----------------------- Page 1----------------------LECIA 1

TO BE(a fi):
afirmativ
negativ
I am
Im
You are
Youre
you arent
He is
Hes
he isnt
She is
Shes
she isnt
It is
Its
it isnt
We are
Were
we arent
You are
Youre
you arent
They are
Theyre
they arent
Expresii uzuale:

interogativ
Am I?

I am not

Im not

Are you?

You are not

Youre not

Is he?

He is not

Hes not

Is she?

She is not

Shes not

Is it?

It is not

Its not

Are we?

We are not

Were not

Are you?

You are not

Youre not

Are they?

They are not

Theyre not

Who are you?

I am Lavinia.
What are you?
I am a teacher.
ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT

SINGULAR: a(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o cons.

ex: a doctor =un
doctor
an(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o vocal
ex: an engineer
PLURAL: se formeaz adugnd litera s
ex: doctors = doctori
n rom. se folos. sunt doctor i sunt un doctor iar n engl. doar sunt un doctor
(sunt doctor se traduce n engl. cu sunt un doctor)
(Sunt doctor = I am a doctor)
- aceast diferen ntre engl. i rom se ntlnete numai la singular.
ARTICOLUL HOTRT
SG.: the teacher = profesorul
(the se pronun cu naintea cons. i cu i naintea vocalelor)
PL: se adaug s
the teachers = profesorii
________________________________________________________________
Exprimarea vrstei se face n englez cu vb. a fi nu cu vb. a avea ca n romn.
She is 5 years old = Ea are 5 ani.
De asemenea culorile(Ce culoare au ochii ti? What colour are your eyes?)
________________________________________________________________________

1
----------------------- Page 2-----------------------

LECIA 2
sg.
THIS = acesta, aceasta
acestea
THAT = acela, aceea
, acelea

pl.

THESE = acetia,
THOSE = aceia

Expresii uzuale:
This is
French
These
are
That is
a
Russian
ONE.
Those are
Romanian
ONES.
It is
Romanian
They
are
ex: What books are those?
Those are English books.;They are English ones
.
NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE(nu-i aa?, aa-i?, nu?)
arent I?
am I?
arent you?
are you?
(vezi can, may, must;
isnt he, she, it?
is he, she, it?
there is, there are)
arent we, you, they?
are we, you, they?
Ex.:
You are a teacher, arent you?
Suntei profesor, nu-i aa?
----------------------------------You arent a teacher, are you?
n englez nu se folosete
dubla negaie
Nu eti profesor, nu-i aa?
ca n romn.
LECIA 3

TO HAVE( a avea)
I have (got)
You have (got)
He has (got)
She has (got)
It has (got)
We have (got)
You have (got)
They have (got)

Ive got
Youve got
Hes got
Shes got
Its got
Weve got
Youve got
Theyve got
GENITIVUL(POSESIA)

Pt. numele de fiine se folosete de obicei genitivul cu apostrof

s la singular:
Tony is Mr. Clifford s son.(Tony este fiul dl. Clifford)
la plural:
Tony is the Cliffords son (Tony este fiul Clifforzilor)
Genitivul cu of se poate folosi cu orice categorie de substantive, inclusiv cu n
umele de
fiine, ns n mod obinuit cu subs. care nu reprezint nume de fiine.
ex: The colour of my pullover(culoarea puloverului meu)
Mai rar:
t este Tony.)
n mod obinuit:

The name of this boy is Tony.

(Numele ac. bia

This boys name is Tony.

2

----------------------- Page 3----------------------LECIA 4

CAN = a putea n sensul de:
- capacitate, a ti
- permisiunea pt. pers. 2 i 3 rar 1
not(cant).
your tape-recorder?
MAY = a putea n sensul de:
-permisiunea pt. persoana 1
-posibil, probabil
. s stm acas?)

o nvei.)

Can she take

May I open the window?

Why must we stay at home?

( De ce tb

Because Mr. Clifford may come.

(aciiune viitoare)
fford)

Can your wife cook?

Can I see your father? No, you can

(Pt. c s-ar putea s vin dl. Cli

It may be difficult, but you must learn it.(O fi ea grea, dar tb. s
He may be your friend, but...

MUST =
trebuie
probabil(n sensul de trebuie)

I must read this book.

He must be at school now.(Probabil c e la c. acum.)

(aciune nceput n trec. i contin. n prez. i

osibil n viitor)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STILL = nc ( n continuare)
Shes still very prety.(E nc f. drgu)
YET = nc (deja)
Can your baby walk yet? (Copilaul tu poate deja s mearg?)
He cant walk yet. (Nu poate s mearg nc.)
(aciune care nu a nceput dar poate ncepe o
ricnd)
(= totui
Ex.: And yet she was ready in time(i totui a fost gata la timp))
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ntrebrile disjunctive cu can, may, must se formeaz respectnd regula c n englez nu
se folos. dubla negaie ca n romn.
You cannt sing this song, can you?
Nu ti s cni cntecul a
c. nu-i aa?
LECIA 5
NTREBRILE CU DO I DOES(Prezentul Simplu)
Do you smoke?
e, they do
Yes I do. No, I dont.

Fumezi?

I, you, w

Does he learn Russian?

nva rusete?
He, she, it does
Yes, he learn Russian.
Yes, he does. No he doesnt.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LA
at se folosete cu verbele de stare pe loc
(Tony is at school.)
to se folosete cu verbele de micare
(Tony goes to school)

Particularitate: I am at home.
se mai

I go home.(la verbele de micare nu

folosete to n expresii cu home).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
----------------------- Page 4----------------------De regul dup in, with, under, before, after, at, to se folosete the i subs.:
- I like to read in the garden.
- I like to play with the boys.
Excepii: home, school, college...
After the lesson the pupil go
home.
After sc
hool they want to go to the cinema.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------me = pe mine
my = meu, mea, mei, mele
you = pe tine
him = pe el

your = tu
his = lui

her = pe ea
it = pe el
us = pe noi
you = pe voi

her = ei
our = nostru
your = tu, ta, ti, tale, dtale, dvs

them = pe ei, ele

their= lor

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
to be right = a avea dreptate
ex.:
Am I right? (
Am dreptate?)
to be wrong = a nu avea dreptate
You are wrong(N
-ai dreptate)
LECIA 6
IMPORTANT prezentul simplu i continuu:
n general, n mod obinuit
l de fa
(always, every day...)
I
speak French
You
e
He
She

play the violin

drink milk
speaking French.
speaks French
playing the violin.
plays the violin
drinking milk.
drinks milk

n momentu
(now...)
I

am

You

ar

He

is

She

We

You
We

speak French

You

play the violin

They

drink milk

ar

They

Interogativ: Do I,you,we,they
Am I speaking French?
Does he,she,it
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lavinia is singing
Tony is reading
the garden
Theyre playing
the house
Lavinia is going
the sitting-room
Tony is coming
Theyre taking Spot

in

into
(deplasare,micare,direcie)

4
----------------------- Page 5----------------------Expresii uzuale:
There is a bottle of whisky on the table, insnt there?
(Este o sticl de w. pe mas, nu-i aa?)
There are many cakes in the refrigerator, arent there?
(Sunt multe ...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
neither...nor
sau
either...or
(cnd vb. e afirmativ)
(cnd vb. e negativ)
- regula dublei negaii
Nu e nici din fier nici din aur.
on or gold.
Nu tb. nici s citeti prea mult i
much.
nici s te odihneti prea mult.
much.

It is neither iron nor gold.

It isnt either ir
You must neither read too much nor rest too
You musnt either read too much or rest too

LECIA 7
TO BE - past
I was
I was not(wasnt)
s I not?(wasnt I?)
You were
You were not(werent)
ent you?)
He was

Was I?
Were you?

Wa
Were you not?(wer

She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
-------------------------Ex: Were you at home last night?
They were glad to see us.
d ne-au vzut.

Ai fost acas asear?

S-au bucurat(au fost bucuroi) cn

TO HAVE - past
I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They
had
Ex: She had a pet when she was a little girl.(Ea a avut un animal favorit cnd era
mic.)
---------------Have, had se mai folosesc n englez pt. :
- a se distra: had a good time
- a mnca, a bea : He had a lovely meal.; She had a glass of beer.; had dinner.
- doar HAD se mai folosete pt.: a trebuit, trebuia(vezi lecia 10) =trecutul lui mus
t
CAN- past
I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They

could

Ex.: He couldnt go to school yesterday.

5
----------------------- Page 6----------------------Se mai folosete n englez i cu vb. care arat o aptitudine.
- Could you ride well at that time? (Clreai bine pe vremea aceea?)
- Could he ski when he was young? (tia s schieze cnd era tnr?)
Yes, he could ski very well.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
MUCH = mult, mult
He never eats much.
MANY = muli, multe
He hasnt got many records.
A LOT (OF) = mult, mult,muli,multe
De obicei, se folosete a lot (of) n propoziiile afirmative n loc de much sau many:
- He likes to eat a lot.
- She has a lot of friends.
------------Se mai folosesc n expresii : ct, cte
- Ct cost? = How much is it?
- Cte fiice avea? = How many daughters had he?
LECIA 8
GRADELE DE COMPARAIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR
1. adjectivele de o silab formeaz comparativul adugnd ER i
superlativul adugnd EST:
high(nalt) higher(mai nalt)
(the) highest(cel mai nalt)
:despre lucruri
tall(nalt)
taller(mai nalt)
(the)tallest(cel mai nalt)
:despre persoane
long(lung) longer
(the)longest
2.adjectivele de o silab terminate ntr-o singur consoan precedat de
o singur vocal dubleaz consoana final nainte de er i de est:

big
bigger
- (the)biggest
thin(subire)thinner
- (the)thinnest
3.adjectivele de o silab terminate n -e adaug numai -r ; -st:
nice(drgu, gustos)
- nicer
- (the)nicest
fine
- finer
- (the) finest
4.adjectivele terminate n y precedate de o consoan schimb y cu i i se
adaug er i est:
dry(uscat)
drier
- (the) driest
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CONJUNII I EXPRESII UZUALE
Tony is as young as me(John;I am)
la fel de...ca i
not so tall as
nu aa de...ca i
ca i

not as short as

nu la fel de...

older than Mary(he is;them)

mai...dect
the younger of the two
mai...din ei doi(cteoda
t i cel mai din doi)
the tallest of the three
cel mai...din
(of us all;of you all;of all)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
----------------------- Page 7----------------------Adjectivele din mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul cu more i
superlativul cu the most. (R nu se pronun cnd more este rostit izolat s
au este
urmat de un cuv. care ncepe cu o consoan; dar se pronun cnd cuv. urmtor ncepe cu
o vocal ex: more interesting)
confortable
more confortable
(the) most confortable
careless
more careless
(the) most careless
neatent(neglijent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unele adjective form. comparativul i superlativul n mod neregulat:
much(mult,mult)
more(mai mult) - (the)most(cel mai mult)
many(muli,multe)
good
better
(the) best
bad(ru,prost)
worse(mai ru)
(the) worst(cel mai ru)
ill(bolnav)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Folosirea prepoziiilor
from(de,din,de pe) se folosete doar n propoziiile care nu exprim ideea de existen
in, on, under, behind n celelalte propoziii
The dress in the wardrobe is blue.
te albastr.
She wants to take the dress from the wardrobe.

Rochia din dulap es

Vrea s ia rochia din dulap.

The mouse on the cheese looks very clever.

oarecele de pe cacaval pare f. detep
t.
My mother wants to take the mouse from the cheese.
Mama vrea s ia oarecele d
e pe

The elephant under the bad is a toy elephant.

Elefantul de sub pat este un el
efant de j.
My baby takes the elephant from under the bed.
ia elefantul de su
b pat.
The cat behind the curtain is in fact a kitten.
Pisica de dup perdea este de f
apt o pisicu
The cat is coming out from behind the curtain.
Pisica iese de dup perdea.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
Its too dear.
E prea scump().
Its quite cheap.
E destul de ieftin.
grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair, oranges); grown-ups=aduli
LECIA 9
Expresii uzuale(din Viitorul Simplu):
Will you please open the window?
stra?
Will you please come with me?

Vrei, te rog, s deschizi ferea

Vrei, te rog, s vii cu mine?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
----------------------- Page 8----------------------IMPORTANT:
PAST TENSE simple
Aciune terminat n trecut
La
verbele
regulate
se formeaz
prin
adugarea
terminaiei
ed la
forma
de
infinitiv(forma gsit n dicionar; ex.:to like) ; la interogativ se folosete did; nega
tiv:
did not(didn).
Am cntat bine la pian?
A muncit dl. Clifford mult(din
greu) ieri?
Did I play the piano well?
Did Mr. Clifford work ha
rd yesterday?
Yes, you played it very well.
Yes, he worked very hard.
Yes, you did.
No, he did not w
ork very hard.
No, you didnt play it very well.
La verbele neregulate se formeaz astfel: S+forma2 a vb.(lista cu vb. neregulate s
e nva
pe de rost Engl. fr prof./p.358)

n cazul condiionalelor(if clause) trecutul simplu se poate traduce cu co

ndiionaluloptativ romnesc a cnta iar T.P.S. cu a fi cntat(n principal se folose
would(should)=a...sau would (should) have=a fi...(vezi lecia 18)).
ntrebrile disjunctive la past tense(cu did)
I played tennis well, didnt I?
Am jucat tenis bine, nu-i aa?

I didnt play tennis well, did I?

N-am jucat tenis bine, aa-i?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ATENIE(din Andrei Banta)
Pt. c PrezentulPerf.S. i Trecutul S. se traduc la fel tb. precizat:
Dac momentul(last months; three days ago) sau aciunea este localizat sau dac textul
este de domeniul unei relatri, reportaj se folosete Trecutul S. Deci, Past Tense a
rat un
moment determinat(terminat n trecut) al aciunii de cele mai multe ori p
recizat prin
adverbe de timp precis iar Present Perfect are ca funcie prin
cipal
indicarea
anterioritii(moment nceput n trecut i continuat i n prezent sau termin. f. recent).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
always
often = adesea
ever = vreodat
sometimes
never
seldom = (a)rareori
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IMPORTANT:
PARTICIPIUL TRECUT
Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaz ntocmai ca i trecutul
lor.
Part. trecut al vb. neregulate se nva din lista de vb. neregulate de la p
g. 358.
Ex.: There are many learned men in our country.
Sunt muli oameni nvai n . ns.
Many appreciated writers took part in the conference.
Muli scriitori apreciai au luat parte la conferin.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
----------------------- Page 9----------------------ADVERBUL
Adverbul se formeaz de obicei prin adugarea terminaiei ly adjectivului din care pro
vin
dar exist i adverbe care au aceeai form cu adjectivul crora le corespunde. n cazul
adugrii terminaiei ly intervine o schimbare de sens. Ex.: hard= din greu, intens
Adjectiv
She is nice

hardly= cu greu, de abia

Adverb
She writes nicely

careless
beautiful
Adverbe cu aceiai form ca adjectivul:fast, hard, etc.
The plaine is fast(Avionul este rapid)
It goes fast(El merge repede)

carelessly
beautifully

LECIA 10
IMPERATIVUL (FORMA NEGATIV)

Do not
ask that!
Dont
say it!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD se mai folosete n expresii pt.: TREBUIA, A TREBUIT
(must = trebuie)
Trebuia neaprat s ajung acolo la timp.
I really had to be there in time
A trebuit s fac baie n 10 min.
She had to bath in ten minutes.
A trebuit s te duci s-i vezi aa de trziu? Did you have to go and see them so late?
Nu trebuia s-i spui.
You didnt have to tell her.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: LET
Lets go!
S mergem!
Let her take her dog away!
S-i ia cinele de aici!
Let her bath quickly!
S fac baie repede!
Let him speak!
Las-l s vorbeasc!
Let me, him, her, it, us, them
come;stay; read
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: HERE; THERE(iat,am ajuns,poftim)
Here he is.
Iat-l(aici).
Here is my friend Charlie.
Iat-l pe prietenul meu Charlie(aici)
Here he come.
Uite-l c vine(aici).
There he is.
Iat-l(acolo).
There are my neighbours.
Iat-i pe vecinii notri.(acolo)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: THERE MUST; THERE MAY
There must be a misunderstanding.
Trebuie s fie o nenelegere.
There may be trouble for you there.
S-ar putea s ai necazuri acolo.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII:
May I introduce my son to you?
How do you do?
Ce mai faci?,Bun ziua
9
----------------------- Page 10----------------------I am glad to meet you. mi pare bine s v cunosc.
It was nice meeting you. Mi-a fcut plcere s v cunosc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA I ORDINEA N PROPOZIIE PT. PRONUMELE:
mie, ie, lui, ei, nou, lor
to me, you, him, her, us, them
Give me that book, please.
D-mi, te rog, cartea aceea.
Give it to me, not to my brother.
D-mi-o mie, nu fratelui meu.
Did he lend you the newspaper?
i-a mprumutat ziarul?
Did he lend the newspaper to you?
ie i-a mprumutat ziarul?
No, he didnt. He lent it to my sister.
Nu. I l-a mprumutat surorii mele.
LECIA 11
IMPORTANT:
PAST TENSE continuous

S + to be(trecut) + vb+ing
Ex.: You were reading a magazine.
Citeai o revist.
Mrs. Clifford was sewing when Tony came.
D-na. C. cosea cnd Tony a venit
.
I was sleeping when the rain started.
Dormeam cnd ploaia a nce
put.
They were dancing while Lavinia was learning. Dansau n timp ce L. nva.
Was the sun shining when she looked out of the window?
NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE:
The sun was shining in the sky, wasnt it?
The sun was not(wasnt) shining in the sky, was it?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
so.....that
att de.....nct
I was so tired last night that I slept like a log(butean).
It is so late that I cant call in at the butchers.(E att de trziu nct nu pot trece pe
la mcelrie)
We are so busy that we cant go to the cinema with you.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii:
had(pt. trecut), must(pt. prez.) + past participle
I had my hair done yesterday.
M-am coafat ieri.
I had to meet an old friend.
Trebuia s m ntlnesc cu o veche prieten.
You had your shoes mended, hadnt you?
i-ai reparat pantofii, nu?
She had to have a new dress made.
Trebuie s-i fac(s-i dea la fcut) o rochie nou.
You must have your nails manicured.
Trebie s v facei manichiura.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Numele unor magazine se formeaz prin adugarea s numelui profesiei:
barbers(hairdressers) = frizerie
grocers = bcnie(zahr, fin, cafea)
butchers = mcelrie
confectioners = cofetrie
chemists = farmacie
tailors = croitor
10
----------------------- Page 11----------------------LECIA 12(SHALL and WILL)
VIITORUL SIMPLU(NEDEFINIT)

THE FUTURE INDEFINITE

Ex.: I shall begin now.

Voi ncepe acum
You will see him tomorow.
Ai s-l vezi mine.
He will write her a letter.
i va scrie o scrisoare.
There will be plenty of fruit, wont there?
Vor fi fructe din belug, nu-i
aa?
I
shall
g
o by train
We
ll
make
a good impression
shall not
be
late
shant
He
will
She
ll
It
will not

You
wont
They
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ATENIE: SHALL i WILL se pot inversa ntre persoanele I, II sau III pt. a exprima
pt. pers I ideea de voin, promisiune, hotrre iar pt. pers. II i III ideea de necesi
tate,
ordin, obligaie.
Ex.: I will do my best.
i promit s fac tot posibilul.
You shall drink that glass of milk, even if you dont like it.
i porunces
c s bei p...
He shall tell her the truth.
El trebuie s-i spun adevrul.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will poate avea sensul de a vrea, a voi, a binevoi
Ex.: Will you bring me that book?
Vrei s-mi aduci cartea aceea?
He wont go to school
Nu vrea s se duc la coal.
I wont explain him the rule again.
Nu vreau s-i explic regula din no
u.
I wont see him again.
Nu vreau s-l mai vd.
(atenie:
will nu shall)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TO BE GOING TO
a. se poate folosi n locul viitorului cu shall i will:
He is going to leave for London.
Va pleca la Lond
ra.
It is going to rain.
Are s plou.
b. exprim intenia:
I am going to take one suit-case with me.(Am de gnd s iau un sg. geamantan cu mine
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CAN nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to be able to(a putea, a fi n stare)
Ex.: I shall be able to visit you next week(Voi putea s v fac o vizit sptmna viitoare)
MUST nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to have to(a trebui)
Ex.: He will have to go there on Monday(Va trebui s se duc luni acolo).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
----------------------- Page 12----------------------SHALL N NTREBRI se traduce adesea prin conjunctivul romnesc
Ex.: Shall I ring you up tomorrow? S-i telefonez mine?
Shall I bring you the book?
S-i aduc cartea?

LECIA 13
PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU
traducere: am citit
n propoziii
lucreaz;o are
n fraze pt. exprimarea anterioritii
vezi crile de liceu cls. X selecii
S+have/has+vb.(III)

Ex.: Ai(ai) citit cartea aceasta?

Have you read this book?
N-au plecat nc, nu-i aa?
They havent gone yet, have they?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atenie: Prez. Perf. Simplu pt. to be i to have
Forma III a vb. to be este been; a nu se confunda din acest motiv PPS cu alte
timpuri.
Ex.: De cnd sunt prieteni?
How long have they been friends?
Sunt prieteni de ani de zile.
They have been friends for years.(sin
ce 1960)
How long(since when) has she had that car?
De cnd are maina aceea?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Se folosete cu FOR i SINCE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atenie: folosirea n fraze e n fc. de timpul din romnete:
Trecutul simplu(ac. termin. n trecut)
She has had it since she graduated.
O are de cnd a absolv
it facultatea.
She has had it since she has worked in this office. O are de cnd lucreaz n acest bi
rou.
Prez.Perf.Simplu(ac. ncep. n trec. i cont. n
prez.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. diferena dintre PPS i TS vezi ex. 247/p.208 din Engl. fr prof.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU
S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing
Aciunea: nceput n trecut, continuat n prez. i posibil n viitor;
Atenie: se deosebete de PPS datorit verbelor cu aspect progresiv
continuu(a citi, a nva, a preda,a conduce(maina), etc.)
Ex.: What has he been doing since this morning?
Ce face de azi diminea?
He has been revising for his exam.
nva pt. examen.
How long have you been teaching in this school?
De cnd predai.
..
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
----------------------- Page 13-----------------------

Important: pt. a vedea diferena ntre PPS, PPC i TS (ex.249/p210):

1. De cnd nvei englezete?
PPC aciune trecut,prez.,~viitor i verb progresiv con
t.
2. Ce-ai fcut ieri diminea?
TS(did) ac. trecut ncheiat i timpul precizat exa
3. Ce-ai fcut toat sptmna aceasta? PPS interval de timp nc nencheiat
etc.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: big i large se refer la volum, capacitate sau cantitate iar
great la importan

This volume is very thick.It has many pages.

thick =
gros
empty = gol(goal)
full = plin()
The engine of a car is heavy. It is not light.
greu; uor
This question is difficult. It is not easy.
greu: uor
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prepoziii i expresii:
There is a piece of cheese on a plate on the kitchen table. (Este o bucat de brnz,
pe o farfurie, pe masa din buctrie.)
There are several chairs round the kitchen table.(n jurul mesei din buctrie sunt ma
i multe scaune)
Below(sub) the kitchen floor there is a cellar(pivnia) and above(deasupra) the ki
tchen ceiling, there is the garret(podul).
The cupboard is against one of the kitchen walls and opposite the cupboard there
is the clock.
(Dulapul se afl lipit de unul dintre pereii buctriei i fa n fa cu dulapul se afl c
l.)
below the clock = sub ceas
under gas cooker = sub aragaz
a butterfly comes through the window = un fluture intr pe(prin) fereastr
it flies up to = zboar n sus
throws the butterfly out of the window = arunc fluturele pe fereastr

LECIA 14
alt, alt
n the table
ali, alte
n front of you
cealalt
celelalte

Another

book

is

Other

books

are

The other

book
books

is
are

altul, alta
alii, altele
m
loor
cellalt, cealalt
ceilali, celelalte
This old car is
It belongs to

Another
Other

is
are

here
in the roo
on the f

The
me(mie)
you

other
others

mine(a mea)
your

These French magazines are

They
belong
him

his

to
her
This fat little dog is
It belongs to
us
This bad tape-recorder is

ours

you

is
are

hers

yours

theirs
them
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13
----------------------- Page 14----------------------Expresii uzuale:
He cant hear. Hes deaf.
smell=miros; odour=miros (plcut sau n
eplcut)
He cant see. Hes blind.
fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)
Can you smell the smell of roast chicken?
No, I cant. I have a cold(guturai
).
Exprimarea faptului de a fi mirat i impresionat
What
a charming girl!
Ce fat fermectoare!
How pretty your house is!
Ce drgu e casa voast!
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: which=pe care,care(din mai muli(multe)); what = care
Which of them shall I lend you?
Pe care vrei s i-o (i le) mprumut?
Which book did you like best?
Care carte i-a plcut mai mult?
My sons are twins. I dont always know which is which.
Nu i deosebesc ntotdeaun
a.
What is your name?
What is the capital of France?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Imperativul cu YOU exprim un ordin categoric sau precizeaz persoana:
You stop that noise at once!
ncetez imediat cu zgomotul!
You boil the eggs while I toast the bred!
Tu fiebe oule n timp ce eu prjesc pine
a.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: two of them= doi dintre ei
both= amndoi
I saw two of them in the street this morning.
doi dintre ei
The two of them(both of them) are very fat.
amndoi
LECIA 15

Compuii lui some, any, no + thing, where, body, one (+ else)

EXPRESII UZUALE:
some : se folosete n propoziiile afirmative i se traduce prin nite, ceva, civa, cteva
pu in() . Ex.: There is some tea left(A mai rmas nite(puin) ceai).
any: n prop. interogative i negative =nite, cteva, civa, puin(), vreo respectiv=nu,
nici un, nici o. Ex.: Is there any milk in that bottle?
E puin lapte n sticl?
any n prop. afirmative = oricare, orice
Ex.:Take any record you like.
no se folosete n propoziiile negative, cu verbul la form afirmativ i se traduce prin
nu, nici un, nici o, ca i not any.
Ex.. He has no new people(s). N-are nici un elev nou.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:
somebody(someone) = cineva(prop. afirm.)
anybody(anyone) = cineva(prop. inter.),nimeni(prop. neg., vb. neg.), oricine(pro
p. afirm.)
nobody(no one)
something = ceva
somewhere = undeva
anything = ceva(prop. interog.),nimic(prop. neg.,vb. la forma neg.),orice(prop.
afirm.)
anywhere = undeva,nicieri,oriunde

nothing = nimic
nowhere = nicieri
14
----------------------- Page 15----------------------ATENIE:
CEVA: something n prop. afirm. i anything n cele interogative
NIMIC: nothing cnd vb. e afirmativ i anything cnd vb. e negativ
UNDEVA: somewhere n prop. afirm. i anywhere n prop. interog.
NICIERI: nowhere cnd vb. e afirmativ i anywhere cnd vb. e neg.
ORIUNDE: anywhere n prop. afirm.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Somebody, someone, something, somewhere ct i formele lor pt. interogativ i negativ
(anybody, nobody) pot fi nsoite de else = -alt
Ex.: I saw somebody(someone) else there (Am vzut pe altcineva acolo).
Pt. obinuirea dintre prop. afirm. i cele inter. i neg. ex. 306/247
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nici unul (una)
any i none =dintre mai muli
either i neither = din doi
any=vreunul Ex.:Have you met any of my pupils?(I-ai cun. pe vreunii dintre elev
ii mei?)
any=nici unul Ex.: I dont know any of them.
Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f
. neg.)
none=nici unul Ex.: I know none of them.
Nu cunosc pe nici unul.
(vb. la
f. afirm.)
either=vreunul Ex.: Have you met either ( vreuna ) of my two daughters?
either = nici unul Ex.. I havent met either of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.
neither = nici unul Ex.. Ive met neither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S-A
NTMPLAT,
DIN
NTMPLARE,
NTMPLAREA
A
FCUT
S,
NTMPLTOR = It so happened that I
I happened
It so happened that we heard (didnt hear) the telephone bell. (S-a ntmplat s auzim t
el.)
We happened to hear (not to hear) the telephone bell.
The girl happened to be very pretty.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII:
You are wicked = Eti ru ( n general )
You are being wicked = Eti ru (n cazul de fa cu implicaia c de obicei nu este)
Se folosete i cu : nasty(nesuferit), mean(urcios,meschin)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------POLISEMIA LUI JOIN:
- a uni
A bridje joins the two banks(Un pod unete cele dou maluri)
- a se ntlni
- a se nscrie
He is going to join our club.(Se va nscrie n clubul nostru)
- a se altura(la o petrecere, joc, conversaie)
- a se nrola (n armat)
He joined the army.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A ATEPTA
to wait for - implic ateptare activ
to expect - implic ateptare pasiv
15
----------------------- Page 16----------------------LECIA 16

Cnd pronumele interogativ sau subs. precedat de un adjectiv interogativ

este subiect,
predicatul din propoziia interogativ rmne la forma obiniut (cea din propozii
le
afirmative):What impressed you most?
Whose (al cui, a crui) horse came first?
Cnd sunt complemente directe, interogativul se formeaz cu do, does sau did:
What do you want?
Whom = who(n scris i n vor
birea ngrijit)
Whom did you meet?
= which
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The man(driver, girl) whom(that) I saw is mad(cousin).
Whom (that) se folosete cu persoane.
whom = pe care, pe
cine, cruia
The picture (statue, painting) which (that) I noticed was very expensive.
Which (that) se folosete cu lucruri, animale.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; ourselves; yourselves; themselves
se folosete n diateza reflexiv n anumite expresii, i ca pronume de ntrire:
M privesc n oglind = I am looking myself in the mirror.
Vorbea singur = He was talking to himself.
Am fcut-o eu nsumi = I did it myself.
Pronumele de ntrire se poate plasa dup subiect(I myself read it)cnd accen
tuiaz
sensul sau la sfritul propoziiei(I read it myself)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:
unul pe altul, unul pe cellalt = each other = one another
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------diateza pasiv
S + to be + past participle
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:(neither(nor), either)
Nici mie nu-mi place piperul.
I dont like pepper either.
Neither do I like
pepper.
(atenie se inverseaz)
Nici el nu poate comite astfel de erori. Neither (Nor) can he commit such errors
.
He cant commit such
errors either.
Nici el nu este un om gelos.
He isnt a jealous man either.
Neither (Nor) is he a jeal

ous man.
EXPRESIA: LA FEL I
My parents bedroom is upstairs and so is mine.
I like this scent(parfum) and so does my sister.
I shall go to the library tomorrow and so will my friend.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESIA: DA, AA ESTE
A fost obraznic. Da, aa este.
He was cheeky. So, he was.

16
----------------------- Page 17----------------------LECIA 17
ATENIE
CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR N FRAZE

ENGLEZ
1. T - P
2. T- T
Simplu sau Cont.
3. T-V
re in the Past
4. V-V

ROMNETE
T T-

T
T Perf.

T Simplu

- Futu

V- P. Simplu

1. A. mi spuneai c vrei s te odihneti un timp.

atenie
You told me that you wanted to rest for a while.
spuneai
se
traduce cu T.S nu
B. Sperai c profesorul nu poate veni.
sperai
c
u T.C.
You hoped that the theacher couldnt come.
C. Mi-a spus c sora ei e la coal.
He told me that her sister was at school.
n rom. se poate folosi trecut - prezent(i t.-t.) dar n englez numai trecut - trecut.
2. A.
I thought that Lavinia had finished the book.
B.
Speram c a fcut o bun impresie acolo.
atenie speram se trad. c
u T.S.
I hoped he had cut a good figure there.
C.
Ne-a spus c btrnul a fost clcat de o main.
She told us that the old man had been run over by a car.
atenie had b
een este TPS
D.
Le-am spus c-i vizitez pe prinii lor de muli ani.
I told them that I had been visiting their parents for many years.
TPCont.
Cnd n rom. se folosete trecut- trecut (sau trecut- prezent dar este o ac. trecut
anterioar unei alte ac. trecute i neterminat) n englez se folosete Trecut-Trecut
Perfect Simplu sau Cont.
Regula e uor de dedus pt. c prin astfel de fraze se exprim anterioritatea(pt. care
se folos. TPS sau TPC)
3. A. Eram sigur c nu v va dezamgi.

I was sure that he wouldnt disapoint you.

B. Spunea c va trebui s se coafeze.
atenie spunea, eram
se trad. cu TS
She said she would have to have her hair done.
C. Ai promis c nu-l vei certa.
You promised you wouldnt scold him.
n rom. se folosete trecut - viitor iar n engl. se folosete trecut - Future in the Pa
st.
4. n englez, cnd n propoziia principal se folosete viitorul, n propoziia
subordonat temporal (introdus prin when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as lon
g
as, etc.) sau condiional(introdus prin if ) se folosete prezentul.
I shall see you when (if ) I have time (it is possible).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
----------------------- Page 18----------------------EXPRESII:
for me, you, him, her, us, you, them
O sa-i cumprm un cadou.
Well buy a present for her.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLOSIREA LUI SEVERAL I MORE
Mi-a spus c are mai multe romane englezeti.
several se folosete cnd po
ate fi
She told me she had several English novels.
nlocuit i cu cteva, civ
a
Mi-a spus c are mai multe cri romneti dect englezeti.
She told me she had more Romanian books than English books.
LECIA 18
Exprimarea condiionalului optativ din rom. a mnca se face cu should i would.
n engleza contemporan would se poate folosi i la pers. I sg. i pl.
Ex.: I would like
a vrea s, mi-ar plcea s
We would be very glad
am fi foarte bucuroi s
El n-ar face una ca asta.
He wouldnt do such a thing.
(El) ar putea s citeasc ac. carte Engl.
He could read this English book.
ATENIE
Ar putea s o piard.
He might lose it.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF CLAUSE
Dac
+vb.)

ar cnta
ar fi cntat

PRINCIPALA
T.S.
T.P.S.(had+vb.3)

ar...(would, should
(Future in the Past)
ateni

e: ar putea = could
Pt. a ine minte regula : n mod normal ambele ar trebui s se formeze cu F. in the Pa
st
dar are prioritate principala.

Am face o excursie n Italia dac am economisi destui bani.

We should go on a trip to Italy if we saved enough money.
Dac n-a fi vzut eu nsumi, nu mi-a face griji.
If I hadnt seen it myself I shouldnt worry.

T.S.
T.P.S.

Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form: vezi tabelul de la sfritul leciei

Atenie pt. c la la unele prop. sensul e clar de viitor dar se exprim prin trecut :
Ex.: Dac vremea ar fi frumoas ne-am duce la plimbare.
If the weather were fine we should go for a walk.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR TREBUI = I, You, He, She, We, You, They should
(should not(shouldnt)
Ex.: You should go and see the film.
Ar trebui s te duci s vezi filmul.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
----------------------- Page 19----------------------A PUTEA, AI PUTEA
I could, You could
Ex.: N-am putea fi suprai pe ea.
We couldnt be angry with her.
Ai putea cumpra aceast cravat pentru tata?
Could you buy this tie for father.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR PUTEA(n sensul de posibilitate)
It might rain in the afternoon.
S-ar putea s plou dup-amiaz.
They might come any minute now.
Ar putea sosi din clip n clip.
AR FI PUTUT (MIGHT HAVE VB3)
He might have helped you.
Te-ar fi putut ajuta.
It might have snowed.
S-ar fi putut s ning.
They might have gone to the seaside.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI a fi cumprat, ai fi cumprat...
should(would)+have+vb3
Ex.: Would you have bought that...?
Ai fi cumprat acel...
Yes, I should have bought it.
Da, l-a fi cumprat.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESIA: ar fi trebuit
S+should(la toate pers.)+have+vb3
Ex.: I should have given him a good thrashing, but I hadnt the heart.
(Ar fi trebuit s-i trag o btaie bun dar nu m-a lsat inima.)
He shouldnt have stolen them.
(N-ar fi trebuit s le fure.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESIA: a fi putut, ai fi putut...
S+could+have+vb3
Ex.: I could have solved the problem.
A fi putut rezolva problema.
Could you have eaten all the cakes?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A
TPS(had+vb3)

IF CLAUSE

IF CLAUSE

PRINCIPAL
should(would)+have+vb3

dac a fi, ai fi...+vb.

a fi, ai fi...+vb.
atenie: ar fi trebuit = had had
ar fi putut = could have
If the mud hadnt been so deep, the wheels of the car wouldnt have got stuck in it.
Dac noroiul n-ar fi fost att de mare, roile mainii nu s-ar fi npotmolit n el.
We shouldnt have missed the train if we had hurried a bit.
N-am fi pierdut trenul dac ne-am fi grbit puin.
Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form:
Had we hurried a bit, we shouldnt have missed the train.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
----------------------- Page 20----------------------ALT FORM A CONDIIONALEI
IF CLAUSE
IPAL
Should(la toate pers.)+ vb.1
vb. 1

PRINC
S+should(pers. 1)+

Should they invite me to the party, I should refuse them.

Dac m-ar invita la petrecere i-a refuza.
Should you call on the Cliffords now you would meet Lavinia there.

would

LECIA 19
Diferite excepii:
1. Dup verbele to make i to let urmeaz infinitivul scurt (fr to):
Ex.: He made her come with him.
A pus-o s vin cu el.
He let her come with him.
A lsat-o s vin cu el.
2. Dup verbe ca to see, to hear, to watch, to feel urmez fie infinitivul scurt, fi
e forma n
ing:
Ex.: I heard her sing(ing).
Am auzit-o cntnd.
She watched him eat(ing) L-a privit cum mnnc.
3. Dup verbe ca to want, to wish, to expect, to like poate urma un acuzativ+inf
initivul
cu to. Ex.: She wanted him to go.
Ea voia ca el s plece.
They expected Mary to answer.
Se ateptau ca Mary s rspund.
Aceast construcie se folosete atunci cnd aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este fcut de
alt persoan dect subiectul primului verb. Dac acuzativul se omite, se subnelege c
aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este nfptuit de subiect.
Ex.: She wanted him to go.
Ea vroia ca el s plece.
She wanted to go.
Ea vroia s plece.
4. Dup verbe ca to belive, to consider, to think, to report
se fol
osete aceeai
construcie (She belives him to be a good student) cu deosebirea c idee
a poate fi

exprimat i n felul urmtor: She belives that he is a good student.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------He
is said
to sing very well
She
was heard
to speak English corr
ectly
The student
happens
to have a good Englis
h pronunciation.
The girl
seems
is likely
is sure
prez.
They
are
given
s
ome new book
trecut
The children
were
offered
s
ome picture postcards
viitor
The Browns
will be
lent
p
ens
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20
----------------------- Page 21----------------------Exprimarea unor lucruri generale (impersonale) diateza pasiv:
Valuable archaelogic discoveries are made in our country nowadays.
n zilele noastre se fac descoperiri arheologice preioase n ara noastr.
Valuable archaelogic discoveries are being made in our country nowadays.
n zilele noastre(chiar n momentul de fa) se fac descoperiri arh. preioase n . ns.
Many interesting opinions were put forward at the conference yesterday.
La conferina de ieri s-au expus multe preri interesante.
Modern blocks of flats have been built in Bucharest in the last few years.
n ultimii ani s-au construit n Bucureti blocuri moderne.
He told me that new data about outer space had been obtained.
Mi-a spus c s-au obinut date noi n legtur cu spaiul cosmic.
Rich crops will be obtained this year.
Anul acesta se vor obine recolte bogate.
Diat. pasiv se formeaz cu participiul trecut.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. accentuare se poate folosi do la imperativ i la indicativul prezent i trecut, n
propoziiile afirmative:
Do come here!
Vino-ncoace (neaprat, te rog)!
I do want it.
O vreau (cu adevrat, neaprat).
She did know it.
O tia (cu siguran, fr ndoial).
atenie vb.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
A face mai bine s, ai face mai bine s...=I had better + vb.1
Ex.: He had better start learning.

Ar face mai bine s nceap s nvee.

--------------------A prefera s, ai prefera s...=I had rather +vb.1

I would rather + vb.1

She had rather drink a glass of vermouth than one of lemonade.
Ar prefera s bea un pahar de vermut dect unul de limonad.
We would rather travel by plane than by train.
Am prefera s cltorim cu avionul dect cu trenul.
------------------------Expresia Having + vb.(2, 3)= dup ce...
deoarece...(se poate traduce i cu as)
pt. m.m.c.p. romnesc
Ex.:Having raised the tent, the two men congratulated one another.
Dup ce au ridicat cortul cei doi brbai s-au felicitat.
Having seen the film, I refused the invitation to go with them to the cinema.
(As I had seen the film, I refused their invitation to go with them to the cinem
a.)
Deoarece vzusem filmul, am refuzat invitaia lor de a m duce cu ei la cinema.
21
----------------------- Page 22----------------------LECIA 20
(rar ntlnit) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV(my, your, his, her, our, their) CU VB.+ING
Ex.: Mother is proud of my speaking English so well.
Mama e mndr c eu vorbesc englezete att de bine.
I insisted on their staying a little longer.
Am insistat ca ei s stea un pic mai mult.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI I SPAIULUI
Its a ten minutes walk to their villa.
atenie: its nu there is
Sunt 10 minute de mers pn la vila lor.
Its ten miles to the next village.
Sunt 10 mile pn la satul urmtor.
Where shall we be in another twenty years?
Unde vom fi peste ali 20 de ani?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For me, you, him, her, us, them
(for-Infinitive construction)
It is important for me to buy a house.
She bought a magazine for me to read.
Biatului i este greu = Its difficult for the boy = E greu pt. biat
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pronumele relative whom, which(la acuzativ) se pot omite, prepoziia care
le precede
plasndu-se la sfrit:
Ex.: The man youre talking about is a doctor.
(The man about whom youre talking is a doctor.)
The book hes looking for is here.
(The book for which hes looking is here.)
EXPRIMRILE CONCENTRATE sunt specifice limbii engleze; reprezint de obicei

condensarea a dou propoziii:

He shouted himself hoarse=He shouted until he became hoarse=A strigat pn a rguit.
She sang the baby to sleep.
L-a adormit pe copil cntndu-i.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE
to worth = a merita
is
doing it
ate
nie:
It
isnt
worth
reading that book
- it
isnt, wasnt i nu doesnt
wasnt
the trouble(osteneala)
-dup w
orth urmeaz vb.+ing
the money
i
nu infinitiv(to read)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------You ought to pay her a visit = S-ar cuveni s-i faci o vizit.
You ought to have visited her from time to time = S-ar fi cuvenit s o vizitezi di
n cnd n cnd.
You shouldnt buy so many handkerchiefs = N-ar trebui s cumperi attea batiste.
Tom shouldnt have bought that tie = Tom, n-ar fi trebuit s cumpere cravata aceea.
22
----------------------- Page 23----------------------You shouldnt have insisted = Nu trebuia s insiti.
The doctor must have been detained in the hospital = Dr. trebuie s fi fost reinut
la spital.
He has to learn his lesson = Trebuie s-i nvee leciile.
They will have to punish him = Vor trebui s-l pedepseasc.
He is to have a talk with the architect, isnt he? Urmeaz s stea de vorb cu arhitec
tul, nu?
They are to meet and have a talk about the plans for the house= Urmeaz s se ntlneasc i
...
He was to go to the mountain = Trebuia(urma) s plece la munte.
You dont need to persuade me he is a good architect=Nu trebuie(nu e nevoie) s m con
vingi c
el e un bun arhitect.
You neednt have driven me to the station = N-ar fi trebuit s m duci la gar cu maina.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHALL, WILL + BE + vb.+ing
What will you be doing tomorrow at this time of the day?
Ce-o s facei mine la ora asta?
At eight oclock tomorow we shall be taking leave of our neighbours.
Mine la ora 8 o s ne lum rmas bun de la vecinii notri.
Today week they will be basking in the sun at the seaside.
De azi ntr-o sptmn vor face plaj la mare.

When she is away he will be thinking about her.

Cnd ea va fi plecat el se va gndi la ea.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unii vorbitori de limba englez, n vorbirea familiar, omit pronumele cu f
uncie de
subiect. Ex.: Thought youd gone without me.
Am crezut c ai plecat fr mine.
Seems rather tedious to me.
Mi se pare cam pl
icticos.
VOCABULAR
alluring = ademenitor, tentant
to admitt = a recunoate
asleep = adormit
prumuta
awfully = ngrozitor(oare)
rde
bacon = costi
a vorbi) tare
to bake(a cake) = a coace(o prjitur )
to bask = a se nclzi(la soare);a face plaj
to bath = a se sclda, a face baie
beard = barb
na, vrsa
besides = lng,pe deasupra, n afar de
to bind,bound,bound = a lega
= ct se poate de (moderat)
boil = a fierbe
ala(motorul)
careless = neatent(neglijent)

ham = unc
hen = gin
lend, lent = a m
lettuce = salat ve
(to speak) loud = (
to live = a locui
to mend = a repara
novel = roman
(to) pour = a tur
purse = pung
quite(moderate)
to race = a amb
scold = a certa
23

----------------------- Page 24----------------------ceiling = tavan

sentence = propoziie

cheap = ieftin()
utura frunzele
chips = cartofi pai
comb = pieptene
confectioners = cofetrie
cough = a tui
i de pine
to count = a numra, SOCOTI
dear(car) = (main)scump()
gita
cel mai drag = dearest
elbow = cot
at first = la nceput
fleas = purici
alt
fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)
groas
freckles = pistrui

to shedd leaves = a sc

fair, blond = blond

nte)

utter = a rosti(cuvi

sheet = cearaf
shelf = raft
ship = vapor
slices of bread = feli
slipper = papuc
to stirr = a amesteca, a a
stuffy = nchis(aer)
sum = adunare
swear = a njura
tall(tree) = (copac)n
thick(book) = (carte)
tipsy = ameit de butur

fizzy = acidulat()
gay = vesel
grapes = struguri
to greet = a saluta
ine = who=which
grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair,

waiter = chelner
warm = cald
wheel = volan
whom = pe care, pe c
whose = al cui, a crui

oranges); grown-ups=aduli
e mn
Whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia
Which = pe care...
le

weak = slbit
wrist-watch = ceas d
pt. persoane
se folosete cu lucruri, anima

GUSTURI: dulce=sweet; amar=bitter; srat=salted,salt(y),saline; acru=sour,tart

PR:blond=blond,fair-haired; brunet=brunette,dark-haired ;aten=chestnut,brown-haire
d
HAINE: pantaloni= trousers;
costum=suit; fust =skirt;
roc
hie=dress;
bluz=blouse;
cma=shirt; osete(brbteti)=socks; palton,hain =coat; canadian=sport coat
ORA:

familiar
oficial
five (minutes) past twelve
12.05
twel
ve five
(a) quarter past five
5.15
five fifteen
half-past one
13.30
thirteen thirty
twenty-five (minutes) to seven
18.35
eightee
n thirty-five
(a) quarter to ten
21.45
twenty-one forty-five
DATA: 2nd January 1971
The second of January, nineteen seventy-one
23(r)d April 1996
The twenty-third of April, nineteen ninetysix
Expresii:
to learn by heart = a nva pe dinafar
saving money = a strnge bani
look out of the window = a se uita pe fereastr
to cut a good figure = a face impresie bun
to pay a visit = a face o vizit
to sleep like a log = a dormi butean
24
----------------------- Page 25----------------------to call in at the = a trece pe la
to take a taxi = a lua un taxi
the taxi will take us = taxiul ne va duce
to get on(into) the train = a se urca n tren
to give a lift = a duce cu maina
to ring up = a suna(la telefon)
to iron the trousers = a clca pantalonii
to be out of order = a fi stricat
at once = imediat
students in English = studeni la englez

which of all = care din toi(toate)

to let him alone = a-l lsa n pace
we shant(shall not) mind = nu ne suprm(n sensul de viitor)
serve me right = aa-mi trebuie
to be run over by a car = a fi clcat de o main
to have a hangover = a fi mahmur(beat)
bottle of scent = ap de colonie
to get in time to = a ajunge la timp
I cant grumble = nu pot s m plng
what film is on there = ce film ruleaz acolo
to pull my leg = a m pcli
It isnt worth the trouble = nu merit osteneala
They are to leave on Monday = Urmeaz s plece luni.
today three weeks = de azi n 3 sptmni;
two months today; tomorrow three weeks
to take leave = a-i lua rmas bun
to leave for Italy = a pleca n Italia
to have my tooth filled(participiu trecut) = s-mi plombez mseaua
to have his hair cut = s se tund
proverbe:
Barking dogs seldom bite=Cinii care latr rar muc.
There is no rose without thorns (ghimpi).
Out of sight, out of mind = Ochii care nu se vd se uit.
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
to put off = a amna
No man is born wise.

CONJUNCIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care leag dou propoziii ntr-o fraz s
u dou cuvinte cu
acelai rol sintactic ntr-o propoziie
PREPOZIIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care exprim raporturi sinctactice de depen
den ntre prile
diferite ale unei propoziii
de repetat ex.: 167/p.144; 169/147; 205/p.179;208/181; 247/208; 443/348
atenie: had = a trebuit, trebuia
trecut
(interog., neg. cu did have,d
idnt have)
must = trebuie
prezent
There must be a mistake.
Trebuie s fie o greeal.
expresie
25
----------------------- Page 26----------------------CRILE DE LICEU(i completri din Andrei Banta)
CLS. X(1997)

The Present Participle(participiul prezent)

The Present Participle (ending in -ing) often corresponds to the Romanian gerunzi
u. It
is also used in the continuous form of verbs.
Ex.: Reading a long novel I fell asleep. (Citind...)
Walking about the park I was listening to the birds which were singing
merrily.
The Present Participle is sometimes treated as a noun. In such cases it may be p
receded

by the definite or the indefinite article or by an adjective.

Ex.: The learning of the grammar rules is absolutely necessary. (nvarea...)
Building of our school took several months.
The solid training of our team helped us win the match
We saw a meeting taking place in the market-square.
When it used after prepositions it corresponds to a sentence in Romanian:
Ex.: M-am gndit s m- duc la un muzeu=I have thought of going to a museum.
i mulumesc fiindc m ajui=Thank you for helping me.
The Present Perfect Tense Simple(traducere: am citit, merg)
indic anterioritatea fa de prezent
S+have/has+vb.(III)
Se folosete n urmtoarele cazuri:
1. cu adverbe care exprim un timp nedefinit sau o frecven ca: ever, ne
ver, always,
sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, usuallly, frequently, repeatedly
Ex.: L-am ntlnit adesea pe la expoziii.
I have often met him at some exhibitions
.
2.cnd aciunea nu este localizat d.p.d.v. al timpului sau locului
Ex.. Am citit cartea.
I have read the book.
3. cnd aciunea este nceput n trecut i se continu i n prezent(eventual i n viitor)
Ex.: De cnd l cunoti?
How long have you known him?
I have known him for five years/since 1970.
Atenie: n cazul verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu se folosete Present
perfect
continuous(Ex.: De cnd nvei englezete? How long have you been studying English?
I have been learning English for four years/since 1971(since I entered this scho
ol).
4. cnd aciunea menionat s-a efectuat n cadrul unui interval de timp nc nencheiat,
care mai continu i n prezent(i eventual i n viitor); se folos. cu today, this week...
Ex.: L-am vzut de dou ori sptmna/luna/primvara asta.
26
----------------------- Page 27----------------------I have seen/met him twice this week/month/spring
5. cnd aciunea s-a efectuat(i terminat) foarte de curnd; se folos. cu: l
ately, just,
recently, in the last few days/weeks, of late
Ex.. Abia a sosit.
He has just come/arrived
n ultima vreme nu l-am prea vzut.
I have not seen much of him lately
.
6. cnd aciunea(neprecizat n timp, dar desigur de domeniul trecutului, deci ncheiat)
are rezultate, consecine, efecte vizibile n prezent:
Ex.: A plouat.
It has rained.
7. situaia atipic nlocuind viitorul II din romn n secundarele temporare, n
cadrul
regulilor corespondenei timpurilor
i voi mprumuta/i mprumut cartea dup ce o voi fi citit/ o voi citi/ o citesc eu.
I shall/will lend you the the book after/when I have read it.

Evident, n vorbirea indirect prezent perfect se va transforma n past perfect dac pri
ncipala va fi la un
timp trecut:
Mi-a spus c va pleca la plimbare dup ce va fi mncat/ dup ce mnnc/ dup ce va mnca.
He told me (that) he would go for a walk after/ when he had finished dinner.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing
The P. P. C. shows an action which started in the past, is continuing in the pre
sent and is
likely to continue also in the future. Se folos. cu since i for
Ex.: My friends have been living in this town(since 1970; for 5 years).
Prietenii mei locuiesc n acest ora.

DIATEZELE
DIATEZA
ACTIV:
aciunea
verbului
este
ndepli
nit
chiar
de
subiectul
gramatical(indiferent dac ea se rsfrnge asupra unui complement direct sau nu)
Ex.: The boy is reading (a book).
DIATEZA PASIV(THE PASSIVE VOICE): subiectul gramatical sufer
aciunea unui verb tranzitiv, ndeplinit de altcineva(subiectul logic)
Se formeaz cu vb to be i participiul trecut.
Ex.: A letter was written by the boy yesterday.
DIATEZA REFLEXIV: rsfrngerea aciunii ndeplinite de subiect chiar asupra
lui(verbe reflexive)
Ex.: The boy washed and combed himself properly for his sisters wedding.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
----------------------- Page 28-----------------------

PAST PERFECT (se poate traduce cu mai-mult-ca-perfectul romnesc(mncase))

anterioritatea unei aciuni trecute fa de o alt aciune trecut
1. simplu
S + had + vb.(III)
indicarea unei aciuni sau stri trecute ncepute i terminate naintea unei a
lte aciuni
trecute ori a unui moment din trecut; se folos cu: hardly, scarcely, no sooner,
before, when...
Ex.: After he had eaten he went for a walk
Dup ce mncase/a mncat a plecat la plimbare.
Hardly had the teacher come into the room when the pupils surrounded him.
S
vb.(n constrruciile cu hardly, scarcely, no sooner se
schimb ordinea)
Atenie: TPS se traduce i cu a fi, ai fi...+vb. n condiionale(n if clause)
2. continu(se poate traduce cu imperfectul romnesc(nva) sau chiar prezent(locuiesc))
S + had + been + vb.+ing

indicarea unei aciuni ncepute naintea unei alte aciuni trecute i nc netermi
at
continund pn n momentul acela
Ex.. When I arrived at Sinaia, it had been raining for three days.
Cnd am ajuns la Sinaia ploua de 3 zile.
He had been learning Bulgarian for two years when he went to specialize
to Sofia.
nva bulgara de 2 ani cnd s-a dus s se specializeze la Sofia.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES
A Past Tense is followed by a Future-in-the-Past(should, would) to
express a future action. Indic posterioritatea(ulterioritatea) fa de un moment trec
ut.
Ex.: This made Harold think that the Normans would not come any longer that year
.
He had to swear that he would help William. (A trebuit s jure c l va ajuta
pe W.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Formarea substantivelor din verbe: the suffix added to the verb to fo
rm the noun is
sometimes -er, as in climber, sometimes -or, as in editor

Viitorul simplu(The future indefinite)

Ex.: I shall begin now.
Voi ncepe acum
You will see him tomorow.
Ai s-l vezi mine.
He will write her a letter.
i va scrie o scrisoare.
I
shall
o by train
We
ll
e a good impression
shall not
e late
shant

g
mak
b

28
----------------------- Page 29----------------------He
She
It
You
They

will
ll
will not
wont

Viitorul continuu(Future Tense Continuous)

S + shall(will) + be + vb.+ing
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Puin important
The Nominative with the Infinitive(to go)(Indefinite or Perfect)

is a construction in which the subject of a certain verb which is used in the Pa

ssive Voice
is also the subject of a second verb which is in that case in the
infinitive and which
immediately follows the first verb. This construction is used:
1. with verbs denoting sense perception, such as: to see, to hear, etc. and ver
bs denoting
mental activity, such as: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe,
to suppose...
Ex.: The car was seen to disappear in the distance.
Who is said to have lived
2. with the verbs: to say, to report and to make
Ex.: The sword was said to have magic powers.
3. with the phrases to be sure and to be certain
Ex.: The news is certain to please everybody.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TO WISH + SUBJUNCTIVE
ROM.: CONJUNCTIVUL
PREZ.: S MERG
PERF.: S FI MERS
When the verb to wish is followed by an objective clause the verb in such a clau
se
has to be in the Past Tense:
Ex.: I wish I found a larger dictionary.
A dori s gsesc un
If that verb is To Be we have to use Past Subjunctive of the verb which is were
for
all persons singular and plural(I, he, she, it, we, you, they, were).
Ex.: I wish I were a student sooner.
A dori s fiu student mai repede.
She wishes she were in the mountains now.

Main
I.
Pr. S.
S.
Pr. C.
C.
II. Past Tense

If
Future. T.
Future. T.
Would(should) + VB.

III. Past P. T. Simple

Future in the Past

Would(should) + had

+ vb.(III)

29
----------------------- Page 30----------------------NOUN CLAUSES : alternatives with WHETHER = dac (ns nu condiional)
(atenie:weather =vreme)
Ex.: He doubted whether formal visits would be of much help.
wondered the little girl told the truth.
worried
discussed
FAIRLY (destul de, ct se poate de) - is used with a pleasant or positive idea
Ex.: Your composition was fairly good.

RATHER(mai degrab, de fapt) - unpleasant or negative idea

Ex.: This exercise will be rather difficult.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Since poate avea nelesul cteodat de because
Ex.: Since he did not get along very well with his brother, he set out to make h
is own way
in the world.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
1. adjective + noun + -ed or -d
Ex.: gentle-faced
2. noun + Past Participle
middle-aged; man-made
3. adverb + Past Participle
well meant(bine intenionat); far-fetc
hed(exagerat)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF + WOULD
If you would like me to try = Dac dorii s ncerc.
Wed be very happy if you would come to us next Sunday.
Would is used after if when we are interested in the listeners wish or will
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When wish is followed by a sentence the verb of the subordinate sentence is eith
er in the
Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense:
Ex.. I wish I could help them = A vrea s o pot ajuta.
I wish I had helped them = A vrea s o fi ajutat.
I wish I knew what is happening = A vrea s tiu ce s-a ntmplat.
They wished they had stayed at home = Ar fi vrut s fi stat acas.
When
d in
Past
Ex.:

wish is followed by the verb to be in the subordinate clause to be is use

the
Subjunctive, which is were in all persons:
I wish I were in the mountains.
She wished she were a pianist.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Past Perfect Passive
S+had been(past perfect(simple) of to be)+Past participle
Ex.:
he had been killed by ...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Subjunctive Mood
I, He, She, We, You, They + Should + vb.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
----------------------- Page 31----------------------POSIBILITY
Present
Past
.

She may be at home.

She might be at home now(stronger doubt).
She may have had an accident.
Ar putea s aib un accident
She might have had an accident.

Ar fi putut...

PROBABILITY
Present
Past
ccident.
IMPOSIBILITY
Present

She must be at home now.

She must have had an accident.

r acum.
Past
utut s aib ...

Trebuie s fi avut un a

She cant be at home now.

Nu poate fi acas acum.
He couldnt be at a snack-bar now.
Nu ar putea fi la ba
She couldnt have had any engine trouble.

Nu ar fi p

VOCABULAR(ncepnd cu cls. X, lecia 10)

above = deasupra
a, a reui
account = istorisire
to advertise = a face reclam
cu totul
apprentice = a da la ucenicie
astonish = uimit

manage = a administr

augment = a spori
avenue = alee, bulevard
a se petrece
aware = contient
in minte
beam = raz
beyond = dup
beware = a se pzi, a se feri
bind, bound = a lega
ne, respectabil
bounce = a ricoa
bound = limit, hotar; a sri, legat
istan
broad = ntins, larg, lat
to cease = a nceta
core = nucleu, miez
i
defiant = sfidtor
r
deputy = reprezentant
descend = a cobor
i
despise = a dispreui

nay = ba mai mult

occure = a avea loc,

development = dezvoltare, perfecionare

to slice = a tia(felii)

dot = punct
dumb = mut
de zpad
earnest = serios
emphasis = accent
fatigue = oboseala
e (mna)

slightly = puin
snow-flakes = fulgi

mere = simplu
merely = numai, doar,
merry = fericit
mock = a ridiculiza

occure to = a trece pr
outstrip = a ntrece
pearl = pictur
presently = imediat
proper = cum se cuvi
rather = mai degrab
remote = ndeprtat, de la d
retort = replic
roar = vuiet
rob = a fura, a jefu
scorn = dispre, batjoco
skull = craniu
skyscrapers = zgrie-nor
slang = argou, jargon

squared = la ptrat
stove = sob
stretch out = a ntind
31

----------------------- Page 32----------------------feebly = slab

former = cel dinti
e
fulfill = a executa, a ndeplini
furthermore = n plus
glance = privire fugar
hasty = grbit
clipi
hence = de aceea, de acum ncolo, de aici
inexhaustible = inepuizabil
kite = zmeu de hrtie

to stun = a ului
swift = grabnic, reped

ladder = scar
leak = sprtur
lest = ca s nu, ca nu cumva
(eye)lids = pleoape
loaves of breds = pini ntregi
lobby = hol

to vanish = a disprea
vengeful = rzbuntor
to weld = a suda
welfare = bunstare
wheel = roata
wide = lat, larg
wit = isteime
within = cuprins n, n i

threaten = a amenina
thus = astfel
trend = direcia
to twinkle = a licri, a
to urge = a ndemna
to utter = a rosti
valiant = brav, curajos

nterior
EXPRESII:
to get along = a se mpca(cu cineva)
strong-willed = hotrt
on the verge = pe punctul

32