofakim [he; ru; de; en] The town of Ofakim 35,506 47

Table footnotes:

  1. ↑ Civilian population data from 2022.[20][21]
  2. ↑ Most of the civilian areas on the Israeli side of the Gaza border had lightly armed volunteer security teams.[22]
  3. ↑ Usually includes only on duty police, military, and other professional armed security forces.
  4. ↑ The militants destroyed the computer system and communications in the Sderot police station, which disabled emergency services communications for the region.[29][30][31]
  5. ↑ Attendance at the festival was reported to be 3,500 but figures vary.[33] After the attack, relatives searching for missing loved ones said more than one thousand were at the event at the time of the attack.[34] Some festival attendees estimated 3,000–4,000 people.[34]
  6. ↑ Headquarters of the Gaza Division.[38]
  7. ↑ There were 14 soldiers in combat, plus 90 recruits and 30 administrative staff sheltering in place.[56]
  8. ↑ Six officers and one recruit were killed in the fighting before the militants withdrew.[57]
  9. ↑ Five soldiers in combat, but more were sheltering in place.[60]
  10. ↑ including the Bibas family.
  11. ↑ Approximately 100 people took part in the event.[62]

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ From the United Nations:
    • United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (9 October 2023). "Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (9 October 2023)" (Press release). ReliefWeb. United Nations (UN). Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023. On Saturday, 7 October — a Jewish sabbath day, the end of the weeklong Jewish festival of Sukkot, and a day after the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War — Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel.
    • United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) (7 October 2023). "UNRWA Situation Report #1 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip" (Situation Report). United Nations. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023. At 06:30 on the morning of 7 October 2023, Hamas launched "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood" with more than 5,000 rockets reportedly fired towards Israel from multiple locations in Gaza, as well as ground operation into Israel.
    • United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (20 October 2023). "Fact Sheet: Israel and Palestine Conflict (19 October 2023)" (Press release). ReliefWeb. United Nations. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023. On Saturday, 7 October...Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups launched Operation al-Aqsa Flood, a coordinated assault consisting of land and air attacks into multiple border areas of Israel.
  2. ↑ Waghorn, Dominic (23 October 2023). "This is a dangerous moment in Israel-Hamas war – and the rest of the world is holding its breath". Sky News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  3. ↑ Herzl, Tova (20 October 2023). "אל תשתמשו במילה "שואה" בקשר לטבח". Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  4. ↑ "Biden Energy Adviser to Discuss Lebanon Border Issues on Israel Trip". Asharq Al-Awsat. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. In the months before the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Palestinian Hamas militants who run the Gaza Strip, Hochstein said the United States was exploring the possibility of resolving the longstanding border dispute between Lebanon and Israel.
  5. ↑ "Hamas fighter says he is 'proud' of the October 7 attack on Israel and vows to keep fighting". Sky News. 10 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  6. ↑ Jason Burke (9 November 2023). "A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. Analysts said other objectives of the 7 October attacks probably included halting efforts to normalise relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, further undermining the Palestinian Authority, distracting from Hamas's failure to deliver services or break the blockade of Gaza, and provoking a violent reaction from Israel that would mobilise its own supporters in Gaza, the West Bank and elsewhere.
  7. ↑ Kubovich, Yaniv (17 October 2023). "The First Hours of the Israel-Hamas War: What Actually Took Place?". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  8. ↑ "Around 1,000 dead in Israel-Hamas war, as Lebanon's Hezbollah also launches strikes". South China Morning Post. 8 October 2023. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  9. ↑ "Israel revises death toll from Oct. 7 Hamas assault, dropping it from 1,400 to 1,200". Times of Israel. 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023.
  10. ↑ "Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200'". Reuters. 10 November 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023.
  11. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel; Pacchiani, Gianluca (1 November 2023). "IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  12. ↑ "38 children were killed, 20 orphaned on Oct. 7: 'The state did not pass the test of protecting them'". The Times of Israel. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  13. ↑ "Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths". France 24. 15 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  14. ↑ "Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners". Al-Jazeera. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  15. ↑ Yonah, Jeremy (19 October 2023). "IDF working on rescue ops for over 200 Israeli hostages in Gaza". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  16. ↑ McKernan, Bethan (7 October 2023). "Hamas launches surprise attack on Israel as Palestinian gunmen reported in south". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  17. ↑ "Video appears to show Hamas taking Israeli civilian hostage". NBC News. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  18. ↑ "Evidence points to systematic use of rape and sexual violence by Hamas in 7 October attacks | Israel-Gaza war | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. By cross-referencing testimonies given to police, published interviews with witnesses, and photo and video footage taken by survivors and first responders, the Guardian is aware of at least six sexual assaults for which multiple corroborating pieces of evidence exist. Two of those victims, who were murdered, were aged under 18.
    At least seven women who were killed were also raped in the attack, according to Prof Ruth Halperin-Kaddari, a legal scholar and international women's rights advocate, from her examination of evidence so far. The New York Times and NBC have both identified more than 30 killed women and girls whose bodies bear signs of abuse, such as bloodied genitals and missing clothes, and according to the Israeli welfare ministry, five women and one man have come forward seeking help for sexual abuse over the past few months.
  19. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Schwartz, Anat; Sella, Adam; Shaar-Yashuv, Avishag (28 December 2023). "'Screams Without Words': How Hamas Weaponized Sexual Violence on Oct. 7". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  20. ↑ "Regional Statistics". www.cbs.gov.il. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  21. ↑ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  22. ↑ Tzuri, Matan (12 October 2023). "Untrained, lacking proper arms, local security teams defended their Gaza border homes". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  23. ↑ "Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War". Haaretz. 23 October 2024. Archived from the original on 23 October 2024.
  24. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel; Pacchiani, Gianluca (1 November 2023). "IDF estimates 3,000 Hamas terrorists invaded Israel in Oct. 7 onslaught". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  25. ↑ "Why the Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know". 7 October 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  26. ↑ "Hundreds of Palestinians head to Erez Crossing: Roya correspondent". en.royanews.tv. Retrieved 7 October 2023.[permanent dead link]
  27. ↑ >"Israel shows major damage to Erez Crossing with Gaza following Hamas assault". Times of Israel. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  28. ↑ "Israel reopens Erez crossing for Gaza aid trucks 7 months after it was destroyed by Hamas". Times of Israel. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.[permanent dead link]
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Darnley-Stuart, Adam; West, Levi (14 November 2023). "MWI Podcast: Understanding Hamas—from Tactics to Strategy". Modern War Institute. Modern War Institute at West Point. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Darnley-Stuart, Adam; West, Levi. "Modern War Institute: Understanding Hamas: From Tactics to Strategy on Apple Podcasts". Modern War Institute Podcast. Apple Podcasts. Modern War Institute at West Point. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 West, Levi; Darnley-Stuart, Adam. "Irregular Warfare Podcast: Taking the Long View on Hamas on Apple Podcasts". Irregular Warfare Podcast. iTunes. Modern War Institute at West Point. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  32. ↑ Shaulov, Roni Green (17 October 2023). "Hamas war crimes: An elderly group gunned down at a bus stop". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  33. ↑ Lajka, Arijeta; Mellen, Riley (8 October 2023). "Video captures concertgoer being kidnapped by militants". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Morris, Loveday; Piper, Imogen; Sohyun Lee, Joyce; George, Susannah (8 October 2023). "How a night of dancing and revelry in Israel turned into a massacre". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  35. ↑ Hayun, Dedi (10 October 2023). "Abandoned cars underline panic at Israeli music festival where Hamas gunmen killed hundreds". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  36. ↑ From real time | The party that changed everything (in Hebrew). Kan 11. 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  37. ↑ "TV: Police probe of Re'im massacre shows terrorists didn't know about party in advance". The Times of Israel. 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "At least 7 Nepali injured, 17 held captive by Hamas in Israel: Nepal's envoy". ANI. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  39. ↑ Williams, Dan (7 October 2023). "How the Hamas attack on Israel unfolded". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  40. ↑ "Swords of Iron: Here is what happened on days 3, 4 and 5". The Jerusalem Post. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "How Israel's high-tech 'Iron Wall' crumbled under Hamas's Oct. 7 attack | Visual Forensics". Washington Post. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
  42. ↑ "Israel's 'Ground Zero:' The Be'eri Kibbutz was among the bloodiest scenes of the Hamas attack". ABC News. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  43. ↑ ben Kimon, Elisha (13 October 2023). "המשחררים של נחל עוז: קציני סיירת גבעתי מדברים על התופת והגבורה בקרב". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  44. ↑ . Retrieved 25 February 2024.

    Lecker, Maya. "On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  45. ↑ "Questions for IDF over fall of Israel border post Nahal Oz by Hamas on 7 October". www.bbc.com. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  46. ↑ Lecker, Maya. "On October 7, Sexism in Israel's Military Turned Lethal". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  47. ↑ (100+ killed in total in the base and Kibbutz) Cohen, Ido David (11 October 2023). צלם "ישראל היום", יניב זוהר, נרצח עם אשתו ושתי בנותיהם [Israel Today photographer, Yaniv Zohar, was murdered along with his wife and their two daughters]. הארץ (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  48. ↑ "52 murdered, 7 kidnapped: Full scale of Kfar Aza massacre revealed". Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  49. ↑ "More than 100 civilians were massacred at Kfar Aza kibbutz in Hamas attacks, Israeli soldiers say". France 24. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  50. ↑ "This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO". The Palestine Chronicle. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023.
  51. ↑ "Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base". aljazeera.net. 9 October 2023.
  52. ↑ הדיג האחרון: אריה ובנו אליהו יצאו לבלות יחד - ולא שבו [Final fishing trip: Arya and his son Eliyahu went out to spend time together - and did not return] (in Hebrew). Kan 11. 25 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  53. ↑ קוריאל, אילנה (4 November 2023). "אלינה בילתה עם חבריה, אריה ואלי יצאו לדוג: 19 נרצחו בחוף זיקים במתקפת הפתע". Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  54. ↑ "This is How Al-Qassam's Navel Units Stormed Zakim's Fortified Military Base – VIDEO". The Palestine Chronicle. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023.
  55. ↑ "Watch Qassam naval commandos storm Zikim military base". aljazeera.net. 9 October 2023.
  56. ↑ Glazer, Hilo (20 October 2023). "A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "קומץ מפקדים הצילו בגופם 90 טירונים. סיפורו של הקרב ההירואי בזיקים". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  58. ↑ "What happened in Israel? A breakdown of how Hamas attack unfolded". Al Jazeera Media Network. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  59. ↑ Glazer, Hilo (20 October 2023). "A Handful of Israeli Officers Saved 90 New Recruits From Hamas Terrorists. They Paid With Their Lives". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 ""זו הסיבה שאף אחד לא יודע מה קרה בזיקים: האזרחים מתים והחיילים לא מדברים"" (in Hebrew). 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  61. ↑ "IDF: Dozens of rockets fired from Lebanon, at least nine crossed into Israeli territory". Ynetnews. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 שמעוני, מור (1 December 2023). ""כשעלה הבוקר התחיל מטח, כל אחד רץ למקום אחר" | הטבח במסיבה המחתרתית" [When morning came, a barrage of rockets started and everyone scattered | The massacre at the underground party]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  63. ↑ Marev Saber (12 October 2023). קצין המשטרה שהציל את קיבוץ נירים - ונשאר להגן על הבית [The police officer who saved Kibbutz Nirim - and stayed to protect the house]. Israel Hayom (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  64. ↑ "Israel Says Hamas Militant Behind Kibbutz Massacre Killed". Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  65. ↑ Sharon, Jeremy. "'There was no air force, no soldiers, we were alone,' says Hamas massacre survivor". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  66. ↑ Tal Ariel (12 October 2023). ליל הבדולח של נתיב העשרה: הגבורה העילאית של אנשי המושב צמוד הגדר - שנתקלו ראשונים [The Kristallnacht of Netiv Ha'Thara: the supreme heroism of the people of the moshav near the fence — who were the first to encounter it]. Israel Hayom. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  67. ↑ Michael Tuchfeld (13 October 2023). כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים [A standby squad against dozens of terrorists: the battle that saved Kibbutz Alumim]. Makor Rishon (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  68. ↑ "Thai laborers, the 'working hands' of Israeli farming, pay with blood". The Times of Israel. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  69. ↑ Tzuri, Matan (12 October 2023). "Horrors unraveling: Hamas terrorists cold-bloodedly execute 90-year-old Israeli woman". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  70. ↑ Matan Tzuri; Sa'ar Hess; Yoav Zeyton; Ilana Kuriel; Hadar Gil-Ed; Eitan Glickman; Meir Turgeman (17 October 2023). יישוב אחרי יישוב: הנרצחים בטבח חמאס, העדויות המצמררות וסיפורי הגבורה [Settlement after settlement: the murdered in the Hamas massacre, the chilling testimonies and the stories of heroism]. Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  71. ↑ צורי, מתן (8 October 2023). "פורסמו שמותיהם של נרצחי קיבוץ חולית". Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 מלחמה בישראל: כל שמות ההרוגים וקורבנות הטבח שפורסמו [War in Israel: all the names of the dead and victims of the massacre published]. הארץ (in Hebrew). 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  73. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231126031634/https://jewishjournal.com/community/365485/in-the-aftermath-of-oct-7-traumatized-israelis-are-coming-to-america/
  74. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231125103014/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/378084
  75. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231119010952/https://besacenter.org/the-gaza-terror-offensive-october-7-8-2023/
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