Books by Parvaneh Khosravizadeh
""پیشگفتار ناشر:
زبان‌شناسی رایانشی یکی از جوان‌ت... more ""پیشگفتار ناشر:
زبان‌شناسی رایانشی یکی از جوان‌ترین و پرکاربردترین علوم جهان است که درک چگونگی عملکرد زبان و مدل‌سازی آن برای رایانه محور اصلی پژوهش های آن را تشکیل می‌دهد و محصول نهایی آن ایجاد فناوری‌هایی در حوزه پردازش زبان طبیعی است. از این رو تعامل میان متخصصین حوزه علوم فنی-مهندسی و پژوهشگران دانش زبان شناسی را به همراه دارد.
در رویکردهای نوین به زبان‌شناسی رایانشی، متخصصین علوم زبان‌شناسی، مهندسی برق، مهندسی کامپیوتر، مهندسی پزشکی، هوش مصنوعی، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و علوم شناختی به یاری يکدیگر می‌شتابند تا حاصل پژوهش‌های خود را به دستاوردهایی کاربردی تبدیل کنند. گسترش روزافزون این علم در جهان و گستره وسیع علومی که به نوعی در تعامل با زبان‌شناسی رایانشی قرار می‌گیرند لزوم پرداختن به این شاخه علمی نوپا را به ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر تبدیل کرده است.
خوشبختانه این امر از دید پژوهشگران ایرانی نیز دور نمانده و متخصصین این حوزه علمی دستاوردهایی ارزشمند در زمینه پردازش زبان فارسی ارائه کرده‌اند. نظر به اینکه بومی سازی هر علم نیازمند معادل‌یابی و معادل‌گذاری اصطلاحات آن علم است، تالیف فرهنگ‌های توصیفی برای علوم نوپا و رو به رشد، ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر تلقی می‌شود. با توجه به گسترش روزافزون این علم و گستره پژوهشگرانی که در زمینه‌های نظری و کاربردی حوزه‌هایی چون زبان‌شناسی، علوم شناختی، هوش مصنوعی، ترجمه ماشینی، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، طراحی موتورهای جستجوگر، استخراج اطلاعات از پیکره‌های زبانی، پردازش گفتار، تبدیل متن به گفتار، تبدیل گفتار به متن و تهیه بانک‌های اطلاعاتی فعالیت دارند، ارایه توصیفی جامع و مانع از هر یک از این اصطلاحات تلاشی ارزشمند در جهت یاری رساندن به دانش پژوهان این حوزه علمی است. کتاب حاضر کوششی در جهت پاسخ به این نیاز علمی است.
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"جهان امروز با استفاده از امکانات فناوری نوین به راستی به دهکده ای کوچک تبدیل شده است دهکده ای که... more "جهان امروز با استفاده از امکانات فناوری نوین به راستی به دهکده ای کوچک تبدیل شده است دهکده ای که اهالی آن در فضایی مجازی زندگی می کنند و همچون آلیس در سرزمین عجایب هر روز با شگفتی تازه ای روبه رو می شوند. دهکده جهانی امروز به ابزارهایی کارآمد نیاز دارد تا ساکنین آن با زبان ها، فرهنگ ها و قومیت های مختلف بتوانند به بحث و تبادل نظر با یکدیگر بپردازند ، از یافته های هم بهره گیرند و به پیش برد اهداف هم کمک کنند. امروز دیگر مترجمین انسانی به تنهایی پاسخ گوی این نیاز همه جانبه نیستند، پس علمی که به تولید لحظه ای دانش می پردازد، باید برای رفع این مشکل نیز چاره ای بیابد.
آیا تحقق آرزوی دیرینه بشر برای دستیابی به زبانی مشترک به یاری یافته های نوین علم و فناوری امکان پذیر است؟ کتاب ترجمه و فناوری نگاهی چندجانبه به این مساله دارد. "
Constructive Realism, the New Aspects in epistemological movement
Translators' Introduction
Alt... more Constructive Realism, the New Aspects in epistemological movement
Translators' Introduction
Although philosophical insights have root in antiquity of the history, its examination has always been full of new and generating issues, and it has been extended into many interdisciplinary sciences.
The book you have in hand, is translated from the English version of one of the most recent aspects of the philosophy of science, "Constructive Realism" (the original version is in German), which is established and written by the introducer of this point of view, Dr. Fritz Walner, Professor of the State University of Vienna.
In addition to this translation, other translations of this book in Chinese, Spanish, Italian and Urdu have been also published.
According to the author's point of view, "Constructive Realism" is an integrative epistemological system, through which one can approach and judge the whole European philosophy.
In this book, the author has a quick but profound look at the view points of the great European philosophers such as: Kant, Hume, Hegel, Comte, Mach, Poincare, Schopenhauer, Popper, Quine, Kuhn, Feyerabend, Maturana, Carnap, Déscarts, Neurath, Wittgenstein, Einstein, and the philosophers of science as well, and compares his views with those of these giants of the world of philosophy. In this respect, he has presented a new aspect of science and nature, and has reconciled, with an approach completely different from others, scientific improvements with natural environmental realities.
The translators had the opportunity to get acquainted with Professor Walner's view point closely in a symposium titled "Interpretive Processes and Environmental Fitting (IPEF 97)" held in the Intelligent Systems Research Faculty of the Fundamental Sciences Research University in October, 1997 (Mehr,1376).
In the translation of this book, we have tried our best to remain loyal to the original version. We have not added anything to the original version, neither have we omitted anything. Our only aim has been to translate the author's views exactly as they are. To this end, loyalty in translation has been the precondition of our job. But we should mention that some minor corrections have been made by or with the permission of Professor Walner in the original script (the English version). In these cases, we have translated from the corrected text.
It should be noted that, because some of the key concepts of this book are new and are used for the first time, inevitably, we had to coin Persian equivalents. In this regard, we have taken advantage of valuable comments of experts, indeed.
Finally, we appreciate the efforts and cooperation of all those who assisted us in this way. Especially, the respected Professor, Dr. Badi'e, who was our main collaborator and encourager in translating this book. Furthermore, other collaborators especially Mr. Mojtaba Kiani, MS Philosophy student of Allameh Tabatabai University, and his colleague, Ms. Melody Amirasgari, who helped us attentively during the process of supervision and revision of the translation.
Also, we kindly appreciate the distinguished Professor, Mr. Mehdi Gohari and Mr. Behrooz Minaiee and the colleague translator, Seyyed Abbas Seyyedi.
It should be mentioned that although the translators of this book are recently acquainted with "Constructive Realism" in the philosophy of science, thus, have no special position on the subject, with the introduction of this considerable view point, they have hoped to have done a service, even though little, to scientific community.
We hope the authorities and experts of the field do us a favor by offering their viewpoints and suggestions.
Soheil Bigdeli
Parvaneh Khosravizadeh
Purpose of the Textbook
General English for Science and Engineering Students is a textbook for ... more Purpose of the Textbook
General English for Science and Engineering Students is a textbook for a three-credit general English course. It promotes the development of the four language skills in a variety of ways throughout one semester and enables learners to proceed smoothly from one lesson to another.
The purpose of this book is to prepare students for ESP courses. Although its design is primarily based on academic topics, it follows an integrated syllabus, covering academic topics, language structures, and reading skills. A needs analysis was run to select proper topics in terms of intended learners’ interest, their proficiency level, and the difficulty of the passages. As a result, texts allow the communicative aspects of learning to be fostered and linguistic competence to be developed. Further, the authentic and interesting nature of the reading passages stimulates the expression of ideas in both controlled and free discussions. It follows that the lessons focus on both the process and the product of language learning.
Textbook Components
This book is accompanied by a teacher’s manual and an audio CD recorded by a native speaker from which learners can benefit in developing their pronunciation, intonation, and stress. It also includes a vocabulary list to provide students with the opportunity to review all vocabulary items they have learned during the semester. The multimedia CD has been provided in order to incorporate CALL into teaching and facilitate learning as well as fostering learner autonomy.
Papers by Parvaneh Khosravizadeh
To date many researchers have examined the effect of category typicality on the ordering of words... more To date many researchers have examined the effect of category typicality on the ordering of words in the sentence production among normal people. They mostly have found out that typical items are more prior than atypical ones. They also unanimously confirmed that the results are affected by either word frequency or conceptual variable. In this study, it is decided to expand the experiment among intellectually challenged subjects to compare the results with the ones obtained from normal ones. Furthermore, the effect of typicality on word order in some Persian collocations has been tested. Experiment 1 is administered among normal students, while experiment 2 is administered among abnormal (mentally retarded) ones in order to investigate the effect of typicality on word order in both groups. Word pairs of both same and different categories have taken into considerations in this study.
The inceptions of new technological aids, i.e. machine translation, that are at disposal of indiv... more The inceptions of new technological aids, i.e. machine translation, that are at disposal of individual translators are becoming increasingly important to consolidate different strands in the domain of translation studies. To study the features of translated texts-including biblical, literary, and political-at the semantic level of processing, Google translation that is already functioning among a wide range of disciplines has been overarching such a sustained commitment to the task of translator in this study. Translation studies are therefore entangled with an array of interdisciplinary approaches to introduce the new areas of machine translation to theorists and specify the emerging algorithmic paths to computational linguists. The issues raised and developments outlined in this analytical study give a full rein to human involvement to provide remedial support to machine translation, particularly Google translation, and generate the impression of installing automated semantic level of processing of a variety of texts in line with the future wealth of ideas.
The following essay means to compare and contrast two superheroes, Esfandiar from Shah Name by Fi... more The following essay means to compare and contrast two superheroes, Esfandiar from Shah Name by Firdausi and Achilles from Iliad by Homer. The main purpose behind making this choice is that primarily these two represent very famous and tangible examples from the world of myths. Furthermore, they can be good models for indicating the culture and beliefs of Persian and Greek people, which can be traced back in a holistic worldview about myths in general. This paper aims to show how an epic writer creates and at last destroys a typical super hero. The highlighted points in this study are; 1) the reason why they are given physical flaws, while they are considered much mightier than other ordinary human beings, and 2) why they are created in such an exaggerated way and then they are killed. The first result of this paper will point to the fact that they are bound to these flaws to be made digestible for human being's cognition. The second conclusion is related to the fact that they will die, because the epic writer tries to convey a metaphorical message. He shows that although the balance of nature (the accepted cognitive perceptions) is apparently violated at first, but eventually, mother of nature takes control and reshapes everything back into normal even if the process takes some extreme measures such as killing and destroying some super powerful human.
This paper contains a comparison of a famous female poet from Iran and a well-known poet from the... more This paper contains a comparison of a famous female poet from Iran and a well-known poet from the USA. In this paper issues such as the contexts they produced their work, the type of poems they wrote, and the type of audience they offered their work to, are examined. There is also an analysis of the acceptance as well as the critics of their poems and how they were viewed in the eyes of the readers who responded to their poems. Some of the views of the contemporary scholars are given in order to give a clear view of the similarities and the differences that exist between the styles of these two poets. A sample of each writer's poem is chosen which gives the readers a clearer understanding as to what the framework of their poetry looked like. Introduction:
Lingoistica, Jun 1, 2011
The focus of this study is to analyze the extent to which the maxim of quantity is either violate... more The focus of this study is to analyze the extent to which the maxim of quantity is either violated or flouted by the two main characters, in a movie entitled “Dinner for Schmucks”. In addition, it seeks to find if there is any occasion in which one party opts out of the conversation. Dinner for Schmucks is an American movie which is the second version of A French film Le Diner de Cons; (dinner game). The reason for selecting this movie is that it has a comedy genre and as it is common in most comedies, one of the characters favorably and expectedly has the most loquacious trait, and there is a great chance that he/she repeatedly either violates or flouts the conversational maxims. The findings of this study indicate that in five occasions the characters violated the maxim of quantity. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that although cooperative principle describes the best practices in communication in order to facilitate the process of conversation to be smoother for both the listener and speaker, people frequently disobey these maxims in order to achieve certain purposes.
Lingoistica, Jun 1, 2011
The focus of this study is to analyze the extent to which the maxim of quantity is either violate... more The focus of this study is to analyze the extent to which the maxim of quantity is either violated or flouted by the two main characters, in a movie entitled “Dinner for Schmucks”. In addition, it seeks to find if there is any occasion in which one party opts out of the conversation. Dinner for Schmucks is an American movie which is the second version of A French film Le Diner de Cons; (dinner game). The reason for selecting this movie is that it has a comedy genre and as it is common in most comedies, one of the characters favorably and expectedly has the most loquacious trait, and there is a great chance that he/she repeatedly either violates or flouts the conversational maxims. The findings of this study indicate that in five occasions the characters violated the maxim of quantity. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that although cooperative principle describes the best practices in communication in order to facilitate the process of conversation to be smoother for both the listener and speaker, people frequently disobey these maxims in order to achieve certain purposes.
BRAIN – Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2018
In this paper we take a look at how the language of Online classes (MOOCs) differs from those of ... more In this paper we take a look at how the language of Online classes (MOOCs) differs from those of real classes. Three corpora were created for this analysis; MOOC corpus, Lecture Capture corpus, and Philosophy Lecture Capture. Three factors were used in the study: Formality, Sentiment analysis, vocabulary analysis. Formality score was used to understand how formal the text is. Sentiment categorization of words was used to realize the positivity of the words used in the classes and finally top words used in corpora was analyzed to understand the usage. It was realized that the formality measure of real classes is slightly lower than online classes and professors use more positive words in real classes than online classes and the vocabulary usage is heavily under the influence of subject.
The current study investigated the attitudes of 140 Iranian English language learners toward Worl... more The current study investigated the attitudes of 140 Iranian English language learners toward World Englishes. The participants were required to listen to recordings of the same natural speech from a series of speakers with ve di erent accents. The results showed that the participants had a more positive attitude toward American and British English. On the other hand, African-American Vernacular English received the lowest level and Persian English and Australian English were in the middle of this scale. While American English was evaluated as the most socially attractive and African-American as the least socially attractive, British and African-American accents were evaluated as of the highest and lowest social status, respectively. The results further showed that, both American and British accents have high quality. Australian English was in the middle point while Persian and African-American accents were at the end of the scale, respectively.
BRAND. Broad Research in Accounting, Negotiation, and Distribution, 2011
The present study tries to investigate the people's attitude to the use of English words in TV co... more The present study tries to investigate the people's attitude to the use of English words in TV commercials, brand-naming and shop signs in Iran and specifically in Tehran where due to the fact that it is the capital, more English might be used for the sake of foreigners. The widespread use of English shop signs and English brand names for recently produced goods drove the researchers to investigate peoples' attitude as consumers from two aspects of age and education. To reach the research goal, a questionnaire was devised and distributed to 100 people at random selection probing their attitudes while considering two factors of age and education. The result of the research will mostly benefit sociolinguists and business marketers.
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience , 2011
This study is an attempt to explore the difference between acquiring new words with different sem... more This study is an attempt to explore the difference between acquiring new words with different semantic fields to which they belong. In other words, the purpose of this study is to scrutinize the contribution of semantic field theory in learning new vocabulary items in an EFL setting. Thirty-eight students of three different levels of education took part in this research. They were exposed to some new words from four different semantic fields, and then they were tested on their acquisition of the words meaning. This exposure was through reading texts and the aim of reading was just comprehension, therefore the words were acquired incidentally. The outcome showed significant differences between groups with different levels of education regarding retention of words from different semantic fields.
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience , 2011
A word-list recall is an experiment that examines the effect of age on the change in memory. The ... more A word-list recall is an experiment that examines the effect of age on the change in memory. The ability to understand or use language is more or less dependent on the memory capacity. Any person may know what s/he wants to say but may not be able to say it if the memory does not help. We use some form of memory in all aspects of language processing. Whatever we have in our mind is stored whether for seconds, hours, or years. By short-term memory, a person can remember different things for a period of seconds or minutes only. By rehearsal, the duration and the quantity of storage will increase. Therefore, rehearsal transforms the short-term memory into the long-term memory. This experiment, which examines the number of words recalled by different age groups after presenting a word list, reveals that the younger a person the more are the words he or she recalls. The experiment also reveals that semantically related words have greater chance to be remembered when they are compared with unrelated words.
BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience , 2011
The present study is a review of the key concepts in relation to the nature of handedness and in ... more The present study is a review of the key concepts in relation to the nature of handedness and in line with that, the phenomenon of brain lateralization. To this end, a number of articles have been overviewed and the critical concepts such as handedness and its main features, the theoretical bases for this phenomenon, the nature and functions of lateralization, and the relationship between these two concepts have been shed light on for a better understanding. Finally, the general differences between the left-handers vs. right-handers have been drawn into consideration.
Advanced Biomedical Research, 2015
Aphasia is a language disorder caused by left hemisphere damage. For treatment of aphasia, in som... more Aphasia is a language disorder caused by left hemisphere damage. For treatment of aphasia, in some of therapeutic approaches, the right hemisphere (RH) abilities, such as, emotional perception, is used for stimulation of the language process in the left hemisphere. The aim of this study is to investigate emotional word repetition in aphasia after a stroke, in Persian language patients. Fifteen aphasic patients (eleven male and four female) between 45 and 65 (58/4 ± 7/8) years of age, participated in this cross-sectional study. A list of 20 emotional words and a list of 20 neutral words as stimuli were prepared and the patients were asked to repeat each word after five seconds; if a patient needed to repeat a word again, it was repeated for him/her again, and the total score for each subject was calculated. The paired t-test was used to test group mean differences and the significant level was 0.05. The mean and standard deviation for emotional word repetitions were 6.93 ± 1.72 and for non-emotional word repetition was 7.10 ± 2.23, and the P value = 0.892, thus, no significant difference between emotional and non-emotional word repetitions was noticed. The mean and standard deviation for the positive emotional word repetitions were 3.53 ± 3.29 and for negative word repetitions were 3.40 ± 3.56, (P = 0.751), with no significant difference between positive and negative emotional word repetitions. Despite the main hypothesis that the right hemisphere is involved in the processing of emotions, it can be stated that both hemispheres are involved in the processing of emotional words, albeit in a different and probably complementary manner.
در فرایند استخراج و بازیابی اطلاعات، تشابهیابی دادههای موجود در فضای مجازی از اهمیت خاصی برخورد... more در فرایند استخراج و بازیابی اطلاعات، تشابهیابی دادههای موجود در فضای مجازی از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است. در پژوهش حاضر، از الگوریتم اطلاعات متقابل نقطهای (PMI) جهت تشخیص شباهت معنایی جفت واژهها استفاده شده است. دادههای آماری این پژوهش از جستارهای موتور جستجوی وب بدست آمده است. جهت سنجش درصد درستی الگوریتم از نمونه سوالات چهار گزینهای کلمات مترادف تافل استفاده شده و مقادیر بدست آمده از ترجمه فارسی سوالات، با نمونه مشابه انگلیسی آن مقایسه شده است. دقت عملکرد این الگوریتم در تشخیص شباهت معنایی جفت واژهها در نمونه مشابه انگلیسی 74 درصد و در پژوهش حاضر 60 درصد بوده است.
کليد واژه¬ها: اطلاعات متقابل نقطهای، اطلاعات مشترک، استخراج اطلاعات، احتمال شرطی، هممعنایی
In this paper, we aim to predict the approximate frequency of metaphorical concepts in Persian la... more In this paper, we aim to predict the approximate frequency of metaphorical concepts in Persian language. As a first step, we apply LDA topic modeling on so-called Bijankhan corpus to extract topics. The extracted topics carry the words which share the most natural semantic proximity. Then, we develop a system for classifying natural and metaphorical sentences. Using the words of the topics, our system determines an overall topic for each sentence in the corpus. This system works on the assumption that if the overall topic of the sentence diverges from the topic of a word in the sentence, metaphoricity is detected. We have evaluated the system manually on 100 sentences and achieved the f-measure of 68.17%. Finally, we experiment and conclude that every at least two and at most four sentence seen in the corpus carries metaphoricity.
Keywords: Frequency, Persian language, LDA, Metaphoricity
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Books by Parvaneh Khosravizadeh
زبان‌شناسی رایانشی یکی از جوان‌ترین و پرکاربردترین علوم جهان است که درک چگونگی عملکرد زبان و مدل‌سازی آن برای رایانه محور اصلی پژوهش های آن را تشکیل می‌دهد و محصول نهایی آن ایجاد فناوری‌هایی در حوزه پردازش زبان طبیعی است. از این رو تعامل میان متخصصین حوزه علوم فنی-مهندسی و پژوهشگران دانش زبان شناسی را به همراه دارد.
در رویکردهای نوین به زبان‌شناسی رایانشی، متخصصین علوم زبان‌شناسی، مهندسی برق، مهندسی کامپیوتر، مهندسی پزشکی، هوش مصنوعی، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و علوم شناختی به یاری يکدیگر می‌شتابند تا حاصل پژوهش‌های خود را به دستاوردهایی کاربردی تبدیل کنند. گسترش روزافزون این علم در جهان و گستره وسیع علومی که به نوعی در تعامل با زبان‌شناسی رایانشی قرار می‌گیرند لزوم پرداختن به این شاخه علمی نوپا را به ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر تبدیل کرده است.
خوشبختانه این امر از دید پژوهشگران ایرانی نیز دور نمانده و متخصصین این حوزه علمی دستاوردهایی ارزشمند در زمینه پردازش زبان فارسی ارائه کرده‌اند. نظر به اینکه بومی سازی هر علم نیازمند معادل‌یابی و معادل‌گذاری اصطلاحات آن علم است، تالیف فرهنگ‌های توصیفی برای علوم نوپا و رو به رشد، ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر تلقی می‌شود. با توجه به گسترش روزافزون این علم و گستره پژوهشگرانی که در زمینه‌های نظری و کاربردی حوزه‌هایی چون زبان‌شناسی، علوم شناختی، هوش مصنوعی، ترجمه ماشینی، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، طراحی موتورهای جستجوگر، استخراج اطلاعات از پیکره‌های زبانی، پردازش گفتار، تبدیل متن به گفتار، تبدیل گفتار به متن و تهیه بانک‌های اطلاعاتی فعالیت دارند، ارایه توصیفی جامع و مانع از هر یک از این اصطلاحات تلاشی ارزشمند در جهت یاری رساندن به دانش پژوهان این حوزه علمی است. کتاب حاضر کوششی در جهت پاسخ به این نیاز علمی است.
""
آیا تحقق آرزوی دیرینه بشر برای دستیابی به زبانی مشترک به یاری یافته های نوین علم و فناوری امکان پذیر است؟ کتاب ترجمه و فناوری نگاهی چندجانبه به این مساله دارد. "
Translators' Introduction
Although philosophical insights have root in antiquity of the history, its examination has always been full of new and generating issues, and it has been extended into many interdisciplinary sciences.
The book you have in hand, is translated from the English version of one of the most recent aspects of the philosophy of science, "Constructive Realism" (the original version is in German), which is established and written by the introducer of this point of view, Dr. Fritz Walner, Professor of the State University of Vienna.
In addition to this translation, other translations of this book in Chinese, Spanish, Italian and Urdu have been also published.
According to the author's point of view, "Constructive Realism" is an integrative epistemological system, through which one can approach and judge the whole European philosophy.
In this book, the author has a quick but profound look at the view points of the great European philosophers such as: Kant, Hume, Hegel, Comte, Mach, Poincare, Schopenhauer, Popper, Quine, Kuhn, Feyerabend, Maturana, Carnap, Déscarts, Neurath, Wittgenstein, Einstein, and the philosophers of science as well, and compares his views with those of these giants of the world of philosophy. In this respect, he has presented a new aspect of science and nature, and has reconciled, with an approach completely different from others, scientific improvements with natural environmental realities.
The translators had the opportunity to get acquainted with Professor Walner's view point closely in a symposium titled "Interpretive Processes and Environmental Fitting (IPEF 97)" held in the Intelligent Systems Research Faculty of the Fundamental Sciences Research University in October, 1997 (Mehr,1376).
In the translation of this book, we have tried our best to remain loyal to the original version. We have not added anything to the original version, neither have we omitted anything. Our only aim has been to translate the author's views exactly as they are. To this end, loyalty in translation has been the precondition of our job. But we should mention that some minor corrections have been made by or with the permission of Professor Walner in the original script (the English version). In these cases, we have translated from the corrected text.
It should be noted that, because some of the key concepts of this book are new and are used for the first time, inevitably, we had to coin Persian equivalents. In this regard, we have taken advantage of valuable comments of experts, indeed.
Finally, we appreciate the efforts and cooperation of all those who assisted us in this way. Especially, the respected Professor, Dr. Badi'e, who was our main collaborator and encourager in translating this book. Furthermore, other collaborators especially Mr. Mojtaba Kiani, MS Philosophy student of Allameh Tabatabai University, and his colleague, Ms. Melody Amirasgari, who helped us attentively during the process of supervision and revision of the translation.
Also, we kindly appreciate the distinguished Professor, Mr. Mehdi Gohari and Mr. Behrooz Minaiee and the colleague translator, Seyyed Abbas Seyyedi.
It should be mentioned that although the translators of this book are recently acquainted with "Constructive Realism" in the philosophy of science, thus, have no special position on the subject, with the introduction of this considerable view point, they have hoped to have done a service, even though little, to scientific community.
We hope the authorities and experts of the field do us a favor by offering their viewpoints and suggestions.
Soheil Bigdeli
Parvaneh Khosravizadeh
General English for Science and Engineering Students is a textbook for a three-credit general English course. It promotes the development of the four language skills in a variety of ways throughout one semester and enables learners to proceed smoothly from one lesson to another.
The purpose of this book is to prepare students for ESP courses. Although its design is primarily based on academic topics, it follows an integrated syllabus, covering academic topics, language structures, and reading skills. A needs analysis was run to select proper topics in terms of intended learners’ interest, their proficiency level, and the difficulty of the passages. As a result, texts allow the communicative aspects of learning to be fostered and linguistic competence to be developed. Further, the authentic and interesting nature of the reading passages stimulates the expression of ideas in both controlled and free discussions. It follows that the lessons focus on both the process and the product of language learning.
Textbook Components
This book is accompanied by a teacher’s manual and an audio CD recorded by a native speaker from which learners can benefit in developing their pronunciation, intonation, and stress. It also includes a vocabulary list to provide students with the opportunity to review all vocabulary items they have learned during the semester. The multimedia CD has been provided in order to incorporate CALL into teaching and facilitate learning as well as fostering learner autonomy.
Papers by Parvaneh Khosravizadeh
کليد واژه¬ها: اطلاعات متقابل نقطهای، اطلاعات مشترک، استخراج اطلاعات، احتمال شرطی، هممعنایی
Keywords: Frequency, Persian language, LDA, Metaphoricity
زبان‌شناسی رایانشی یکی از جوان‌ترین و پرکاربردترین علوم جهان است که درک چگونگی عملکرد زبان و مدل‌سازی آن برای رایانه محور اصلی پژوهش های آن را تشکیل می‌دهد و محصول نهایی آن ایجاد فناوری‌هایی در حوزه پردازش زبان طبیعی است. از این رو تعامل میان متخصصین حوزه علوم فنی-مهندسی و پژوهشگران دانش زبان شناسی را به همراه دارد.
در رویکردهای نوین به زبان‌شناسی رایانشی، متخصصین علوم زبان‌شناسی، مهندسی برق، مهندسی کامپیوتر، مهندسی پزشکی، هوش مصنوعی، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و علوم شناختی به یاری يکدیگر می‌شتابند تا حاصل پژوهش‌های خود را به دستاوردهایی کاربردی تبدیل کنند. گسترش روزافزون این علم در جهان و گستره وسیع علومی که به نوعی در تعامل با زبان‌شناسی رایانشی قرار می‌گیرند لزوم پرداختن به این شاخه علمی نوپا را به ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر تبدیل کرده است.
خوشبختانه این امر از دید پژوهشگران ایرانی نیز دور نمانده و متخصصین این حوزه علمی دستاوردهایی ارزشمند در زمینه پردازش زبان فارسی ارائه کرده‌اند. نظر به اینکه بومی سازی هر علم نیازمند معادل‌یابی و معادل‌گذاری اصطلاحات آن علم است، تالیف فرهنگ‌های توصیفی برای علوم نوپا و رو به رشد، ضرورتی اجتناب ناپذیر تلقی می‌شود. با توجه به گسترش روزافزون این علم و گستره پژوهشگرانی که در زمینه‌های نظری و کاربردی حوزه‌هایی چون زبان‌شناسی، علوم شناختی، هوش مصنوعی، ترجمه ماشینی، فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، طراحی موتورهای جستجوگر، استخراج اطلاعات از پیکره‌های زبانی، پردازش گفتار، تبدیل متن به گفتار، تبدیل گفتار به متن و تهیه بانک‌های اطلاعاتی فعالیت دارند، ارایه توصیفی جامع و مانع از هر یک از این اصطلاحات تلاشی ارزشمند در جهت یاری رساندن به دانش پژوهان این حوزه علمی است. کتاب حاضر کوششی در جهت پاسخ به این نیاز علمی است.
""
آیا تحقق آرزوی دیرینه بشر برای دستیابی به زبانی مشترک به یاری یافته های نوین علم و فناوری امکان پذیر است؟ کتاب ترجمه و فناوری نگاهی چندجانبه به این مساله دارد. "
Translators' Introduction
Although philosophical insights have root in antiquity of the history, its examination has always been full of new and generating issues, and it has been extended into many interdisciplinary sciences.
The book you have in hand, is translated from the English version of one of the most recent aspects of the philosophy of science, "Constructive Realism" (the original version is in German), which is established and written by the introducer of this point of view, Dr. Fritz Walner, Professor of the State University of Vienna.
In addition to this translation, other translations of this book in Chinese, Spanish, Italian and Urdu have been also published.
According to the author's point of view, "Constructive Realism" is an integrative epistemological system, through which one can approach and judge the whole European philosophy.
In this book, the author has a quick but profound look at the view points of the great European philosophers such as: Kant, Hume, Hegel, Comte, Mach, Poincare, Schopenhauer, Popper, Quine, Kuhn, Feyerabend, Maturana, Carnap, Déscarts, Neurath, Wittgenstein, Einstein, and the philosophers of science as well, and compares his views with those of these giants of the world of philosophy. In this respect, he has presented a new aspect of science and nature, and has reconciled, with an approach completely different from others, scientific improvements with natural environmental realities.
The translators had the opportunity to get acquainted with Professor Walner's view point closely in a symposium titled "Interpretive Processes and Environmental Fitting (IPEF 97)" held in the Intelligent Systems Research Faculty of the Fundamental Sciences Research University in October, 1997 (Mehr,1376).
In the translation of this book, we have tried our best to remain loyal to the original version. We have not added anything to the original version, neither have we omitted anything. Our only aim has been to translate the author's views exactly as they are. To this end, loyalty in translation has been the precondition of our job. But we should mention that some minor corrections have been made by or with the permission of Professor Walner in the original script (the English version). In these cases, we have translated from the corrected text.
It should be noted that, because some of the key concepts of this book are new and are used for the first time, inevitably, we had to coin Persian equivalents. In this regard, we have taken advantage of valuable comments of experts, indeed.
Finally, we appreciate the efforts and cooperation of all those who assisted us in this way. Especially, the respected Professor, Dr. Badi'e, who was our main collaborator and encourager in translating this book. Furthermore, other collaborators especially Mr. Mojtaba Kiani, MS Philosophy student of Allameh Tabatabai University, and his colleague, Ms. Melody Amirasgari, who helped us attentively during the process of supervision and revision of the translation.
Also, we kindly appreciate the distinguished Professor, Mr. Mehdi Gohari and Mr. Behrooz Minaiee and the colleague translator, Seyyed Abbas Seyyedi.
It should be mentioned that although the translators of this book are recently acquainted with "Constructive Realism" in the philosophy of science, thus, have no special position on the subject, with the introduction of this considerable view point, they have hoped to have done a service, even though little, to scientific community.
We hope the authorities and experts of the field do us a favor by offering their viewpoints and suggestions.
Soheil Bigdeli
Parvaneh Khosravizadeh
General English for Science and Engineering Students is a textbook for a three-credit general English course. It promotes the development of the four language skills in a variety of ways throughout one semester and enables learners to proceed smoothly from one lesson to another.
The purpose of this book is to prepare students for ESP courses. Although its design is primarily based on academic topics, it follows an integrated syllabus, covering academic topics, language structures, and reading skills. A needs analysis was run to select proper topics in terms of intended learners’ interest, their proficiency level, and the difficulty of the passages. As a result, texts allow the communicative aspects of learning to be fostered and linguistic competence to be developed. Further, the authentic and interesting nature of the reading passages stimulates the expression of ideas in both controlled and free discussions. It follows that the lessons focus on both the process and the product of language learning.
Textbook Components
This book is accompanied by a teacher’s manual and an audio CD recorded by a native speaker from which learners can benefit in developing their pronunciation, intonation, and stress. It also includes a vocabulary list to provide students with the opportunity to review all vocabulary items they have learned during the semester. The multimedia CD has been provided in order to incorporate CALL into teaching and facilitate learning as well as fostering learner autonomy.
کليد واژه¬ها: اطلاعات متقابل نقطهای، اطلاعات مشترک، استخراج اطلاعات، احتمال شرطی، هممعنایی
Keywords: Frequency, Persian language, LDA, Metaphoricity
of many linguists to formulate and test hypotheses regarding the culture and
language of the people of a certain area. Iran appears like a proper destination for
conducting a research focusing on naming based on several factors such as
geography or chronology. The present article aims to take a specific look at the
impact of political era (sociopolitical factors) in addition to dialect over naming
practices. Chronological data is gathered from 5 politically significant consecutive
periods. Separately, 5 districts are chosen speaking 4 different native dialects to
examine the second hypothesis regarding the influence of dialect on naming. 50
most popular names were collected on the two aforementioned different bases and
analysis was conducted by SPSS software. The results revealed that time with
concentration on political spans did not form an influential factor except for minor
fluctuations. The other hypothesis regarding the factor of dialect is rejected for
male names while females do confirm a limited consistency of dialect and name
choice in most of the areas.
Keywords: Onomastics, Naming, Sociolinguistics, Sociopolitics, Dialect
governs individuals' behavior and helps the stability of society. However, sometimes deviation from ethics results
in ethical issues. Ethical issues of language take place in different situations and environments such as advertising,
health care, nursing, work places, school, and even within family. An ethical issue occurs when the people who
involve in a situation do not have the same moral beliefs. Consequently always some people disagree on the
outcome because they do not consider it moral. Ethical issues of language are hard to handle but may occur
frequently. Present study surveys ethical issues of language in heath care and particularly in relationship between
doctor and patients. In this study a questionnaire with thirteen questions has been given to 20 doctors in ImamKhomeyni and Tamin-Ejtemaei hospitals of Garmsar and they were asked to answer them. Then, the responses
were analyzed by SPSS and through Chi-square total data program.
"