Inadequate knowledge on actual water availability, have raised social-economic conflicts that nec... more Inadequate knowledge on actual water availability, have raised social-economic conflicts that necessitate proper water management. This requires a better understanding of spatial–temporal trends of hydro-climatic variables as the main contributor to available water for use by sectors of economy. The study has analysed the trend of hydro-climatic variables viz. precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and river discharge. One downstream river gauge station was used for discharge data whereas a total of 9 daily observed and 29 grided satellite stations were used for climate data. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation was used for precipitation data and Observational-Reanalysis Hybrid was used for Temperature data. Mann–Kendall Statistical test, Sen’s slope estimator and ArcMap Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation functionality were employed for temporal, magnitude and spatial trend analysis respectively. Results confirmed that, spatially, there are three main climatic ...
Perceived and real-life water availability have raised social and economic con icts that necessit... more Perceived and real-life water availability have raised social and economic con icts that necessitate proper water management. This requires an understanding of spatial-temporal trends of hydro-climatic variables as the main contributor to available water for use by sectors of economy. In this study, we have analyzed the trend of hydro-climatic variables viz. precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and river discharge. One downstream river gauge station was used for discharge data whereas a total of 9 daily observed and 29 grided satellite stations were used for climate data. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation was used for precipitation data and Observational-Reanalysis Hybrid was used for Temperature data. Mann-Kendall Statistical test, Sen's slope estimator and ArcMap Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation functionality were employed for temporal, magnitude and spatial trend analysis respectively. Results show that on the latter, there are three main climatic zones in the study area viz. Udzungwa escarpment, Kilombero valley and Mahenge escarpment. On the former, with exception of the declining potential evapotranspiration trend, all other variables are on increase. This is with catchment rates of 2.08 mm/y, 0.05 o C/y, 0.02 o C/y, 498.6 m 3 /s/y and − 2.27 mm/y for precipitation, T max , T min , river discharge and PET respectively. Furthermore, there is a synonymous seasonality pattern for all variables with signi cant range, especially in river discharge. However, it is recommended to improve water resources management practices to limit ow impairment as expansions in sectors of economy are expected. Furthermore, landuse change analysis is recommended to ascertain actual trend and hence future water uptake.
This review provides an assessment of the evolution of hydrological modelling for Eastern Africa.... more This review provides an assessment of the evolution of hydrological modelling for Eastern Africa. We outline the historical development and perspectives considered as this region, like many regions around the world, sees increasing attention on how water resources can be sustainably developed. We emphasize the spatial scales and modelling approaches that typify the region and how these have changed with time. The review is done in two complementary approaches. The first approach is to explore a practical, real-world example providing context for the Eastern Africa region and the water resource development issues presently faced. We use Tanzania's 34 000 km 2 Kilombero Valley (KV) river basin to explore implications of significant gaps in data and modelling scales. We hypothesize that these gaps limit the application of the current state-of-the-science to inform water management policy and practice under current and estimated future conditions. In our second approach, we investig...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022
Significance Despite growing evidence of the deleterious effects on ecological and human health, ... more Significance Despite growing evidence of the deleterious effects on ecological and human health, little is known regarding the global occurrence of pharmaceuticals in rivers. Studies assessing their occurrence are available for 75 of 196 countries, with most research conducted in North America and Western Europe. This leaves large geographical regions relatively unstudied. Here, we present the findings of a global reconnaissance of pharmaceutical pollution in rivers. The study monitored 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries of all continents, thus representing the pharmaceutical fingerprint of 471.4 million people. We show that the presence of these contaminants in surface water poses a threat to environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations globally.
The Republic of Tanzania is an agriculture-based economy. Agriculture contributes 28% of the gros... more The Republic of Tanzania is an agriculture-based economy. Agriculture contributes 28% of the gross domestic product (GDP), employs 88% of the working population and accounts for between 50% and 66% of exports (TNCCS 2012). Climate change is rapidly emerging as a significant risk affecting agriculture, food and nutrition security in Tanzania. The country is highly vulnerable to recurrent drought, further aggravated by widespread poverty, inequitable land distribution, and low technological capabilities. Climate change is expected to challenge the resilience and adaptive capacities of communities and overwhelm some, by exacerbating existing problems of food and nutrition insecurity
Water scarcity and nutrient availability for rice farming have become great matters of concern in... more Water scarcity and nutrient availability for rice farming have become great matters of concern in the contexts of climate change and land use change globally. Both interact and contribute to crop productivity at the expense of nutrients and future water sustainability. The objective of this study was to understand the on-farm potential response of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) to water management practices in rice farming within the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Soil samples were collected from three villages in the study area at four depths: 0–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm. Four water management regimes, namely: A = traditional flooding (rainfed) without intensification of rice farming; B = traditional flooding (rainfed) involving a system of rice intensification (SRI); C = alternative wetting and drying (AWD) involving SRI for one cropping season; D = abandoned fields (fallow); and E = AWD involving SRI for two cropping seasons, were inv...
Abstract In order to cope with a severe reduction of the raingauge network in the Great Ruaha Riv... more Abstract In order to cope with a severe reduction of the raingauge network in the Great Ruaha River basin over the past 30 years, an interpolation scheme using spatial patterns from satellite images as covariate has been evaluated. The regression-based interpolation attempts to combine the advantages of accurate rainfall amounts from raingauge records with the unique spatial pattern information obtained from satellite-based rainfall estimates. A spatial pattern analysis reveals that the simple interpolation of the sparse current raingauge network compares very poorly to the pattern originating from the much denser historic network. In contrast, the rainfall datasets that include patterns from satellite data show good correlation with the historic pattern. The evaluation based on hydrological modelling showed similar and good performance for all rainfall products, including raingauge records, whereas the purely satellite-based product performed poorly.
This report provides a synthesis of the scientific literature on communicating background informa... more This report provides a synthesis of the scientific literature on communicating background information for a climate vulnerability assessment in the Rufiji-Mafia-Kilwa (RUMAKI) Seascape, Tanzania. The objective of this assignment was to prepare a review document summarising available information, data and references relevant to assessing climate vulnerability in the RUMAKI seascape. The report is divided in five major sections: • Trends in the status of ecosystems, natural resources and natural resource-based livelihoods • Major development issues affecting the above • Climate trends and projections for the area • Vulnerability and resilience of ecosystems and livelihoods to climate change • Extent to which climate change adaptation is addressed in relevant (natural resources) management policies and strategies Ecosystems, natural resources and natural resources based livelihoods The RUMAKI seascape is characterised by a wide diversity of biotopes and species that are predominantly u...
This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate var... more This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate variability and extremes on wetlands and its implication for livelihoods in Simiyu catchment, Southwest of Lake Victoria,Tanzania. Rainfall anomalies were used to characterize wet and dry seasons. Questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions were used to establish the impacts and coping strategies used during extreme events of floods and droughts. The results showed high rainfall fluctuations between seasons and from one year to the other. They further indicated that normally the October November December (OND) and MarchApril May (MAM ) seasons do not have the same strength and sign of anomalies, that is there are seasonal variation within the same year. Communities living around the Simiyu wetlands are vulnerable to seasonal fluctuations as their socio-economic activities are highly dependent on rainfall since 87%of respondents practice rainfed agriculture.Incidences of climate variat...
On the potential of using satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates to constrain hydrological ... more On the potential of using satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates to constrain hydrological modeling in Tanzania’s heterogeneous and data-limited Kilombero Valley
Abstract Uncertainty analysis has become the standard approach to hydrological modelling, but has... more Abstract Uncertainty analysis has become the standard approach to hydrological modelling, but has yet to be effectively used in practical water resources assessment. This study of the Great Ruaha River basin in Tanzania is based on the use of regional estimates of mean runoff, groundwater recharge and three flow points on flow duration curves (FDCs) to constrain ensemble outputs from the Pitman monthly model using Monte Carlo parameter sampling. The constraint bounds were quantified from gauged data available for 26 sub-basins together with assumptions about the spatial variations in hydrological response using limited physical sub-basin property and climate data. The results are encouraging in that the simulated FDC ranges bracket the observed curves at two gauging stations downstream of many ungauged sub-basins that are important sites for water resources development decision making. Further work is required to refine the constraint bounds, the input parameter sets and climate data and achieve a more robust model of the basin. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor G. Mahé
This study evaluated the extent of diffusion of best management practices (BMP) in some chemical ... more This study evaluated the extent of diffusion of best management practices (BMP) in some chemical industries in Dar es Salaam. The data were collected from ten (10) different chemical industries through structured questionnaires and observations. The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. The Chi-square (χ) test at the 5% level of significance was frequently used to test the homogeneity or the significance of respondents (general managers, production managers and laboratory technicians) against several environmental aspects (variables). The findings indicate that most of the industrial staff are not aware of best management practices and the level of awareness did not differ (P>0.05) among respondents. Lack of information regarding BMP, inadequacy of pollution management training and lack of corporate environmental policy (CEP) were considered to be the major factors which contribute to low level of awareness among indus...
Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in underst... more Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in understanding hydrological processes in the basin, and consequently leads to risks decision making related to significant water resources development plans and climate change adaptation. The lack of hydrological information also is coupled with uncertainty related to the predictions of future climate and land use change. Some of the gaps can be filled using rainfall-runoff modeling, which results can be used to generate reliable information to enable decision making and planning for water resources management. This paper discusses the results of applying a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model which was established for the Little Ruaha Sub-Basin, using the available historical data, with a goal of understanding processes of runoff generation and the inherent uncertainty related to data. Issues of water resources assessment in the basin and approaches used to address them, and some directions f...
This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate var... more This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate variability and extremes on wetlands and its implication for livelihoods in Simiyu catchment, Southwest of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The results of this study provide baseline information on vulnerability assessments and development of adaptation strategies in the country. Moreover this study will likely contribute significantly to similar future studies on other wetlands within Tanzania. Rainfall anomalies were used to characterise wet and dry seasons. Questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions were used to establish the impacts and coping strategies used during extreme events of floods and droughts. The results showed high rainfall fluctuations between seasons and from one year to the other. They further indicated that normally the October –November –December (OND) and March-April-May (MAM ) seasons do not have the same strength and sign of anomalies, that is there are seasonal vari...
Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management
Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in underst... more Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in understanding hydrological processes in the basin, and consequently leads to risks decision making related to significant water resources development plans and climate change adaptation. The lack of hydrological information also is coupled with uncertainty related to the predictions of future climate and land use change. Some of the gaps can be filled using rainfall-runoff modeling, which results can be used to generate reliable information to enable decision making and planning for water resources management. This paper discusses the results of applying a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model which was established for the Little Ruaha Sub-Basin, using the available historical data, with a goal of understanding processes of runoff generation and the inherent uncertainty related to data. Issues of water resources assessment in the basin and approaches used to address them, and some directions for future research are discussed. There are challenges associated with the quality of data for model setup and understanding of the model structure. Despite these challenges, there remain many opportunities to improve the methods used for water resources assessment and management within the basin.
Multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) have gained momentum in addressing contentious and cross-secto... more Multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) have gained momentum in addressing contentious and cross-sectoral aspects of natural resources management. They have helped to enhance cross-learning and the inclusion of marginalized groups. Tanzania’s water resources management sub-sector has championed these platforms as a means of breaking silos around planning, coordination, and resource mobilization. However, it is not uncommon to experience the occasional dominance of some influential sectors or groups due to their resources contribution to the process, contemporary influence, or statutory authority. Between 2013 and 2020, Tanzania has pioneered the establishment of MSPs at a national level and across the river and lake basins. This paper examines the representation of stakeholder groups in these platforms. Additionally, it establishes the baseline information that contributes to unlocking the current project-based platform design characterized by inherent limitations to potential changes in...
Inadequate knowledge on actual water availability, have raised social-economic conflicts that nec... more Inadequate knowledge on actual water availability, have raised social-economic conflicts that necessitate proper water management. This requires a better understanding of spatial–temporal trends of hydro-climatic variables as the main contributor to available water for use by sectors of economy. The study has analysed the trend of hydro-climatic variables viz. precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and river discharge. One downstream river gauge station was used for discharge data whereas a total of 9 daily observed and 29 grided satellite stations were used for climate data. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation was used for precipitation data and Observational-Reanalysis Hybrid was used for Temperature data. Mann–Kendall Statistical test, Sen’s slope estimator and ArcMap Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation functionality were employed for temporal, magnitude and spatial trend analysis respectively. Results confirmed that, spatially, there are three main climatic ...
Perceived and real-life water availability have raised social and economic con icts that necessit... more Perceived and real-life water availability have raised social and economic con icts that necessitate proper water management. This requires an understanding of spatial-temporal trends of hydro-climatic variables as the main contributor to available water for use by sectors of economy. In this study, we have analyzed the trend of hydro-climatic variables viz. precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration and river discharge. One downstream river gauge station was used for discharge data whereas a total of 9 daily observed and 29 grided satellite stations were used for climate data. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation was used for precipitation data and Observational-Reanalysis Hybrid was used for Temperature data. Mann-Kendall Statistical test, Sen's slope estimator and ArcMap Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation functionality were employed for temporal, magnitude and spatial trend analysis respectively. Results show that on the latter, there are three main climatic zones in the study area viz. Udzungwa escarpment, Kilombero valley and Mahenge escarpment. On the former, with exception of the declining potential evapotranspiration trend, all other variables are on increase. This is with catchment rates of 2.08 mm/y, 0.05 o C/y, 0.02 o C/y, 498.6 m 3 /s/y and − 2.27 mm/y for precipitation, T max , T min , river discharge and PET respectively. Furthermore, there is a synonymous seasonality pattern for all variables with signi cant range, especially in river discharge. However, it is recommended to improve water resources management practices to limit ow impairment as expansions in sectors of economy are expected. Furthermore, landuse change analysis is recommended to ascertain actual trend and hence future water uptake.
This review provides an assessment of the evolution of hydrological modelling for Eastern Africa.... more This review provides an assessment of the evolution of hydrological modelling for Eastern Africa. We outline the historical development and perspectives considered as this region, like many regions around the world, sees increasing attention on how water resources can be sustainably developed. We emphasize the spatial scales and modelling approaches that typify the region and how these have changed with time. The review is done in two complementary approaches. The first approach is to explore a practical, real-world example providing context for the Eastern Africa region and the water resource development issues presently faced. We use Tanzania's 34 000 km 2 Kilombero Valley (KV) river basin to explore implications of significant gaps in data and modelling scales. We hypothesize that these gaps limit the application of the current state-of-the-science to inform water management policy and practice under current and estimated future conditions. In our second approach, we investig...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022
Significance Despite growing evidence of the deleterious effects on ecological and human health, ... more Significance Despite growing evidence of the deleterious effects on ecological and human health, little is known regarding the global occurrence of pharmaceuticals in rivers. Studies assessing their occurrence are available for 75 of 196 countries, with most research conducted in North America and Western Europe. This leaves large geographical regions relatively unstudied. Here, we present the findings of a global reconnaissance of pharmaceutical pollution in rivers. The study monitored 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries of all continents, thus representing the pharmaceutical fingerprint of 471.4 million people. We show that the presence of these contaminants in surface water poses a threat to environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations globally.
The Republic of Tanzania is an agriculture-based economy. Agriculture contributes 28% of the gros... more The Republic of Tanzania is an agriculture-based economy. Agriculture contributes 28% of the gross domestic product (GDP), employs 88% of the working population and accounts for between 50% and 66% of exports (TNCCS 2012). Climate change is rapidly emerging as a significant risk affecting agriculture, food and nutrition security in Tanzania. The country is highly vulnerable to recurrent drought, further aggravated by widespread poverty, inequitable land distribution, and low technological capabilities. Climate change is expected to challenge the resilience and adaptive capacities of communities and overwhelm some, by exacerbating existing problems of food and nutrition insecurity
Water scarcity and nutrient availability for rice farming have become great matters of concern in... more Water scarcity and nutrient availability for rice farming have become great matters of concern in the contexts of climate change and land use change globally. Both interact and contribute to crop productivity at the expense of nutrients and future water sustainability. The objective of this study was to understand the on-farm potential response of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) to water management practices in rice farming within the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Soil samples were collected from three villages in the study area at four depths: 0–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm. Four water management regimes, namely: A = traditional flooding (rainfed) without intensification of rice farming; B = traditional flooding (rainfed) involving a system of rice intensification (SRI); C = alternative wetting and drying (AWD) involving SRI for one cropping season; D = abandoned fields (fallow); and E = AWD involving SRI for two cropping seasons, were inv...
Abstract In order to cope with a severe reduction of the raingauge network in the Great Ruaha Riv... more Abstract In order to cope with a severe reduction of the raingauge network in the Great Ruaha River basin over the past 30 years, an interpolation scheme using spatial patterns from satellite images as covariate has been evaluated. The regression-based interpolation attempts to combine the advantages of accurate rainfall amounts from raingauge records with the unique spatial pattern information obtained from satellite-based rainfall estimates. A spatial pattern analysis reveals that the simple interpolation of the sparse current raingauge network compares very poorly to the pattern originating from the much denser historic network. In contrast, the rainfall datasets that include patterns from satellite data show good correlation with the historic pattern. The evaluation based on hydrological modelling showed similar and good performance for all rainfall products, including raingauge records, whereas the purely satellite-based product performed poorly.
This report provides a synthesis of the scientific literature on communicating background informa... more This report provides a synthesis of the scientific literature on communicating background information for a climate vulnerability assessment in the Rufiji-Mafia-Kilwa (RUMAKI) Seascape, Tanzania. The objective of this assignment was to prepare a review document summarising available information, data and references relevant to assessing climate vulnerability in the RUMAKI seascape. The report is divided in five major sections: • Trends in the status of ecosystems, natural resources and natural resource-based livelihoods • Major development issues affecting the above • Climate trends and projections for the area • Vulnerability and resilience of ecosystems and livelihoods to climate change • Extent to which climate change adaptation is addressed in relevant (natural resources) management policies and strategies Ecosystems, natural resources and natural resources based livelihoods The RUMAKI seascape is characterised by a wide diversity of biotopes and species that are predominantly u...
This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate var... more This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate variability and extremes on wetlands and its implication for livelihoods in Simiyu catchment, Southwest of Lake Victoria,Tanzania. Rainfall anomalies were used to characterize wet and dry seasons. Questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions were used to establish the impacts and coping strategies used during extreme events of floods and droughts. The results showed high rainfall fluctuations between seasons and from one year to the other. They further indicated that normally the October November December (OND) and MarchApril May (MAM ) seasons do not have the same strength and sign of anomalies, that is there are seasonal variation within the same year. Communities living around the Simiyu wetlands are vulnerable to seasonal fluctuations as their socio-economic activities are highly dependent on rainfall since 87%of respondents practice rainfed agriculture.Incidences of climate variat...
On the potential of using satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates to constrain hydrological ... more On the potential of using satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates to constrain hydrological modeling in Tanzania’s heterogeneous and data-limited Kilombero Valley
Abstract Uncertainty analysis has become the standard approach to hydrological modelling, but has... more Abstract Uncertainty analysis has become the standard approach to hydrological modelling, but has yet to be effectively used in practical water resources assessment. This study of the Great Ruaha River basin in Tanzania is based on the use of regional estimates of mean runoff, groundwater recharge and three flow points on flow duration curves (FDCs) to constrain ensemble outputs from the Pitman monthly model using Monte Carlo parameter sampling. The constraint bounds were quantified from gauged data available for 26 sub-basins together with assumptions about the spatial variations in hydrological response using limited physical sub-basin property and climate data. The results are encouraging in that the simulated FDC ranges bracket the observed curves at two gauging stations downstream of many ungauged sub-basins that are important sites for water resources development decision making. Further work is required to refine the constraint bounds, the input parameter sets and climate data and achieve a more robust model of the basin. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor G. Mahé
This study evaluated the extent of diffusion of best management practices (BMP) in some chemical ... more This study evaluated the extent of diffusion of best management practices (BMP) in some chemical industries in Dar es Salaam. The data were collected from ten (10) different chemical industries through structured questionnaires and observations. The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. The Chi-square (χ) test at the 5% level of significance was frequently used to test the homogeneity or the significance of respondents (general managers, production managers and laboratory technicians) against several environmental aspects (variables). The findings indicate that most of the industrial staff are not aware of best management practices and the level of awareness did not differ (P>0.05) among respondents. Lack of information regarding BMP, inadequacy of pollution management training and lack of corporate environmental policy (CEP) were considered to be the major factors which contribute to low level of awareness among indus...
Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in underst... more Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in understanding hydrological processes in the basin, and consequently leads to risks decision making related to significant water resources development plans and climate change adaptation. The lack of hydrological information also is coupled with uncertainty related to the predictions of future climate and land use change. Some of the gaps can be filled using rainfall-runoff modeling, which results can be used to generate reliable information to enable decision making and planning for water resources management. This paper discusses the results of applying a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model which was established for the Little Ruaha Sub-Basin, using the available historical data, with a goal of understanding processes of runoff generation and the inherent uncertainty related to data. Issues of water resources assessment in the basin and approaches used to address them, and some directions f...
This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate var... more This study aimed at assessing community vulnerability and adaptation to the impact of climate variability and extremes on wetlands and its implication for livelihoods in Simiyu catchment, Southwest of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The results of this study provide baseline information on vulnerability assessments and development of adaptation strategies in the country. Moreover this study will likely contribute significantly to similar future studies on other wetlands within Tanzania. Rainfall anomalies were used to characterise wet and dry seasons. Questionnaire surveys and focus group discussions were used to establish the impacts and coping strategies used during extreme events of floods and droughts. The results showed high rainfall fluctuations between seasons and from one year to the other. They further indicated that normally the October –November –December (OND) and March-April-May (MAM ) seasons do not have the same strength and sign of anomalies, that is there are seasonal vari...
Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management
Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in underst... more Lack of hydrological information of the most basins in Tanzania increase uncertainties in understanding hydrological processes in the basin, and consequently leads to risks decision making related to significant water resources development plans and climate change adaptation. The lack of hydrological information also is coupled with uncertainty related to the predictions of future climate and land use change. Some of the gaps can be filled using rainfall-runoff modeling, which results can be used to generate reliable information to enable decision making and planning for water resources management. This paper discusses the results of applying a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model which was established for the Little Ruaha Sub-Basin, using the available historical data, with a goal of understanding processes of runoff generation and the inherent uncertainty related to data. Issues of water resources assessment in the basin and approaches used to address them, and some directions for future research are discussed. There are challenges associated with the quality of data for model setup and understanding of the model structure. Despite these challenges, there remain many opportunities to improve the methods used for water resources assessment and management within the basin.
Multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) have gained momentum in addressing contentious and cross-secto... more Multi-stakeholder platforms (MSPs) have gained momentum in addressing contentious and cross-sectoral aspects of natural resources management. They have helped to enhance cross-learning and the inclusion of marginalized groups. Tanzania’s water resources management sub-sector has championed these platforms as a means of breaking silos around planning, coordination, and resource mobilization. However, it is not uncommon to experience the occasional dominance of some influential sectors or groups due to their resources contribution to the process, contemporary influence, or statutory authority. Between 2013 and 2020, Tanzania has pioneered the establishment of MSPs at a national level and across the river and lake basins. This paper examines the representation of stakeholder groups in these platforms. Additionally, it establishes the baseline information that contributes to unlocking the current project-based platform design characterized by inherent limitations to potential changes in...
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