Human Physiology

Objective To compare the effects of two antidepressants on exercise performance of the female patients with fibromyalgia. Methods Fifteen patients with fibromyalgia participated in this randomized, double-blind crossover study composed of two trials separated by a 2-week washout phase. The pharmacy randomly assigned patients to two groups: (a) placebo (glucose) in the morning and 25 mg amitriptyline at bedtime or (b) 20 mg fluoxetine in the morning and placebo at bedtime. The VO2max and Wingate anaerobic test were evaluated. Within 24 h after 15-day medication, the tests were repeated. Results Peak power and fatigue index increased, and VO2max and VT did not change with both fluoxetine and amitriptyline. Mean power significantly increased after fluoxetine but not after amitriptyline. Conclusion Both amitriptyline administration and fluoxetine administration in patients with fibromyalgia have beneficial effects on anaerobic performance. These effects may be important in life quality of the female patients with fibromyalgia.

The association of nocturnal serum melatonin levels was investigated in acute multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with major depression (MD). The sample comprised 13 patients with MD and 12 with no psychiatric disorders admitted to our clinic due to acute MS attacks. Psychiatric evaluation was performed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCD-I). The level of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Beck Depression Scale (BDS). Blood samples were taken from the patients to determine melatonin level at 03.30h and 10.00h before steroid treatment started. Melatonin levels were determined using the ELISA test. Nocturnal serum melatonin levels (21.2 ± 17.1 pg/ml) of the patients with MD were significantly lower than those (51.5 ±18.3 pg/ml) of the patients without MD. A significant negative correlation was found between BDS scores and nocturnal serum melatonin levels. These findings suggest that a melatonin deficiency may be among the factors involved in the occurence of depression in MS patients.

The present study was aimed to evaluate serum leptin level and the frequency of oligopolymorphic codon 25 (CAA/CAG) of Ob gene in Behcet’s disease. Eighty-seven patients with Behcet’s disease and 85 healthy controls with matched age, gender and body mass index were included in the study. Serum leptin level was determined and genotype of codon 25 of Ob gene was performed by using the PCR amplification after DNA extraction. Serum leptin concentration of the patients with Behcet’s disease (23.8 ± 22.8 ng/ml) was higher than that of the control groups (17.1 ± 14.7 ng/ml). The patients with Behcet’s disease and control subjects showed CAA/CAA genotype, indicating the presence of no polymorphism. Neither Behcet’s disease nor serum leptin level was found to be related to codon 25 polymorphism. We concluded that leptin 25CAG polymorphism is not associated with Behcet’s disease and serum leptin level.

Procyanidins, a group of flavonoids, are oligomeric forms of catechins that are abundant in red wine, grapes, cocoa, and apples. Paraoxonase acts as an antioxidant enzyme and protects low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol against oxidation. In our study we aimed to evaluate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on paraoxonase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Our study included four groups of rats: Group I (n ¼ 8), control; Group II (n ¼ 10), GSE-supplemented; Group III (n ¼ 6), streptozotocin-induced diabetic; and Group IV (n ¼ 7), GSE-supplemented diabetic rats. Serum paraoxonase activities were determined with a spectrophotometric method. Paraoxonase activities in Group III were significantly lower than in the other three groups (P < .001, P < .001, and P ¼ .005 for Groups I, II, and IV, respectively), and Group IV showed increased paraoxonase activities compared to Group III (P ¼ .005). This is the first study to show an association between paraoxonase status and GSE supplementation and demonstrated that GSE increased paraoxonase activities. This beneficial effect of GSE was more obvious in the diabetic group, which was more prone to atherosclerotic events compared to the healthy population.

Background/aim: To evaluate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant markers in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Thirty-six male rats were divided into the following four groups: control, GSE-supplemented control, diabetic, and GSE-supplemented diabetic. Beginning on day 7 after STZ injection, the rats were administered GSE (100 mg kg-1 day-1) in drinking water for 6 weeks. At the end of week 6, rats were sacrificed by cardiac puncture. Plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels and xanthine oxidase (XO), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were analyzed. Results: Both XO and ADA activities increased and NO levels decreased in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). GSE supplementation normalized all of these changes. Antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in diabetic rats compared to the controls (P < 0.05). GSE supplementation increased antioxidant enzyme activities in both diabetic and healthy rats (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that 6 weeks of oral GSE supplementation may prevent oxidative stress and improve antioxidant status in diabetic rats.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers in liver tissue of acutely and chronically exercised rats. Rats were randomly assigned to six groups: Control (C), Control Chronic Exercise (CE), Control Acute Exercise (AE), GSEsupplemented Control (GC), GSE-supplemented Chronic Exercise(GCE) and GSE-supplemented Acute Exercise (GAE). Rats in the chronic exercise groups were subjected to a six-week treadmill running and in the acute exercise groups performed an exhaustive running. Rats in the GSE supplemented groups received GSE (100 mg.kg À1 .day À1) in drinking water for 6 weeks. Liver tissues of the rats were taken for the analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) levels and total antioxidant activity (AOA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities. MDA levels decreased with GSE supplementation in control groups but increased in acute and chronic exercise groups compared to their non-supplemented control. NO levels increased with GSE supplementation. XO activities were higher in AE group compared to the CE group. AOA decreased with GSE supplementation. In conclusion, while acute exercise triggers oxidative stress, chronic exercise has protective role against oxidative stress. GSE has a limited antioxidant effect on exercise-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue.

Giriş Reaktif oksijen türleri, aerobik metabolizma sırasında sürekli olarak üretilirler ve çeşitli biyolojik antioksidanlar tarafından uzaklaştırılırlar. Antioksidan koruma her zaman %100 etkili olmayabilir. Prooksidanlar artar ya da antioksidanlar başarısız olurlarsa, moleküler ve doku hasarına yol açan oksidatif stres oluşur (1). Nöronal membranların oksitlenebilen çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri bakımından zengin olması; beyin dokusunun düşük seviyelerde antioksidan enzimlere sahip olması ve reaktif radikaller üretimini katalize edebilen demir gibi geçiş metallerini yüksek oranda içermesi nedeni ile merkezi sinir sistemi serbest radikalle duyarlıdır (2). Reaktif oksijen türleriyle ilişkili bazı hastalıkların (örneğin kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, tip II diyabet, romatoid artrit, Alzheimer ve Parkinson hastalığı ve bazı kanser türleri) düzenli fiziksel egzersiz yapanlarda daha az görüldüğü bildirilmektedir (3). Ayrıca düzenli yapılan egzersizin kan basıncını düşürmesi, beyin plastisitesini artırması ve Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of coenzyme Q 10 supplementation (CoQ 10) and regular exercise on exhaustive-exercise induced oxidative stress and antioxidant response in rat brain. Materials and Methods: The experiments were carried out with young adult male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly assigned to one of the following eight groups: Untrained, trained, untrained exhausted, trained exhausted, untrained+CoQ 10 , trained+CoQ 10 , untrained exhausted+CoQ 10 and trained exhausted+CoQ 10. The rats in the trained groups swam for 60 min/day, five days per week for six weeks. The CoQ 10 supplements were administered at a daily dose of 10 mg.kg-1 of body weight five days/week. Results: The levels of malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the brain were not affected by exhaustive exercise, training and CoQ 10 supplementation. The exhaustive exercise decreased GSH levels in the control group, while it increased in untrained and trained exhausted+CoQ 10 groups. Swimming training increased SOD activity in the brain, but exhaustive exercise did not change its activity. CoQ 10 supplementation increased SOD activity in control group, while it decreased in the trained group. Conclusion: The results suggested that exhaustive exercise does not cause lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the brain. It can be said that regular exercise alone may be adequate for the positive effects on antioxidant enzymes in brain.

The basic mission of the universities in the current century has been undergoing a transformation since the last two centuries. This transformation also affects the degrees of emphasis on missions with the content. Community service missions have been taking precedence over education and research missions in 21st century universities. Also current missions have been redesigned by integrating each other and the key elements such as strategy and sustainable development. The biggest difference of this design from the earlier models in universities is effective and permanent participation of the internal and external environmental conditions to this process. The success of this participation is possible by making the participation of the students, academic and administrative employees as internal stakeholders and alumni, business, central and local governments and civil society organizations as external stakeholders to the processes in higher education more functional. In this context the subject of this study is researching the internal and external stakeholders view on mission and vision of Selçuk University's surveys data in the axis of a conceptual model designed for developing sustainable relations with a comparative method. In this study first, university and stakeholders relations are discussed with conceptual dimension and changing process's components. In the second part of the study, the questionnaire prepared in the form of case study and applied to university's internal and external stakeholders has been analysed in comparison. In the last part of the study, the process and system suggestions have been developed for building up planned and sustainable relationships with internal and external stakeholders through analysed findings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of erythropoietin therapy on pulmonary functions in haemodialysis patients. Thirteen patients with chronic renal failure on regular haemodialysis and in need of treatment for anaemia were treated with 45-60 U/kg erythropoietin three times a week. Thirteen haemodialysis patients constituted the control group. Patients receiving erythropoietin were given pulmonary function tests prior to the treatment and after Hb levels had reached 10 g/dl. The interval between first and second pulmonary function tests was similar for both the control group and the erythropoietin group. There was no significant difference between the results of the first and the second pulmonary function tests of the control group. However, in the erythropoietin group, the diffusing capacity, maximal voluntary ventilation, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow rate values increased significantly. The existence of a relationship between the diffusing capaci...

The purpose of the present study was to compare the aerobic contribution of the Wingate anaerobic test by increasing the test load and power output. The study was performed in the Physiology Department of the Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University. Thirty sedentary male university students volunteered to this study. The subjects performed two Wingate tests against resistance of 75 g.kg-1 and 95 g.kg-1 body weight on Monark 818E bicycle ergometer. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption rates were measured using an automated metabolic measurement chart (Sensormedics 2900). Aerobic contribution was determined by dividing energy equivalence of net oxygen consumption to the total work. The mean total work values obtained from tests performed at 75 g.kg-1 and 95 g.kg-1 loads were 13.9 +/- 1.5 kjoules and 14.5 +/- 1.8 kjoules (t = 2.32, p = 0.03). Mean total oxygen consumptions were 765 +/- 105 ml and 770 +/- 110 ml, respectively (t = 0.24, p = 0.81). Assuming 20% mechanical efficiency for bo...

Amaç: Astrand-Rhyming nomogramı ve Fox eşitliğinin geçerliliğini değerlendirmek ve bu yöntemlerin anaerobik eşik tahmini için kullanılıp kullanılamayacağını belirlemek. Yöntem: 15 sedanter, 7 antrenmanlı genç erkeğe bisiklet ergometresinde maksimal egzersiz testi uygulandı. Başlangıç yükü 60-100 W idi ve yük, tükenmeye kadar dakikada bir 10 W artırıldı. VO 2max , üç farklı ventilatuvar eşik ve kan birikiminin başlangıç noktası hesaplandı. VO 2max , 6 dakika süreyle uygulanan önceden belirlenmiş bir yükten ve testin sonundaki kalp hızından (Astrand-Rhyming nomogramı) ve 150 W yükteki bir bisiklet egzersizinin 5. dakikasında kaydedilen yükten (Fox eşitliği) tahmin edildi. Bulgular: Sedanterlerde doğrudan ölçülen VO 2max , Astrand-Rhyming nomogramı ile ve Fox eşitliğiyle tahmin edilen VO 2max ile ilişkiliydi. Anaerobik eşikler Fox eşitliğiyle tahmin edilen VO 2max 'la doğrudan ölçülen VO 2max 'a göre genellikle daha fazla ilişkiliydi. Sonuç: Ölçülen VO 2max , Astrand-Rhyming nomogramıyla ve Fox eşitliğiyle tahmin edilen VO 2max ile ilişkili olmadığı için VO 2max 'ın sporcularda indirekt yolla ölçülmemesi gerektiği sonucuna varıldı. Anaerobik eşik parametreleri ile daha fazla ilişkili olduğundan, anaerobik eşik tahmininde Fox eşitliğini kullanmanın daha uygun olacağını düşünüyoruz. Anahtar kelimeler: Maksimal aerobik güç, anaerobik eşik, ventilatuvar eşik, egzersiz The evaluation of Astrand-Rhyming nomogram and Fox equation: Relations with anaerobic threshold Objective: The aim was to evaluate the validity of Astrand-Rhyming nomogram and Fox equation and to determine if these methods could be used for the estimation of anaerobic threshold. Methods: A maximal cycle exercise test was applied to 15 sedentary, 7 trained young males. Initial load was 60-100 W and increased 10 W per minute until exhaustion. VO 2max , three different ventilatory thresholds and the onset of blood lactate accumulation were calculated. VO 2max was estimated from a predetermined load applied for 6 minutes and heart rate at the end of the test (Astrand-Rhyming nomogram) and from the heart rate recorded during 5 th minute of cycle exercise at 150 W (Fox equation). Results: In the sedentaries, VO 2max measured directly was significantly correlated with VO 2max estimated by Astrand-Rhyming nomogram and by Fox equation. Anaerobic thresholds were generally more correlated with VO 2max estimated by Fox equation than with VO 2max measured directly. Conclusion: As measured VO 2max is not correlated with VO 2max estimated by Astrand-Rhyming nomogram and by Fox equation, it is concluded that VO 2max should not be measured indirectly in the athletes. Since more correlated with anaerobic threshold parameters, we think that using Fox equation might be more appropriate in the prediction of anaerobic threshold.

Bu derlemede egzersizin leptin konsantrasyonları üzerine etkilerini gözden geçirmek amaçlanmıştır. Ana bulgular: Leptin yiyecek alımını azaltırken enerji tüketimini artırır. Leptin düzeyleri yağ dokusu miktarı ile ilişkilidir. Leptin düzeyi kısa süreli akut egzersizlerle değişmezken uzun süreli akut egzersizlerle azalır. Bu azalma egzersizden yaklaşık 48 saat sonra açığa çıkar. Yağ kitlesi kaybı yapmayan kısa süreli (!12 hf) antrenmanlar leptin düzeylerini değiştirmezken uzun süreli (" 12hf) egzersizler leptin düzeylerini azaltır. Sonuç: Egzersizin enerji dengesine ve vücut yağ kitlesine yaptığı güçlü etkiler leptin salgılanmasını değiştirebilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Leptin, egzersiz, antrenman, vücut yağı The effects of exercise on leptin concentrations Objective: It was aimed to review the effects of exercise on leptin concentrations. Main findings: Leptin decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure. Leptin levels are positively correlated with body fat mass. Short term acute exercises do not cause to change leptin concentrations, but long term acute exercises cause to decrease it and this occurs approximately 48 hours after the exercise. Short term exercise training (!12 wk) does not change leptin levels, but induces loss of fat mass. Long term exercise training (" 12 wk) reduces leptin levels. Conclusion: Strong impacts of exercise on energy balance and fat mass alternations can change leptin secretion.

INTRODUCTION Cells continuously produce free radicals and ROS as part of metabolic processes. These free radicals are neutralized by an elaborate antioxidant defense system consisting of enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and numerous non-enzymatic antioxidants, including vitamins A, E and C, glutathione, ubiquinone, and flavonoids. Exercise can cause an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants, which is referred to as oxidative stress (1). While regular exercise training is associated with numerous health benefits, it can be viewed as an intense physical stressor leading to increased oxidative cellular damage, likely due to enhanced production of ROS (2). A single bout of exercise can result in activation of several distinct systems of radical generation and may be separated into both primary (e.g., electron leakage through the mitochondria during aerobic respiration, prostanoid metabolism, catecholamines, and the enzymes xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase), as well as secondary sources (e.g.,

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation on exercise performance and oxidative stress in acutely and chronically exercised rats. A total of sixty-four male rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into six groups: control, chronic exercise control, acute exercise control (AEC), GSE-supplemented control, GSE-supplemented chronic exercise and GSE-supplemented acute exercise groups. Chronic exercise consisted of treadmill running at 25 m/min, 45 min/d, 5 d a week for 6 weeks. Rats in the acute exercise groups were run on the treadmill at 30 m/min until exhaustion. GSE were given at 100 mg/kg of body weight with drinking water for 6 weeks. Plasma was separated from blood samples for the analysis of oxidative stress markers. There was no significant difference in time of exhaustion between the acute exercise groups. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were higher in the acute exercise groups and lower in the chronic exe...