Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate... more Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate immunity through its potent bacteriolytic activity. The main objective of this study was to isolate, screen and identify lysozyme‐producing Bacillus subtilis strains by 16S rDNA sequencing. Of the four Bacillus subtilis strains isolated (B18, B66, B70, and B124), only one (B66) was selected for further study because it exhibited the comparatively highest enzymatic activity. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain B66 was submitted to the Genbank database with accession number OM327451 and was assigned the name Bacillus subtilis BSN314. Bacillus subtilis BSN314 was selected for further study to maximize biomass production. To obtain the maximum biomass product of Bacillus subtilis BSN314, two statistical methods were applied, one related to the nutritional conditions affecting the growth medium (chemical components), called the single factor optimization method, and the other showing their effects on the cultivation conditions (orthogonal method). The results showed that the composition of the culture medium (carbon, nitrogen, inorganic salts and surfactants) and the culture conditions (temperature, pH, shaking speed and percentage of inoculum) have a specific influence on the biomass production of Bacillus subtilis BSN314. The culture medium containing the combination of A2B3C1D2 with 1.5% glucose, 2.5% soybean peptone, 0.5% K2HPO4, and 0.1% Tween‐20 was determined to be the optimal medium for biomass production whereas, the order of culture media based on the effects of the selected conditions having lysozyme activity is as follows; glucose % > soyapeptone % > Tween‐20 % > K2HPO4 %. The results showed that the A2B3C1D2 ratio had the highest enzyme activity of 55 U/mL.
The genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 includes all the onchidiid slugs with dorsal gills. Its taxonomy ... more The genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 includes all the onchidiid slugs with dorsal gills. Its taxonomy is revised for the first time based on a large collection of fresh material from the entire Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa to Hawaii. Nine species are supported by mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (ITS2 and 28S) sequences as well as comparative anatomy. All types available were examined and the nomenclatural status of each existing name in the genus is addressed. Of 31 Peronia species-group names available, 27 are regarded as invalid (twenty-one synonyms, sixteen of which are new, five nomina dubia, and one homonym), and four as valid: Peronia peronii (Cuvier, 1804), Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830), Peronia platei (Hoffmann, 1928), and Peronia madagascariensis (Labbé, 1934a). Five new species names are created: P. griffithsi Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. okinawensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. setoensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. sydneyensis Dayrat & Goulding, ...
Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna mino... more Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna minor and Glycine max on haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), and also glucose level in the blood; total protein content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities: catalase assay (CAT), peroxidase assay (POD), superoxide dismutase assay (SOD), lipid peroxidation assay (LPO) in different tissues (brain, liver, gills and muscles) of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in monoculture as well as polyculture system. 35 % protein practical diets, FGM (feed containing 21 % G. max) and FLM (feed having 21 % L. minor) were prepared as a source of protein. The complete replacement of G. max with L. minor significantly increased the value of haematological parameters and glucose level in the large fingerlings of C. idella when reared with H. molitrix. Contrary results were obtained with the large fingerlings of H. molitrix when reared separately. At the end of experiment, the total protein content in muscle of large and small fingerlings of C. idella fed FLM in both monoculture and polyculture system was statistically (P
Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate... more Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate immunity
through its potent bacteriolytic activity. The main objective of this study was to isolate, screen and identify
lysozyme‐producing Bacillus subtilis strains by 16S rDNA sequencing. Of the four Bacillus subtilis strains isolated
(B18, B66, B70, and B124), only one (B66) was selected for further study because it exhibited the comparatively
highest enzymatic activity. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain B66 was submitted to the Genbank database
with accession number OM327451 and was assigned the name Bacillus subtilis BSN314. Bacillus subtilis BSN314
was selected for further study to maximize biomass production. To obtain the maximum biomass product of
Bacillus subtilis BSN314, two statistical methods were applied, one related to the nutritional conditions affecting
the growth medium (chemical components), called the single factor optimization method, and the other showing
their effects on the cultivation conditions (orthogonal method). The results showed that the composition of
the culture medium (carbon, nitrogen, inorganic salts and surfactants) and the culture conditions (temperature,
pH, shaking speed and percentage of inoculum) have a specific influence on the biomass production of Bacillus
subtilis BSN314. The culture medium containing the combination of A2B3C1D2 with 1.5% glucose, 2.5% soybean
peptone, 0.5% K2HPO4, and 0.1% Tween‐20 was determined to be the optimal medium for biomass production
whereas, the order of culture media based on the effects of the selected conditions having lysozyme
activity is as follows; glucose % > soyapeptone % > Tween‐20 % > K2HPO4 %. The results showed that
the A2B3C1D2 ratio had the highest enzyme activity of 55 U/mL.
The genus Pseudanurida is recorded for the first time from Pakistan. Pseudanurida bogoyawlenskyi ... more The genus Pseudanurida is recorded for the first time from Pakistan. Pseudanurida bogoyawlenskyi (Becker, 1905) has been found in a muddy estuarine area of the Hab river delta on the Balochistan coast. This record extends its known geographical distribution to the Arabian Sea region. Some new taxonomic characters of P. bogoyawlenskyi are redescribed on the basis of the Pakistani specimens. In addition, some biological requirements of the species are summarised. Primera cita de Pseudanurida Schött (Collembola, Pseudachorutinae) del delta del río Hab, Baluchistán, Pakistan, una zo-na con grandes posibilidades para la conservación de la biodiversidad de ostras Resumen: Se cita el género Pseudanurida por primera vez de Pakistán. Pseudanurida bogoyawlenskyi (Becker, 1905) se encuen-tra en una zona estuarina fangosa del delta del río Hab en la costa de Baluchistán. Este registro amplía su distribución geográfica conocida a la región del Mar Arábigo. Se redescriben algunos nuevos caracteres taxonómicos de P. bogoyawlenskyi en base a los ejemplares pakistaníes. Además, se resumen algunos requisitos biológicos de la especie.
Development of ecofriendly environment and free of parasites is very necessary for the best growt... more Development of ecofriendly environment and free of parasites is very necessary for the best growth performance of aquatic animals in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A questionnaire (comprising of 16 questions were used as a tool of research for survey (3 months) at fish farms of Punjab regarding fish parasite Lernaea (2011) Research Project of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki) was used to identify the number of the genus Lernaea present on major carps (local species of Pakistan) Rohu, Labeo rohita(Hamilton, 1822) Morri, Cirhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1822), Thaila, Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) and lernaeid ectoparasitic identification at different fish farms of the Punjab. Catla catla showed more prevalent to infestation than other species. In this study two species of Lernaeid ectoparasites i.e. Lernaea polymorpha and Lernaea cyprinacea were observed at different fish farms of Punjab. L. polymorpha was more prevalent specie. It is observed that the lernaeid ectoparasitic infections were associated with host body weight. The parasitic infestation increased as the body weight of the host fish increased.
FIG. 3. — Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850): A, live specimen, ex situ. Length c. 10 mm; B, she... more FIG. 3. — Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850): A, live specimen, ex situ. Length c. 10 mm; B, shell, apertural view (left image) and adepertural view (right image), height, 7 mm; C, SEM, detail of radula with rachidian and first lateral teeth; D, lateral view of whole gizzard plate; E, SEM, dorsal surface of whole gizzard plate; F, SEM, detail of rodlets in dorsal part of gizzard plate. Scale bars: C, 20 µm; D, E, 100 µm; F, 2 µm.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH
The live shells of mytilid mussel,Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, 1837) were collected from the rocks... more The live shells of mytilid mussel,Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, 1837) were collected from the rocks and oyster shells from Jiwani, Balochistan, Pakistan at neap tide from the intertidal zone.The observed specimens were straw to dark purple colour, attached to rocks and oyster shells by its' byssus threads; closely resemble Brachidontes species but a septum was found, below the beak inside the shell confirming the identification towards the byssally attached mytilid genus Septifer. Septifer excisus has significant difference with other members of the same genus by three characters: septum, beading ribs and posterior adductor scar. This species exists from Triassic to Holocene and has been recorded from many parts of the world. This is the first record from Jiwani,
The present study investigated the biodiversity of sessile and motile organisms using intertidal ... more The present study investigated the biodiversity of sessile and motile organisms using intertidal reef habitats constructed by giant oysters Magallana cuttackensis (Newton & Smith, 1912) and backwater oysters Magallana bilineata (Roding, 1798) at the Hab River Delta in Pakistan. A one year (February 2017 to January 2018) field survey was carried out to investigate the species diversity and abundance on the reefs and surrounding area. Monthly samples were taken and the abundance of macro-organisms was observed. Oysters were brought to the laboratory for a detailed examination of shells for the presence of other species. Specimens of 122 species were collected, including 35 new records for Pakistan. The most abundant phylum was Mollusca, represented by 55 species. Overall biodiversity was highest in the pre-monsoon season, declining in monsoon and post-monsoon periods. April was the month with the highest number of species observed. This study constitutes a baseline and an important st...
A ninety days feeding experiment was directed to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and... more A ninety days feeding experiment was directed to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and soybean, Glycine max (L) meals as a source of protein on the actions of intestinal digestive enzymes of Chinese carps; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) and Silver carp, Hypophthylmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) fingerlings reared in monoculture and polyculture system. Two 35 % protein experimental diets, FSBM (feed containing 21 % soybean meal) and FDW (feed having 21 % duckweed) as a source of protein were prepared and fed for twelve weeks. At the end of trial, the experimental diets showed a significant effect on the activities of intestinal digestive enzymes. There is significant (P<0.001) difference in the intestinal cellulase, protease and amylase enzymes in both Chinese carps. In culture systems, intestinal protease and amylase activities of fingerlings of C. idella fed FDW diets were significantly higher as compared to fish fed FSBM diet. In poly...
Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna mino... more Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna minor and Glycine max on haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), and also glucose level in the blood; total protein content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities: catalase assay (CAT), peroxidase assay (POD), superoxide dismutase assay (SOD), lipid peroxidation assay (LPO) in different tissues (brain, liver, gills and muscles) of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in monoculture as well as polyculture system. 35 % protein practical diets, FGM (feed containing 21 % G. max) and FLM (feed having 21 % L. minor) were prepared as a source of protein. The complete replacement of G. max with L. minor significantly increased the value of haematological parameters and glucose level in the large fingerlings of C. idella when reared with H. molitrix. Contrary results were obtained with the large fingerlings of H. molitrix when reared separately. At the end of experiment, the total protein content in muscle of large and small fingerlings of C. idella fed FLM in both monoculture and polyculture system was statistically (P
Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate... more Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate immunity through its potent bacteriolytic activity. The main objective of this study was to isolate, screen and identify lysozyme‐producing Bacillus subtilis strains by 16S rDNA sequencing. Of the four Bacillus subtilis strains isolated (B18, B66, B70, and B124), only one (B66) was selected for further study because it exhibited the comparatively highest enzymatic activity. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain B66 was submitted to the Genbank database with accession number OM327451 and was assigned the name Bacillus subtilis BSN314. Bacillus subtilis BSN314 was selected for further study to maximize biomass production. To obtain the maximum biomass product of Bacillus subtilis BSN314, two statistical methods were applied, one related to the nutritional conditions affecting the growth medium (chemical components), called the single factor optimization method, and the other showing their effects on the cultivation conditions (orthogonal method). The results showed that the composition of the culture medium (carbon, nitrogen, inorganic salts and surfactants) and the culture conditions (temperature, pH, shaking speed and percentage of inoculum) have a specific influence on the biomass production of Bacillus subtilis BSN314. The culture medium containing the combination of A2B3C1D2 with 1.5% glucose, 2.5% soybean peptone, 0.5% K2HPO4, and 0.1% Tween‐20 was determined to be the optimal medium for biomass production whereas, the order of culture media based on the effects of the selected conditions having lysozyme activity is as follows; glucose % &gt; soyapeptone % &gt; Tween‐20 % &gt; K2HPO4 %. The results showed that the A2B3C1D2 ratio had the highest enzyme activity of 55 U/mL.
The genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 includes all the onchidiid slugs with dorsal gills. Its taxonomy ... more The genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 includes all the onchidiid slugs with dorsal gills. Its taxonomy is revised for the first time based on a large collection of fresh material from the entire Indo-West Pacific, from South Africa to Hawaii. Nine species are supported by mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (ITS2 and 28S) sequences as well as comparative anatomy. All types available were examined and the nomenclatural status of each existing name in the genus is addressed. Of 31 Peronia species-group names available, 27 are regarded as invalid (twenty-one synonyms, sixteen of which are new, five nomina dubia, and one homonym), and four as valid: Peronia peronii (Cuvier, 1804), Peronia verruculata (Cuvier, 1830), Peronia platei (Hoffmann, 1928), and Peronia madagascariensis (Labbé, 1934a). Five new species names are created: P. griffithsi Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. okinawensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. setoensis Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., P. sydneyensis Dayrat & Goulding, ...
Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna mino... more Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna minor and Glycine max on haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), and also glucose level in the blood; total protein content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities: catalase assay (CAT), peroxidase assay (POD), superoxide dismutase assay (SOD), lipid peroxidation assay (LPO) in different tissues (brain, liver, gills and muscles) of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in monoculture as well as polyculture system. 35 % protein practical diets, FGM (feed containing 21 % G. max) and FLM (feed having 21 % L. minor) were prepared as a source of protein. The complete replacement of G. max with L. minor significantly increased the value of haematological parameters and glucose level in the large fingerlings of C. idella when reared with H. molitrix. Contrary results were obtained with the large fingerlings of H. molitrix when reared separately. At the end of experiment, the total protein content in muscle of large and small fingerlings of C. idella fed FLM in both monoculture and polyculture system was statistically (P
Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate... more Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that is ubiquitous and plays an important role in innate immunity
through its potent bacteriolytic activity. The main objective of this study was to isolate, screen and identify
lysozyme‐producing Bacillus subtilis strains by 16S rDNA sequencing. Of the four Bacillus subtilis strains isolated
(B18, B66, B70, and B124), only one (B66) was selected for further study because it exhibited the comparatively
highest enzymatic activity. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain B66 was submitted to the Genbank database
with accession number OM327451 and was assigned the name Bacillus subtilis BSN314. Bacillus subtilis BSN314
was selected for further study to maximize biomass production. To obtain the maximum biomass product of
Bacillus subtilis BSN314, two statistical methods were applied, one related to the nutritional conditions affecting
the growth medium (chemical components), called the single factor optimization method, and the other showing
their effects on the cultivation conditions (orthogonal method). The results showed that the composition of
the culture medium (carbon, nitrogen, inorganic salts and surfactants) and the culture conditions (temperature,
pH, shaking speed and percentage of inoculum) have a specific influence on the biomass production of Bacillus
subtilis BSN314. The culture medium containing the combination of A2B3C1D2 with 1.5% glucose, 2.5% soybean
peptone, 0.5% K2HPO4, and 0.1% Tween‐20 was determined to be the optimal medium for biomass production
whereas, the order of culture media based on the effects of the selected conditions having lysozyme
activity is as follows; glucose % > soyapeptone % > Tween‐20 % > K2HPO4 %. The results showed that
the A2B3C1D2 ratio had the highest enzyme activity of 55 U/mL.
The genus Pseudanurida is recorded for the first time from Pakistan. Pseudanurida bogoyawlenskyi ... more The genus Pseudanurida is recorded for the first time from Pakistan. Pseudanurida bogoyawlenskyi (Becker, 1905) has been found in a muddy estuarine area of the Hab river delta on the Balochistan coast. This record extends its known geographical distribution to the Arabian Sea region. Some new taxonomic characters of P. bogoyawlenskyi are redescribed on the basis of the Pakistani specimens. In addition, some biological requirements of the species are summarised. Primera cita de Pseudanurida Schött (Collembola, Pseudachorutinae) del delta del río Hab, Baluchistán, Pakistan, una zo-na con grandes posibilidades para la conservación de la biodiversidad de ostras Resumen: Se cita el género Pseudanurida por primera vez de Pakistán. Pseudanurida bogoyawlenskyi (Becker, 1905) se encuen-tra en una zona estuarina fangosa del delta del río Hab en la costa de Baluchistán. Este registro amplía su distribución geográfica conocida a la región del Mar Arábigo. Se redescriben algunos nuevos caracteres taxonómicos de P. bogoyawlenskyi en base a los ejemplares pakistaníes. Además, se resumen algunos requisitos biológicos de la especie.
Development of ecofriendly environment and free of parasites is very necessary for the best growt... more Development of ecofriendly environment and free of parasites is very necessary for the best growth performance of aquatic animals in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A questionnaire (comprising of 16 questions were used as a tool of research for survey (3 months) at fish farms of Punjab regarding fish parasite Lernaea (2011) Research Project of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki) was used to identify the number of the genus Lernaea present on major carps (local species of Pakistan) Rohu, Labeo rohita(Hamilton, 1822) Morri, Cirhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1822), Thaila, Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) and lernaeid ectoparasitic identification at different fish farms of the Punjab. Catla catla showed more prevalent to infestation than other species. In this study two species of Lernaeid ectoparasites i.e. Lernaea polymorpha and Lernaea cyprinacea were observed at different fish farms of Punjab. L. polymorpha was more prevalent specie. It is observed that the lernaeid ectoparasitic infections were associated with host body weight. The parasitic infestation increased as the body weight of the host fish increased.
FIG. 3. — Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850): A, live specimen, ex situ. Length c. 10 mm; B, she... more FIG. 3. — Haminoea cf. fusca (A. Adams, 1850): A, live specimen, ex situ. Length c. 10 mm; B, shell, apertural view (left image) and adepertural view (right image), height, 7 mm; C, SEM, detail of radula with rachidian and first lateral teeth; D, lateral view of whole gizzard plate; E, SEM, dorsal surface of whole gizzard plate; F, SEM, detail of rodlets in dorsal part of gizzard plate. Scale bars: C, 20 µm; D, E, 100 µm; F, 2 µm.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL RESEARCH
The live shells of mytilid mussel,Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, 1837) were collected from the rocks... more The live shells of mytilid mussel,Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, 1837) were collected from the rocks and oyster shells from Jiwani, Balochistan, Pakistan at neap tide from the intertidal zone.The observed specimens were straw to dark purple colour, attached to rocks and oyster shells by its' byssus threads; closely resemble Brachidontes species but a septum was found, below the beak inside the shell confirming the identification towards the byssally attached mytilid genus Septifer. Septifer excisus has significant difference with other members of the same genus by three characters: septum, beading ribs and posterior adductor scar. This species exists from Triassic to Holocene and has been recorded from many parts of the world. This is the first record from Jiwani,
The present study investigated the biodiversity of sessile and motile organisms using intertidal ... more The present study investigated the biodiversity of sessile and motile organisms using intertidal reef habitats constructed by giant oysters Magallana cuttackensis (Newton & Smith, 1912) and backwater oysters Magallana bilineata (Roding, 1798) at the Hab River Delta in Pakistan. A one year (February 2017 to January 2018) field survey was carried out to investigate the species diversity and abundance on the reefs and surrounding area. Monthly samples were taken and the abundance of macro-organisms was observed. Oysters were brought to the laboratory for a detailed examination of shells for the presence of other species. Specimens of 122 species were collected, including 35 new records for Pakistan. The most abundant phylum was Mollusca, represented by 55 species. Overall biodiversity was highest in the pre-monsoon season, declining in monsoon and post-monsoon periods. April was the month with the highest number of species observed. This study constitutes a baseline and an important st...
A ninety days feeding experiment was directed to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and... more A ninety days feeding experiment was directed to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and soybean, Glycine max (L) meals as a source of protein on the actions of intestinal digestive enzymes of Chinese carps; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) and Silver carp, Hypophthylmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) fingerlings reared in monoculture and polyculture system. Two 35 % protein experimental diets, FSBM (feed containing 21 % soybean meal) and FDW (feed having 21 % duckweed) as a source of protein were prepared and fed for twelve weeks. At the end of trial, the experimental diets showed a significant effect on the activities of intestinal digestive enzymes. There is significant (P<0.001) difference in the intestinal cellulase, protease and amylase enzymes in both Chinese carps. In culture systems, intestinal protease and amylase activities of fingerlings of C. idella fed FDW diets were significantly higher as compared to fish fed FSBM diet. In poly...
Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna mino... more Abstract A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna minor and Glycine max on haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), and also glucose level in the blood; total protein content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities: catalase assay (CAT), peroxidase assay (POD), superoxide dismutase assay (SOD), lipid peroxidation assay (LPO) in different tissues (brain, liver, gills and muscles) of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in monoculture as well as polyculture system. 35 % protein practical diets, FGM (feed containing 21 % G. max) and FLM (feed having 21 % L. minor) were prepared as a source of protein. The complete replacement of G. max with L. minor significantly increased the value of haematological parameters and glucose level in the large fingerlings of C. idella when reared with H. molitrix. Contrary results were obtained with the large fingerlings of H. molitrix when reared separately. At the end of experiment, the total protein content in muscle of large and small fingerlings of C. idella fed FLM in both monoculture and polyculture system was statistically (P
" A comparative study on growth performance of Chinese carps by replacing soybean meal with duc... more " A comparative study on growth performance of Chinese carps by replacing soybean meal with duckweed as dietary protein source "
A FEW days ago, there was a picture in the papers of mussels washed ashore dead on Karachi’s be... more A FEW days ago, there was a picture in the papers of mussels washed ashore dead on Karachi’s beach.
All marine animals have a strong relationship among themselves. The death of one species leads to the threatening point for other species. These bivalves come under the basic food needs of many small marine animals including corals and sea anemones to larger ones including the barracuda (tiger of sea) and the shark family.
These animals also come under the food needs of marine mammals including seals, whales and dolphins and many species of marine turtles, snakes, crustaceans (shrimps, prawns, crabs, barnacles and lobsters) and sea birds as well.
These creatures are used in the making of handicrafts and embroidery. These are also used in crushed form as the basic feed ingredient of terrestrial animals. Many people use these creatures in making soup and delicious food items. These mussels also fall under precious marine resources of Pakistan because of pearl formation.
When a foreign object lodges itself inside the shell of a mussel, these creatures coat the object with a substance called ‘nacre’, which lines the inside of the shell. Nacre is deposited in a thin layer around the object, which eventually forms a pearl. Pearls are largely white or pale yellow in colour. However, some can be black, grey, green, red or blue. These are also known as ‘environment cleaners’ because they absorb toxins and poisons from the water and act as water cleaner machines.
The question that no one in authority has bothered to ask is: Why has this happened? What attracted these creatures to come ashore to die? The mussels came ashore in such large numbers that I fear that the sea off Pakistan is empty of mussels.
I have broached the subject with oceanographic experts who suspect that some factory discharged a deadly chemical in the drains which was washed out to sea.
It is time the authorities ensured that no chemical poisons are disposed of in the water to protect Pakistan’s marine wealth. They must also thoroughly check Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone regularly.
AL-BERUNI (AD 973-1048) was a famous scientist of the Islamic world. He was a prolific writer w... more AL-BERUNI (AD 973-1048) was a famous scientist of the Islamic world. He was a prolific writer who wrote more than 150 books on various aspects of life, including mathematics, physics, astronomy, geography, cosmology, archaeology, history, geology, biology, chemistry, culture, civilisation and comparative religion.
He discussed the behaviour of the moon, the earth, the sun and planets in his book Qanoon Almasudi.
He elaborated a method to determine longitude and latitude.
The most surprising thing about him was that he was born in Afghanistan.
Why is Afghanistan not producing scientists like Al-Beruni? No doubt, Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam and Abdul Karin Mustaghni are famous scientists from Afghanistan. However, there is a need for more scientists like Al-Beruni who can change the fate of their country.
“I DON’T smoke but keep a match box in my pocket. When my heart slips towards a sin, I burn a m... more “I DON’T smoke but keep a match box in my pocket. When my heart slips towards a sin, I burn a match stick and heat my palm. Then I say to myself: Ali you can’t bear even this heat, how would you bear the heat of hell?” These are the words of the Champion Muhammad Ali, I have taken it out of context to say, “smoking is a sin”.
Indulging in this act contains so many harmful lethal chemicals: butane (lighter fluid), cadmium (batteries), stearic acid (candle wax), hexamine (barbecue lighter), toluene (industrial solvent), nicotine (insecticide), ammonia (toilet cleaner), acetic acid (vinegar), methane (sewer gas), arsenic (poison), methanol (rocket fuel) and carbon monoxide which destroy smokers lungs and kidneys failure to heart attacks.
Actually, it is a type of ‘self-chronic suicide’ and suicide is an unforgivable act in any universal religion. Let us say no to smoking like the late Champion, Muhammad Ali.
Waterspouts are spiraling columns of water that can be sucked up by a tornado as it forms over th... more Waterspouts are spiraling columns of water that can be sucked up by a tornado as it forms over the sea. Waterspouts do not only rise in seas and oceans, there are also freshwater waterspouts stories in large lakes and streams of other countries. Although excessive human activities in coastal areas has increased pollution and caused irreparable damage to sea life yet Pakistan is still not in the category of angry seas which wreak havoc in the form of tsunamis, volcanoes, whirlpools and hurricanes regardless of climatic changes. That waterspout was a fair weather waterspout as we can see from the picture clicked by Gul. That was the sign of upcoming torrential rainfalls and flood warning in Balochistan.
There is no supply of Sui gas in Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LU... more There is no supply of Sui gas in Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS). Students are using cylinders for their needs which can be very dangerous. This makes life very difficult for them. Balochistan supplies gas to entire country and students studying in only Water and Marine Sciences university of Balochistan do not have gas supply which is very unfortunate. It is the basic right of people to use natural gas for their need in university and other areas of Balochistan and they are deprived of this right. Students in universities of Punjab and Sindh have the facility of natural gas but students in LUAWMS do not, which is travesty of justice. Students of LUAWMS appeal to Government, Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL), Chief of Army staff and other concerned authorities to take quick action of the request of poor people and students of Balochistan.
Development of ecofriendly environment and free of parasites is very necessary for the best growt... more Development of ecofriendly environment and free of parasites is very necessary for the best growth performance of aquatic animals in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A questionnaire (comprising of 16 questions were used as a tool of research for survey (3 months) at fish farms of Punjab regarding fish parasite Lernaea (2011) Research Project of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki) was used to identify the number of the genus Lernaea present on major carps (local species of Pakistan) Rohu, Labeo rohita(Hamilton, 1822) Morri, Cirhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1822), Thaila, Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) and lernaeid ectoparasitic identification at different fish farms of the Punjab. Catla catla showed more prevalent to infestation than other species. In this study two species of Lernaeid ectoparasites i.e. Lernaea polymorpha and Lernaea cyprinacea were observed at different fish farms of Punjab. L. polymorpha was more prevalent specie. It is observed that the lernaeid ectoparasitic infections were associated with host body weight. The parasitic infestation increased as the body weight of the host fish increased.
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through its potent bacteriolytic activity. The main objective of this study was to isolate, screen and identify
lysozyme‐producing Bacillus subtilis strains by 16S rDNA sequencing. Of the four Bacillus subtilis strains isolated
(B18, B66, B70, and B124), only one (B66) was selected for further study because it exhibited the comparatively
highest enzymatic activity. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain B66 was submitted to the Genbank database
with accession number OM327451 and was assigned the name Bacillus subtilis BSN314. Bacillus subtilis BSN314
was selected for further study to maximize biomass production. To obtain the maximum biomass product of
Bacillus subtilis BSN314, two statistical methods were applied, one related to the nutritional conditions affecting
the growth medium (chemical components), called the single factor optimization method, and the other showing
their effects on the cultivation conditions (orthogonal method). The results showed that the composition of
the culture medium (carbon, nitrogen, inorganic salts and surfactants) and the culture conditions (temperature,
pH, shaking speed and percentage of inoculum) have a specific influence on the biomass production of Bacillus
subtilis BSN314. The culture medium containing the combination of A2B3C1D2 with 1.5% glucose, 2.5% soybean
peptone, 0.5% K2HPO4, and 0.1% Tween‐20 was determined to be the optimal medium for biomass production
whereas, the order of culture media based on the effects of the selected conditions having lysozyme
activity is as follows; glucose % > soyapeptone % > Tween‐20 % > K2HPO4 %. The results showed that
the A2B3C1D2 ratio had the highest enzyme activity of 55 U/mL.
through its potent bacteriolytic activity. The main objective of this study was to isolate, screen and identify
lysozyme‐producing Bacillus subtilis strains by 16S rDNA sequencing. Of the four Bacillus subtilis strains isolated
(B18, B66, B70, and B124), only one (B66) was selected for further study because it exhibited the comparatively
highest enzymatic activity. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain B66 was submitted to the Genbank database
with accession number OM327451 and was assigned the name Bacillus subtilis BSN314. Bacillus subtilis BSN314
was selected for further study to maximize biomass production. To obtain the maximum biomass product of
Bacillus subtilis BSN314, two statistical methods were applied, one related to the nutritional conditions affecting
the growth medium (chemical components), called the single factor optimization method, and the other showing
their effects on the cultivation conditions (orthogonal method). The results showed that the composition of
the culture medium (carbon, nitrogen, inorganic salts and surfactants) and the culture conditions (temperature,
pH, shaking speed and percentage of inoculum) have a specific influence on the biomass production of Bacillus
subtilis BSN314. The culture medium containing the combination of A2B3C1D2 with 1.5% glucose, 2.5% soybean
peptone, 0.5% K2HPO4, and 0.1% Tween‐20 was determined to be the optimal medium for biomass production
whereas, the order of culture media based on the effects of the selected conditions having lysozyme
activity is as follows; glucose % > soyapeptone % > Tween‐20 % > K2HPO4 %. The results showed that
the A2B3C1D2 ratio had the highest enzyme activity of 55 U/mL.
All marine animals have a strong relationship among themselves. The death of one species leads to the threatening point for other species. These bivalves come under the basic food needs of many small marine animals including corals and sea anemones to larger ones including the barracuda (tiger of sea) and the shark family.
These animals also come under the food needs of marine mammals including seals, whales and dolphins and many species of marine turtles, snakes, crustaceans (shrimps, prawns, crabs, barnacles and lobsters) and sea birds as well.
These creatures are used in the making of handicrafts and embroidery. These are also used in crushed form as the basic feed ingredient of terrestrial animals. Many people use these creatures in making soup and delicious food items. These mussels also fall under precious marine resources of Pakistan because of pearl formation.
When a foreign object lodges itself inside the shell of a mussel, these creatures coat the object with a substance called ‘nacre’, which lines the inside of the shell. Nacre is deposited in a thin layer around the object, which eventually forms a pearl. Pearls are largely white or pale yellow in colour. However, some can be black, grey, green, red or blue. These are also known as ‘environment cleaners’ because they absorb toxins and poisons from the water and act as water cleaner machines.
The question that no one in authority has bothered to ask is: Why has this happened? What attracted these creatures to come ashore to die? The mussels came ashore in such large numbers that I fear that the sea off Pakistan is empty of mussels.
I have broached the subject with oceanographic experts who suspect that some factory discharged a deadly chemical in the drains which was washed out to sea.
It is time the authorities ensured that no chemical poisons are disposed of in the water to protect Pakistan’s marine wealth. They must also thoroughly check Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone regularly.
Sadar Aslam
Lahore
Published in Dawn, June 22nd, 2016
He discussed the behaviour of the moon, the earth, the sun and planets in his book Qanoon Almasudi.
He elaborated a method to determine longitude and latitude.
The most surprising thing about him was that he was born in Afghanistan.
Why is Afghanistan not producing scientists like Al-Beruni? No doubt, Mohammad Shafiq Hamdam and Abdul Karin Mustaghni are famous scientists from Afghanistan. However, there is a need for more scientists like Al-Beruni who can change the fate of their country.
Sadar Aslam
Karachi
Published in Dawn, May 29th, 2016
Indulging in this act contains so many harmful lethal chemicals: butane (lighter fluid), cadmium (batteries), stearic acid (candle wax), hexamine (barbecue lighter), toluene (industrial solvent), nicotine (insecticide), ammonia (toilet cleaner), acetic acid (vinegar), methane (sewer gas), arsenic (poison), methanol (rocket fuel) and carbon monoxide which destroy smokers lungs and kidneys failure to heart attacks.
Actually, it is a type of ‘self-chronic suicide’ and suicide is an unforgivable act in any universal religion. Let us say no to smoking like the late Champion, Muhammad Ali.
Sadar Aslam
Lahore
Published in Dawn, June 18th, 2016