Jump to content

Ine of Wessex: Difference between revisions

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Earlier diffNewer diff →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m fix bad template parameters and/or general cleanup using AWB
Tag: Disambiguation links
Line 6: Line 6:
| predecessor = [[Caedwalla of Wessex|Caedwalla]]
| predecessor = [[Caedwalla of Wessex|Caedwalla]]
| successor = [[Athelheard of Wessex|Athelheard]]
| successor = [[Athelheard of Wessex|Athelheard]]
| House = House of Wessex
| house = House of Wessex
| Spouse = Ethelburh of Wessex
| spouse = Ethelburh of Wessex
| father = Cenred, underking in Wessex
| father = Cenred, underking in Wessex
|birth_date = c. 670
|birth_date = c. 670
Line 14: Line 14:
|}}
|}}


'''Ine''' ([[:en:wikt:†|†]] 728) was a [[Wessex|West Saxon]] [[nobleman]] who was [[List of monarchs of Wessex|King of Wessex]] from 688 to 726. He established Wessex as a true [[:wikt:kingdom|kingdom]] by introducing a code of [[:wikt:laws|laws]]. He strengthened the position of the [[:en:wikt:Church|Church]] in Wessex. His long [[:wikt:reign|reign]] was the most successful of any West Saxon [[:wikt:king|king]] until [[Alfred the Great]].
'''Ine''' (died 728) was a [[Wessex|West Saxon]] [[nobleman]] who was [[List of monarchs of Wessex|King of Wessex]] from 688 to 726. He established Wessex as a true [[kingdom]] by introducing a code of [[law]]s. He strengthened the position of the [[Church]] in Wessex. His long [[reign]] was the most successful of any West Saxon [[king]] until [[Alfred the Great]].


== Atheling ==
== Atheling ==


Ine was the son of Cenred, an [[:en:wikt:underking|underking]] of Wessex.{{efn|Cenred was one of several underkings ruling in Wessex before Ine brought all of Wessex under his rule. Cenred's territory was centered on [[Dorset]] in the west.<ref name=Ashley308>Mike Ashley, ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens'' (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 308</ref> Cenred seems to have been one of his son's main advisors.<ref name=Stenton72>Frank Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 72</ref>}}<ref name=Ashley308/> [[Bede]] says of Ine that he was "of the blood royal" meaning he was an [[:en:wikt:atheling|atherling]].<ref>Bede; A M Sellar, ''Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: A Revised Translation with introduction, life, and notes'' (London: G. Bell, 1907), p. 314</ref> His brother was Ingild, ancestor of [[Alfred the Great]].<ref name=SchwenickeII77>Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 77</ref> His sister Cuthburh was married to King [[Aldfrith of Northumbria]].<ref name=SchwenickeII77/> She was the founder of [[w:Wimborne Minster (church)|Wimborne abbey]].{{efn|Cuthburh is listed in a deed of Aldhemlm, the first [[bishop]] of Sherborne. The deed is dated 705 and she is the first [[Abbess]] of this royal [[monastery]]. The date differs from that of the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]].<ref>Patricia Helen Coulstock, ''The Collegiate Church of Wimborne Minster'' (Woodbridge,UK; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1993), p. 35</ref>}}<ref>''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: According to Several Original Authorities'', ed. & trans. Benjamin Thorpe, Vol II (London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1861), p. 39</ref> Ine married Ethelburg, sister of [[Athelheard of Wessex|Athelheard]], Ine's successor.<ref name=SchwenickeII77/>
Ine was the son of Cenred, an [[:en:wikt:underking|underking]] of Wessex.{{efn|Cenred was one of several underkings ruling in Wessex before Ine brought all of Wessex under his rule. Cenred's territory was centered on [[Dorset]] in the west.<ref name=Ashley308>Mike Ashley, ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens'' (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 308</ref> Cenred seems to have been one of his son's main advisors.<ref name=Stenton72>Frank Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 72</ref>}}<ref name=Ashley308/> [[Bede]] says of Ine that he was "of the blood royal" meaning he was an [[atheling|atherling]].<ref>Bede; A M Sellar, ''Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: A Revised Translation with introduction, life, and notes'' (London: G. Bell, 1907), p. 314</ref> His brother was Ingild, ancestor of [[Alfred the Great]].<ref name=SchwenickeII77>Detlev Schwennicke, ''Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten'', Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 77</ref> His sister Cuthburh was married to King [[Aldfrith of Northumbria]].<ref name=SchwenickeII77/> She was the founder of [[Wimborne Minster (church)|Wimborne abbey]].{{efn|Cuthburh is listed in a deed of Aldhemlm, the first [[bishop]] of Sherborne. The deed is dated 705 and she is the first [[Abbess]] of this royal [[monastery]]. The date differs from that of the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]].<ref>Patricia Helen Coulstock, ''The Collegiate Church of Wimborne Minster'' (Woodbridge,UK; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1993), p. 35</ref>}}<ref>''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: According to Several Original Authorities'', ed. & trans. Benjamin Thorpe, Vol II (London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1861), p. 39</ref> Ine married Ethelburg, sister of [[Athelheard of Wessex|Athelheard]], Ine's successor.<ref name=SchwenickeII77/>


== King of Wessex ==
== King of Wessex ==


The former king, [[Caedwalla of Wessex|Caedwalla]], was one of Wessex's more important military leaders.<ref name=Schulman232>''The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary'', ed. Jana K. Schulman (Westport,CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), p. 232</ref> When he [[:en:wikt:abdicated|abdicated]] in 688 it left a [[w:Power vacuum|power vacuum]]. Wessex was broken up into several sub-kingdoms. Each was ruled by a underking. Ine many have started as a sub-king but before long was able to establish himself as the sole ruler of Wessex.<ref name=Ashley308/> Ine reorganized Wessex and established a system of [[:en:wikt:shires|shires]]. He removed the positions of sub-kings, or underkings, and replaced them with [[:en:wikt:ealdormen|ealdormen]].<ref>Barbara Yorke, ''Wessex in the early Middle Ages'' (London; New York: Leicester University Press, 1995). p. 92</ref> In many respects Ine was the first true king of Wessex.{{efn|Most of the "kings" of Wessex up to this time, while called kings, were more war-leaders or [[:en:wikt:chieftains|chieftains]].<ref name=Ashley308/>}}
The former king, [[Caedwalla of Wessex|Caedwalla]], was one of Wessex's more important military leaders.<ref name=Schulman232>''The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary'', ed. Jana K. Schulman (Westport,CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), p. 232</ref> When he [[abdicated]] in 688 it left a [[power vacuum]]. Wessex was broken up into several sub-kingdoms. Each was ruled by a underking. Ine many have started as a sub-king but before long was able to establish himself as the sole ruler of Wessex.<ref name=Ashley308/> Ine reorganized Wessex and established a system of [[shire]]s. He removed the positions of sub-kings, or underkings, and replaced them with [[:en:wikt:ealdormen|ealdormen]].<ref>Barbara Yorke, ''Wessex in the early Middle Ages'' (London; New York: Leicester University Press, 1995). p. 92</ref> In many respects Ine was the first true king of Wessex.{{efn|Most of the "kings" of Wessex up to this time, while called kings, were more war-leaders or [[:en:wikt:chieftains|chieftains]].<ref name=Ashley308/>}}


Ine wrote his laws between 688 and 694<ref name=Attenborough34>''The Laws of the Earliest English Kings'', ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 34</ref> He mentions in the [[:en:wikt:preamble|preamble]] bishop Erconwald who helped him. This is Erconwald who from 675 to 694 was bishop of [[Essex]] (London). He was replaced in 994 by Waldhere. But the mention of Ine's father still being alive points to the laws being written earlier in this period rather than later.<ref name=Attenborough34/> The laws of Ine are the first set of laws for the Saxons of Wessex.<ref name=Ashley308/> There were earlier law codes in Wessex. But none covered as wide a range of situations as a king or his officers might have to deal with.<ref>Frank Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 71-72</ref> For the next two centuries there were no law codes written after those of Ine. Not until Alfred the Great was a more extensive law code created.<ref name=Attenborough34/>
Ine wrote his laws between 688 and 694<ref name=Attenborough34>''The Laws of the Earliest English Kings'', ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 34</ref> He mentions in the [[:en:wikt:preamble|preamble]] bishop Erconwald who helped him. This is Erconwald who from 675 to 694 was bishop of [[Essex]] (London). He was replaced in 994 by Waldhere. But the mention of Ine's father still being alive points to the laws being written earlier in this period rather than later.<ref name=Attenborough34/> The laws of Ine are the first set of laws for the Saxons of Wessex.<ref name=Ashley308/> There were earlier law codes in Wessex. But none covered as wide a range of situations as a king or his officers might have to deal with.<ref>Frank Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 71-72</ref> For the next two centuries there were no law codes written after those of Ine. Not until Alfred the Great was a more extensive law code created.<ref name=Attenborough34/>


In 705 the king of Essex was sheltering [[:en:wikt:exiles|exiles]] from Wessex.<ref name=Stenton72/> This created a serious problem between the two kings. But finally the exiles were expelled after a threat by Ine to invade the East Saxon territory.<ref name=Kirby106/> A similar situation occurred in 722 when an exile named Ealdbert was received in Sussex. Ine invaded sussex as a result.<ref name=Stenton72/> In 725 Ine invaded again and this time Ealdberht was killed.<ref name=Stenton72/>
In 705 the king of Essex was sheltering [[:en:wikt:exiles|exiles]] from Wessex.<ref name=Stenton72/> This created a serious problem between the two kings. But finally the exiles were expelled after a threat by Ine to invade the East Saxon territory.<ref name=Kirby106/> A similar situation occurred in 722 when an exile named Ealdbert was received in Sussex. Ine invaded sussex as a result.<ref name=Stenton72/> In 725 Ine invaded again and this time Ealdberht was killed.<ref name=Stenton72/>
In 710 Ine was at war with Geraint, king of [[w:Dumnonia|Dumnonia]].<ref name=Kirby106>D. P. Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'', Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 106</ref> This was part of his campaign against the [[:en:wikt:Britons|Britons]] and expanding the borders of Wessex west to the [[River Tamar]].<ref name=Kirby106/> But he was unable to conqueror [[Cornwall]].<ref name=Ashley309>Mike Ashley, ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens'' (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 309</ref> Ine was defeated by the Cornish in 722 at the Tamar river.<ref name=Ashley309/> All through his reign Ine seems to have been on good terms with the [[Mercians]].<ref name=Ashley309/> There is only one incident; a battle at Wodnesbeorg in 715 between Ine and [[Ceolred of Mercia|Ceolred, King of Mercia]]. But the only source for this informaiton, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who won.<ref name=Stenton71>Frank Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 71</ref>
In 710 Ine was at war with Geraint, king of [[Dumnonia]].<ref name=Kirby106>D. P. Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'', Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 106</ref> This was part of his campaign against the [[Briton]]s and expanding the borders of Wessex west to the [[River Tamar]].<ref name=Kirby106/> But he was unable to conqueror [[Cornwall]].<ref name=Ashley309>Mike Ashley, ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens'' (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 309</ref> Ine was defeated by the Cornish in 722 at the Tamar river.<ref name=Ashley309/> All through his reign Ine seems to have been on good terms with the [[Mercians]].<ref name=Ashley309/> There is only one incident; a battle at Wodnesbeorg in 715 between Ine and [[Ceolred of Mercia|Ceolred, King of Mercia]]. But the only source for this informaiton, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who won.<ref name=Stenton71>Frank Stenton, ''Anglo-Saxon England'' (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 71</ref>


Ine was a strong supporter of the Church. While he resisted the creation of a second [[:en:wikt:bishopric|bishopric]] at [[w:Sherborne#History|Sherborne]], he did support the first bishop there in 705, bishop [[w:Aldhelm|Aldhelm]].{{efn|Aldhelm, later Saint Aldhelm, was a member of the royal House of Wessex and was related to king Ine.<ref>Michael Walsh, ''A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West'' (London; New York: Burns and Oats, 2007), pp. 21-22</ref>}}<ref name=Stenton71/> Ine supported the creation of an organized church in Wessex. Formerly it was just scattered monasteries and churches.<ref name=Stenton71/> Many of Ine's laws concerned the spiritual [[:wikt:welfare|welfare]] of his people. He law required [[baptism]] within thirty days of a child's birth, no working on sundays and the paying of church dues at [[:en:wikt:Martinmas|Martinmas]].<ref>''The Laws of the Earliest English Kings'', ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 36</ref> The first [[:en:wikt:synods|synods]] in Wessex trace back to his reign.<ref name=Stenton71/> The oldest surviving records shows Ine [[:wikt:presided|presided]] over these church [[:wikt:councils|councils]].<ref name=Stenton71/>
Ine was a strong supporter of the Church. While he resisted the creation of a second [[bishopric]] at [[Sherborne#History|Sherborne]], he did support the first bishop there in 705, bishop [[Aldhelm]].{{efn|Aldhelm, later Saint Aldhelm, was a member of the royal House of Wessex and was related to king Ine.<ref>Michael Walsh, ''A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West'' (London; New York: Burns and Oats, 2007), pp. 21-22</ref>}}<ref name=Stenton71/> Ine supported the creation of an organized church in Wessex. Formerly it was just scattered monasteries and churches.<ref name=Stenton71/> Many of Ine's laws concerned the spiritual [[welfare]] of his people. He law required [[baptism]] within thirty days of a child's birth, no working on sundays and the paying of church dues at [[Martinmas]].<ref>''The Laws of the Earliest English Kings'', ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 36</ref> The first [[synod]]s in Wessex trace back to his reign.<ref name=Stenton71/> The oldest surviving records shows Ine [[:wikt:presided|presided]] over these church [[council]]s.<ref name=Stenton71/>


In spite of his power and all his [[:en:wikt:accomplishments|accomplishments]] near the end of his long reign he had internal problems.<ref name=Ashley309/> There was [[:en:wikt:dissension|dissension]] among several of the West Saxon athelings. In 721 Ine killed a Cynewulf. For what reason is not clear, but it was at this time Ealdbert fled Wessex.<ref name=Ashley309/> In 722 he was besieged by Ine's queen, Ethelburg at [[Taunton]]. The queen's involvement seems to indicate Ealdbert was a member of the family, possibly their son. He escaped only to be killed three years later (see above).<ref name=Ashley309/> Whatever their relationship, Ine seems to have become very tired. In 726 he abdicated the throne and went to [[Rome]]. Less than two years later (728) he died there.<ref name=Ashley309/> He stated he was leaving the kingdom "to younger men" and made no attempt to name an heir.<ref name=Ashley309/> He was succeeded by [[Athelheard of Wessex|Athelheard]].
In spite of his power and all the things he did near the end of his long reign he had internal problems.<ref name=Ashley309/> There was [[:en:wikt:dissension|dissension]] among several of the West Saxon athelings. In 721 Ine killed a Cynewulf. For what reason is not clear, but it was at this time Ealdbert fled Wessex.<ref name=Ashley309/> In 722 he was besieged by Ine's queen, Ethelburg at [[Taunton]]. The queen's involvement seems to indicate Ealdbert was a member of the family, possibly their son. He escaped only to be killed three years later (see above).<ref name=Ashley309/> Whatever their relationship, Ine seems to have become very tired. In 726 he abdicated the throne and went to [[Rome]]. Less than two years later (728) he died there.<ref name=Ashley309/> He stated he was leaving the kingdom "to younger men" and made no attempt to name an heir.<ref name=Ashley309/> He was succeeded by [[Athelheard of Wessex|Athelheard]].


== Family ==
== Family ==
Line 37: Line 37:
There is no mention in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of Ine's wife or children. Ine's brother and two sisters are recorded:
There is no mention in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of Ine's wife or children. Ine's brother and two sisters are recorded:


* Ingeld ([[:en:wikt:†|†]] 718), was Ine's brother.<ref name=Wheeler164>G. H. Wheeler, 'The Genealogy of the Early West Saxon Kings', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 36, No. 142 (Apr., 1921), p. 164</ref>
* Ingeld (died 718), was Ine's brother.<ref name=Wheeler164>G. H. Wheeler, 'The Genealogy of the Early West Saxon Kings', ''The English Historical Review'', Vol. 36, No. 142 (Apr., 1921), p. 164</ref>
* Cuenburg, Ine's sister.<ref name=Wheeler164/>
* Cuenburg, Ine's sister.<ref name=Wheeler164/>
* Cuthburh, Ine's sister.<ref name=Wheeler164/>
* Cuthburh, Ine's sister.<ref name=Wheeler164/>

Revision as of 05:17, 29 March 2022

Ine
King of Wessex
Reign688–726
PredecessorCaedwalla
SuccessorAthelheard
Bornc. 670
Died728
Rome
ConsortEthelburh of Wessex
HouseHouse of Wessex
FatherCenred, underking in Wessex

Ine (died 728) was a West Saxon nobleman who was King of Wessex from 688 to 726. He established Wessex as a true kingdom by introducing a code of laws. He strengthened the position of the Church in Wessex. His long reign was the most successful of any West Saxon king until Alfred the Great.

Atheling

Ine was the son of Cenred, an underking of Wessex.[a][1] Bede says of Ine that he was "of the blood royal" meaning he was an atherling.[3] His brother was Ingild, ancestor of Alfred the Great.[4] His sister Cuthburh was married to King Aldfrith of Northumbria.[4] She was the founder of Wimborne abbey.[b][6] Ine married Ethelburg, sister of Athelheard, Ine's successor.[4]

King of Wessex

The former king, Caedwalla, was one of Wessex's more important military leaders.[7] When he abdicated in 688 it left a power vacuum. Wessex was broken up into several sub-kingdoms. Each was ruled by a underking. Ine many have started as a sub-king but before long was able to establish himself as the sole ruler of Wessex.[1] Ine reorganized Wessex and established a system of shires. He removed the positions of sub-kings, or underkings, and replaced them with ealdormen.[8] In many respects Ine was the first true king of Wessex.[c]

Ine wrote his laws between 688 and 694[9] He mentions in the preamble bishop Erconwald who helped him. This is Erconwald who from 675 to 694 was bishop of Essex (London). He was replaced in 994 by Waldhere. But the mention of Ine's father still being alive points to the laws being written earlier in this period rather than later.[9] The laws of Ine are the first set of laws for the Saxons of Wessex.[1] There were earlier law codes in Wessex. But none covered as wide a range of situations as a king or his officers might have to deal with.[10] For the next two centuries there were no law codes written after those of Ine. Not until Alfred the Great was a more extensive law code created.[9]

In 705 the king of Essex was sheltering exiles from Wessex.[2] This created a serious problem between the two kings. But finally the exiles were expelled after a threat by Ine to invade the East Saxon territory.[11] A similar situation occurred in 722 when an exile named Ealdbert was received in Sussex. Ine invaded sussex as a result.[2] In 725 Ine invaded again and this time Ealdberht was killed.[2] In 710 Ine was at war with Geraint, king of Dumnonia.[11] This was part of his campaign against the Britons and expanding the borders of Wessex west to the River Tamar.[11] But he was unable to conqueror Cornwall.[12] Ine was defeated by the Cornish in 722 at the Tamar river.[12] All through his reign Ine seems to have been on good terms with the Mercians.[12] There is only one incident; a battle at Wodnesbeorg in 715 between Ine and Ceolred, King of Mercia. But the only source for this informaiton, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who won.[13]

Ine was a strong supporter of the Church. While he resisted the creation of a second bishopric at Sherborne, he did support the first bishop there in 705, bishop Aldhelm.[d][13] Ine supported the creation of an organized church in Wessex. Formerly it was just scattered monasteries and churches.[13] Many of Ine's laws concerned the spiritual welfare of his people. He law required baptism within thirty days of a child's birth, no working on sundays and the paying of church dues at Martinmas.[15] The first synods in Wessex trace back to his reign.[13] The oldest surviving records shows Ine presided over these church councils.[13]

In spite of his power and all the things he did near the end of his long reign he had internal problems.[12] There was dissension among several of the West Saxon athelings. In 721 Ine killed a Cynewulf. For what reason is not clear, but it was at this time Ealdbert fled Wessex.[12] In 722 he was besieged by Ine's queen, Ethelburg at Taunton. The queen's involvement seems to indicate Ealdbert was a member of the family, possibly their son. He escaped only to be killed three years later (see above).[12] Whatever their relationship, Ine seems to have become very tired. In 726 he abdicated the throne and went to Rome. Less than two years later (728) he died there.[12] He stated he was leaving the kingdom "to younger men" and made no attempt to name an heir.[12] He was succeeded by Athelheard.

Family

There is no mention in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of Ine's wife or children. Ine's brother and two sisters are recorded:

  • Ingeld (died 718), was Ine's brother.[16]
  • Cuenburg, Ine's sister.[16]
  • Cuthburh, Ine's sister.[16]

Notes

  1. ↑ Cenred was one of several underkings ruling in Wessex before Ine brought all of Wessex under his rule. Cenred's territory was centered on Dorset in the west.[1] Cenred seems to have been one of his son's main advisors.[2]
  2. ↑ Cuthburh is listed in a deed of Aldhemlm, the first bishop of Sherborne. The deed is dated 705 and she is the first Abbess of this royal monastery. The date differs from that of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.[5]
  3. ↑ Most of the "kings" of Wessex up to this time, while called kings, were more war-leaders or chieftains.[1]
  4. ↑ Aldhelm, later Saint Aldhelm, was a member of the royal House of Wessex and was related to king Ine.[14]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 308
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 72
  3. ↑ Bede; A M Sellar, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: A Revised Translation with introduction, life, and notes (London: G. Bell, 1907), p. 314
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 77
  5. ↑ Patricia Helen Coulstock, The Collegiate Church of Wimborne Minster (Woodbridge,UK; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1993), p. 35
  6. ↑ The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: According to Several Original Authorities, ed. & trans. Benjamin Thorpe, Vol II (London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1861), p. 39
  7. ↑ The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. Jana K. Schulman (Westport,CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), p. 232
  8. ↑ Barbara Yorke, Wessex in the early Middle Ages (London; New York: Leicester University Press, 1995). p. 92
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 The Laws of the Earliest English Kings, ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 34
  10. ↑ Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 71-72
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 106
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New york: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 309
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 71
  14. ↑ Michael Walsh, A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West (London; New York: Burns and Oats, 2007), pp. 21-22
  15. ↑ The Laws of the Earliest English Kings, ed. & trans. F. L. Attenborough (Clark, NJ: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006), p. 36
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 G. H. Wheeler, 'The Genealogy of the Early West Saxon Kings', The English Historical Review, Vol. 36, No. 142 (Apr., 1921), p. 164

Other websites

Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ine_of_Wessex&oldid=8137542"