Institute of Econometrics

Anything we cant control or change either becomes unimportant or its very ambiguity provokes
profound introspection. The gender pay gap has been studied for decades and one peculiar
aspect that has unveiled itself in sixty years of research is that the relation between certain
traditional determinants and the pay gap, can change in the long run. An interesting notion is
that culture has changed faster than even technology in the public eye, arguably that is if we
asked a person in the 60s what would we establish first ‘flying cars’ or ‘same-sex marriages’
we would probably be in contrast to where we find ourselves to be today. Our perceptions of
long term change in such matters can faulter in the sense that implications of different
determinants of the gender pay gap might have to be looked at differently with respect to
sociological beliefs, technological changes and time. This study seeks to clarify the relationship
between these traditional determinants and the pay gap in a time frame covering two key
occurences; the recent restructuring of the labor market and the covid pandemic (2016-2021)
in 26 European countries. While we find that some features of the labor market are still very
gender specific and persistent, other factors when conglomerately brought forth can explain
recent changes in the pay gap.

Informacje o naborze artykułów i zasadach recenzowania znajdują się na stronach internetowych www.pracenaukowe.ue.wroc.pl www.wydawnictwo.ue.wroc.pl Publikacja udostępniona na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 PL)

A homogeneous Poisson process (N (t), t ≥ 0) with the intensity function m(t) = θ is observed on the interval [0, T ]. The problem consists in estimating θ with balancing the LINEX loss due to an error of estimation and the cost of sampling which depends linearly on T. The optimal T is given when the prior distribution of θ is not uniquely specified.

Polityka wsparcia finansowego dla rodzin z dziećmi znana pod nazwą „Rodzina 500+” ma wielu zwolenników, jak i przeciwników. Celem artykułu nie jest ocena słuszności tej polityki, a analiza jej skutków dla gospodarki za pomocą obliczeniowego modelu równowagi ogólnej (CGE – ang. Computable General Equilibrium). Na potrzeby tego badania skonstruowano i skalibrowano standardowy model CGE dla jednego kraju przy użyciu oprogramowania GAMS. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy można sformułować następujące wnioski o wpływie wprowadzenia programu „Rodzina 500+” na polską gospodarkę. Transfery socjalne spowodują wzrost konsumpcji, produkcji krajowej i importu. W ramach domknięcia modelu, zakładającego wzrost deficytu budżetowego – skutki te są silniejsze w porównaniu z domknięciem zakładającym wzrost dochodów budżetowych. Wpływ na inwestycje jest negatywny. Jednak wyniki symulacji zależą od zasad domknięcia bloku kapitałowego. Przy domknięciu neoklasycznym zakłada się, że inwestycje dostosow...

The article analyzes the impact of the EU–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on Poland’s economy. The authors investigate the effects of a bilateral elimination of customs duties on the economy using the Computable General Equilibrium framework and the GTAP database. The impact of the bilateral elimination of customs duties on GDP, production, trade and social welfare in Poland is examined and compared with other countries and regions. According to the research results, the EPA will bring positive impact on many aspects of Polish economy, but the effects in some other areas may be negative. Positive production and trade results are expected in some sectors, such as meat and animal products, leather and processed food, but some other sectors, such as motor vehicles and transport equipment, electronics and machinery, may experience a drop in output and export volumes. Total export value gains for Poland are estimated to be about USD 135 million, but in most sectors production ...

This paper examines whether the auditee’s financial situation affects the auditor’s non-audit fee and independ- ence. Three sets of tests were used to address the issue. The first examines whether there are cross-border and intertemporal differences in relationships between non-audit fees and audit fees. The second tests whether there is a relationship between non-audit fees and report modification. The third addresses the relationships between audit fees and the auditee’s financial situation. The results suggest a lack of coexistence of all three motives for the purchase of non-audit fee services, and substantial similarities of auditor and auditee behaviors across Po- land and New Zealand. We documented the lack of a significant link between auditee failure risk and the quality of the audit report. Our findings indicate an operational rather than a strategic nature of non-audit services to incumbent clients.

This paper assesses the economic impact of the Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (JEEPA) on all EU member states as well as Japan. The novelty of this study is that it refers to all EU countries and provides an overview of the expected output effects of JEEPA for all member states in a detailed sectoral breakdown. This impact is investigated using the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) framework. Calculations revealed that economic returns from JEEPA vary among the EU countries. Some of the more highly developed EU countries will experience beneficial effects from tariff reductions to a greater extent than others, while some of the newer, less-developed EU members will experience losses, caused by the lower competitiveness of these countries. Beneficial effects in the EU countries are expected mainly in the primary sector industries like meat and animal products, leather, grains, and crops; while in Japan, economic gains are expected in the motor vehicle and transport equipm...

Sovereign CDS (Credit Default Swap) is a derivative that provides insurance of repayment of the government's loans and may be considered as a market indicator of the insolvency risk of a country. The aim of the study is to identify factors affecting the sovereign CDS spreads of selected European countries for the period from 2008 to 2016. Factor analysis shows that there are two common factors that have explained about 92% of the variation of the CDS spreads. Next, the decomposition of the spreads presents the influence of these factors on CDS spreads of surveyed countries.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover different human and planet well-being areas, and their achievement is interdependent. Which of the goals are crucial and leading in this process is a question that often arises. Quality education is considered a cornerstone for all the SDGs. On the other hand, gender equality is very connected with other goals, as most of them have gender-specific indicators. Quality education and gender equality are two of the SDGs in the social dimension that can reinforce the achievement of all other SDGs. However, quantitative research on the relationship between these two phenomena, taking into account other factors, is rarely taken in the literature. This article aims to fill this gap and investigate the nature of the interconnectedness of quality education and gender inequality in selected countries. We also examined other factors (i.e., economic, political, and cultural) that may influence the education level, gender equality problems, and the r...

PurposeCoopetition is ubiquitous in the economy, but managing effectively this type of relationship between firms remains a challenge for many organizations. This paper investigates the coopetition within corporate groups and focus on factors that determine the simultaneous competition and cooperation between subsidiaries therein.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on a dataset of 121 corporate groups listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), this paper theoretically advances and empirically validates the impact of 18 factors which determine the coopetition relationship.FindingsThis study's findings confirm the importance of an organizational design among external and internal drivers of intrafirm coopetition. However, the role of an environmental uncertainty as a driver of intrafirm coopetition is not proven. Furthermore, the paper finds that internal determinants explain the phenomenon of coopetition between subsidiaries within a corporate group more than determinants related ...

Paper presents decomposition of the realized rate of return on investment in fixed-income securities in order to identify the income/risk sources. The decomposition is accomplished applying the concept of factorization and factor analysis on treasury bonds returns. Weekly data from the interbank market in Poland for the period 30 June-6 October, 2004 (14 weeks) are used. In the single-factor model of decomposition, the source of risk is assumed to be the change of yield-to-maturity (YTM) of the considered bond. Within the multi-factor model, decomposition is carried out by means of both the factorization concept and factor analysis. Factor analysis is undertaken as a preliminary action aimed to identify common factors of market risk that affect the realized rate of return of the examined securities. The results of factor analysis are used in the multi-factor model of decomposition. This approach allows to reduce the number of market risk factors and to investigate their influence on realized rate of returns on different fixed-income securities.

Indicator and its underlying components for household saving rate in the broad crosscountry settlement. Two questions are addressed in particular. First, do Consumer Confidence Indicator and its components indeed forecast future household propensity to save on their own? Second, do Consumer Confidence Indicator and its components contain any predictive power for household saving beyond economic fundamentals? Design/Methodology/Approach: The regression analysis using panel data for 14 European countries is used. Findings: Our results reveal that Consumer Confidence Indicator and most of its component questions have predictive power for the forecasts of household saving rate in both cases-as distinct predictor and as additional variable to the baseline model. Practical implications: Generally, our results support the recommendations to combine subjective (confidence indexes) and objective (economic fundamentals) indicators to achieve a broader picture and a more reliable basis for forecasts and policy assessments in the area of household finance. The results may be of special interest in terms of profound changes in consumer confidence related to the global pandemic COVID-19. Originality: This study extends the knowledge in consumer confidencehousehold saving relationship and is the first analysis of consumer confidence forecasting ability for household saving settled in the broad European perspective.

The objective of the paper is to present the results of a comparative analysis of the balance sheets of the central banks of USA and China in order to investigate how they reflect the changes in the international positions of these countries on the world economic scene after 2000. The growth of a country's GDP is usually accompanied by an increase in the monetary base (and consequently the monetary aggregates), but there are also other factors determining the changes in a central bank's balance sheet. The study presented in the paper contains two steps. First, the collateral of money issue in USA and China during the period 2000-2012 is compared. The main collateral of money issue in USA are U.S. Treasury securities, but after 2008 also mortgage-backed securities. The main collateral of money issue in China are foreign assets. Second step of the study is a comparison of the international position of these countries. The presented analysis confirms that the collateral of money issue in USA is debt, which reflects the position of USA as a world debtor. The collateral of money issue in China are foreign assets, mainly foreign currencies, which reflects the role of China as a world exporter and creditor.