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Shetlandic

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Shetland,[1] fir ordinar caaed (auld or braid) Shaetland[2] bi native spækers, is spakken idda Shetland Islands be-nort mainland Scotland an is, læk Orcadian, ee dialect o Insular Scots. Hit comes fæ da Scots dialects brocht til Shetland fæ da end o da fifteent century bi Lawland Scots, mainly fæ Fife an Lothian,[3] wi a peerie grain o Scandinavian influence fæ the Norn leid dat wis spakken on da islands till da late 18t century.[4]

As ee result, Shætlandic hæs a wheen wirds fæ da Norn leed. Maist o daim, if day ir no plæss-næms, refers ta da seasons, da waddir, plants, beasts, plæsses, maet, materials, tøls, colours (especially o sheep or horse), møds an whims or 'unbalanced states o mind'.[5]

Læk Mid Nortren Scots (Doric) in Nort Æst Scotland, Shætlandic hæs ee hie degree o autonomy wi its geography an isolation fæ sootren dialects. Bekkis o a lairge amoont o unique wirds, an a degree o Shætland patriotism, hit's whiles treatit as a sindry leed bi its spækers.

Phonologie

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"Shetland dialect speakers generally haes a kin o slaw delivery, pitched law an wi a somewhit level intonation".[6]

Consonants

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Consonants is maistly pronunced the same as in ither Modren Scots varieties. Exceptions is:

  • The dental fricatives /ð/ an /θ/ micht be sayed as alveolar plosives /d/ and /t/ respectively,[7] for example [tɪŋ] an [ˈmɪdər] insteid o [θɪŋ], or debuccalized [hɪŋ] an [hɪn], (thing) an [ˈmɪðər] mither (mither) as in Central Scots.
  • The qu in quick, queen an queer micht be sayed /xʍ/ insteid o /kw/
  • Initial /ʧ/ ch micht be sayed /ʃ/
  • The initial cluster wr micht be sayed /wr/ or /wɘr/.[7]

Vouels

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The unnerlyin vouel phonemes o Shetland Scots based on McColl Millar (2007) an Johnston P. (1997). The actual allophones micht differ frae place tae place.

Aitken 1l 1s 8a 10 2 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
/ae/ /əi/ /i/ /iː/1 /e/2 /e/ /ɔ/ /u/ /y, ø/3 /eː/4 /oe/ /ɑː/ /ʌu/ /ju/ /ɪ/5 /ɛ/6 /a~æ/7 /ɔ/ /ʌ/
  1. Vowel 11 occurs stem final.
  2. Vowel 3 is aften retracted or diphthongised or mey sometimes be realised /i/.[8]
  3. Vowel 7 micht be pronunced /u/ afore /r/ an /ju/ afore /k/ an /x/.[9]
  4. Vowel 8 is aften merged wi vowel 4,[10] aften sayed /ɛ/ or /æ:/ afore /r/.[11] The realisation in the cluster ane micht be /i/ like in Mid Northren Scots.[12]
  5. Vowel 15 micht be pronunced /ɛ̈~ë/[13] or diphthongist tae /əi/ afore /x/.[14]
  6. Vowel 16 micht be sayed /e/[15] or /æ/.[13]
  7. Vowel 17 aften merges wi vouel 12 afore /nd/ an /l r/.[11]

Vouel lenth is bi an lairge determined bi the Scots Vouel Lenth Rule, tho the ar a puckle exceptions.[16]

Orthographie

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Tae some extent a lot o spellins haes been uised for tae represent the varied pronunciation o the Shetland varieties.[17] Forby, the uiss o the apologetic apostrophe for tae shaw 'missin' English letters haes been joukit.[18] On the hale the lieterar conventions o Modern Scots is applyed, if no consistent-like, the main differs bein:

  • The /d/ an /t/ realisation o wha is for ordinar /ð/ an /θ/ in ither forms o Scots is aften written d an t insteid o th.
  • The /xʍ/ realisation o the qu in quick, queen an queer is aften written wh.
  • The /ʃ/ realisation o initial ch, for ordinar /ʧ/ in ither Scots dialects, is aften written sh.
  • The letters j an k insteid o y an c, influenced bi Norse spellin, the first ane aften uised for the semivouel /j/, especially for the palatalised consonants in wirds like, Yuil written Jøl, guid (guid) written gjöd or gjüd, caibin written kjaebin, kist written kjist etc.[19]
  • Leeterar Scots au an aw (vouel 12 an whiles vouel 17) is aften representit bi aa in written Shetlandic.[19]
  • Leeterar Scots ui an eu (vouel 7) is aften representit by ü, ö, or ø influenced bi Norse spellin.[20]

Grammar

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The grammatical structur o Shetlandic tends tae follae that o Modern Scots, wi a bit Norse (Norn) influence an featurs skared wi Staundart Inglis.[21][22]

Airticles

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The definite airticle the is pronunced [də] aften written da in dialect write. Like Scots, Shetlandic pits a airticle whaur Staundart Inglis widna:[23][24]

  • gyaan ta da kirk/da scole in da Simmer-- 'gaun tae the kirk/schuil in the simmer'
  • da denner is ready – 'the denner is ready'
  • hae da caald – 'hae the cauld'

Nouns

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Nouns in Shetland haes grammatical gender aside natural gender.[25] Some nouns that's considert neuter in Inglis is masculine or feminine, like spade (m), sun (m), mön (f), kirk (f).

The plural o nouns is for ordinar formt bi addin -s. Thare's a puckle unregular plurals, like kye, 'cous' or een.[26][27]

Pronouns

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Shetland distinguishes atween personal pronoons uised bi parents whan speakin wi bairns, auld fowk speakin wi yunger fowk, or atween friends or equals an aw[28] and thae anes uised in formal situations an whan speakin wi superiors.[29][30] (See T–V distinction)

The familiar forms is thoo (thou), pronunced [du:], aften written du in dialect write; thine(s) (thy) pronunced [daɪn(z)], aften wrote dine(s) in dialect write; thee, pronunced [di(:)], aften wrote dee in dialect write; contrastin wi the formal forms ye/you, your and you.

The familiar du taks the singular form o the verb: Du is, du hes ('ye are, ye hae').

Like Scots, the relative pronoon is that,[31] pronunced [dat] or [ət], aften written dat[32] or 'at in dialect write,[33] as in

  • da dog at bet me... – 'the dug that bait me...'

Verbs

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Like Scots, the past tense o waik verbs is formed bi aither addin -ed, -it, or -t,[34][35] as in spoot, spootit (muve quick).

The auxiliary verb ta be 'tae be', is uised whaur Scots wid uise 'tae hae':[36]

  • I'm written for "I'v written".

Ta hae is uised as a auxiliary wi the modal verbs coud, hed ('had'), micht, most ('maun'), sood ('shoud'), an wid ('wad') an syne reduced tae [ə], aften written a in dialect write:[36] Du sood a taald me 'ye sud'a telt me'.

Like Scots, auxiliary an monosyllabic verbs can be made negative bi addin -na:[37][38] widna. Itherwise, the Scots negative no.

Example

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Ensaumple o the Lord's Prayer in Shetland Norn:


References

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  1. ↑ The øse o Shetlandic fir da leid occurs in, fir example, James John Haldane Burgess (1892) Rasmie's Büddie: poems idda Shætlandic, Alexander Gardner; James Inkster (1922) Mansie's Röd: Sketches in the Shetlandic; T. & J. Manson; Jack Renwick (1963) Rainbow Bridge. (A collection o poems in English & Shetlandic.), Shetland Times; Jack Renwick, Liam O'Neill, Hayddir Johnson (2007) The harp o twilight: an anthology o poems in English an Shetlandic, Unst Writers Group.
  2. ↑ "SND: Shetland". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  3. ↑ Catford J.C. (1957) Vowel-Systems of Scots Dialects,Transactions of the Philological Society. p.115
  4. ↑ Price, Glanville (1984) The Languages of Britain. London: Edward Arnold. p. 203 ISBN 978-0713164527
  5. ↑ Barnes, Michael (1984) Orkney and Shetland Norn. Language in the British Isles. Ed. Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 29
  6. ↑ Graham, John J. 1993. The Shetland Dictionary 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1979, 2nd ed. 1984). Lerwick: The Shetland Times. xxii
  7. ↑ a b SND Introduction - Phonetic Description of Scottish Language and Dialects. p.xl
  8. ↑ McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.33
  9. ↑ McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.48
  10. ↑ McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.37
  11. ↑ a b Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p.485
  12. ↑ McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.35
  13. ↑ a b Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p.469
  14. ↑ McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.45
  15. ↑ McColl Millar. 2007. Northren and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p.39
  16. ↑ Melchers, Gunnel (1991) Norn-Scots: a complicated language contact situation in Shetland. Language Contact in the British Isles: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe, Douglas, Isle of Man, 1988. Ed. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick. Linguistische Arbeiten 238. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. p.468
  17. ↑ Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xxiv
  18. ↑ Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xxiv-xxv
  19. ↑ a b "SND:U 2 (1)". Archived frae the original on 3 Julie 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  20. ↑ "SND: J". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  21. ↑ Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xix)
  22. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. vii
  23. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 1
  24. ↑ Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 78
  25. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 2
  26. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 3
  27. ↑ Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 79
  28. ↑ "SND: Du". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  29. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 4
  30. ↑ Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 96-97
  31. ↑ Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 102
  32. ↑ "SND: Dat". Archived frae the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  33. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 5
  34. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 9
  35. ↑ Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 113
  36. ↑ a b Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 11
  37. ↑ Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 10
  38. ↑ Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 115

Freemit airtins

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Category:Scots leid Category:Shetland Category:Shetlandic cultur

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