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shahid imtiaz

University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, Department of English Literature, Faculty Member

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I have a PHD degree in English Literature from University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan. Currently working as Chairman Department of English language and literature Riphah International University Gulberg Campus Lahore, Pakistan. I regularly contribute articles to National and International Research Journals. I have also attended several International Conferences on English Literature and History. I have authored a book on Lahore, "Amorphous Lahore Colonial and Postcolonial second book . I write poems in English Language.My poetry book is in the pipeline
Phone: +923334323050
Address: House No 19 Taj Mahal Street Temple Road Lahore, Pakistan

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Papers by shahid imtiaz

A Passage Through Amorphous Lahore of the Colonial Era

pu.edu.pk

This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and ... more This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and the first decade of 20 th centuries under the British Raj. The emphasis, undoubtedly, falls upon the study of those diverse and diversified forces, social, political, cultural and religious that shaped Lahore as an amorphous city. It was the interaction and intermingling of the similar and the dissimilar, the colonizer and the colonized, the indigenous and the foreign elements, concepts, thoughts and ethos that contributed to make both the city and its inhabitants amorphous. For this purpose I have chosen Dina Nath's The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of Lahore Life (1899) and Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901) which to me are true representative novels of their time as they take to the narrow and winding interior of the walled city and also to the modern colonial Lahore which the British designed in accordance with the colonial desire. These novels also give us two contrasting perspectives of Lahore and its amorphousness.

Rizwan Akhtarâ€™s Lahore I am Coming

Pakistaniaat, 2018

Some of the poems included in the collection have been published in the prestigious literary jour... more Some of the poems included in the collection have been published in the prestigious literary journals like Poetry Salzburg Review, Poetry NZ, Transnational Literature and others. The Preface is written by Fiona Sinclair, editor of the on line poetry magazine Message in a Bottle, and the Introduction by Alistair Paterson, poet, editor, essayist, anthologist, critic and a novelist. In Paterson's view Akhtar "has the skill and sensitivity for such work as his current collection reveals." A distinctive feature of Akhtar's collection is his thematic diversity and fictive poetic diction. From his experience of being a poetry student of Derek Walcott to the agonizing experience of being lonely on a foreign land in London, his poems focus on the human condition and predicament on the whole. There are some poems of personal loss and grief: "Flying Home For My Father's Burial," is about poet's deepest feelings on his father's death:

Needs Analysis and a Course Design of English for Specific Purposes for the Administrative Staff (Clreks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore

This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing th... more This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing the needs of the administrative staff (clerks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore, in their official context.Survey research strategy has been used for data collection. The researcher has used triangulation of tools by using quantitative and qualitative research approaches to collect data for this study. The quantitative data have collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from the clerks of the sample of the study. A sample of twenty 20 clerks out of approximate total population of 40 clerks has beenselected for survey questionnaire. The qualitative data have been collected through individual interviews of the deputy superintendent and superintendent of the college. The sampling technique was convenient as the researcher enjoyed an easy access to the clerical staff of this college.The data analysis reveals that the clerical staff of the college has poor proficiency in reading and writing skills and theyface a number problemto get their official work done in English.The results of needs analysis suggest that there is a need for an English language course for the college clerks. So, this article focuses English for Specific Occupational Purposes (ESOP). A course outline has been designed for this public sector college clerks whose English reading and writing skills are not developed enough to cope up with official documentation. This paper also includes needs analysis, course plan, course contents, course length, course aims,course materials and evaluation.The underdeveloped countries and societies like Pakistan, where educational and administrative conditions are similar, can benefit from the findings of this research.

Exploring Strategies for English Language Teaching of Pakistani Students in Public Sector Colleges

This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector co... more This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector colleges of Lahore at the Intermediate level and suggests some alternative approaches and strategies for teachers to manage the situation of large English classes well. A survey research strategy was used for data collection. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for this study. The qualitative data were collected through interviews of English teachers of the colleges of the sample of the study. The quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from students of the sample of the study. Three public sector colleges of Lahore were taken through random sampling for the data collection. Six structured interviews of English teachers and 60 questionnaires of Intermediate students were conducted as tools for data collection. The problems which the teachers face while teaching a large class are un-inspiring atmosphere, classroom discipline, lack of resources, uninterested students, lack of individual attention, institutions without A.V. aids, wastage of time, lack of motivation and many others. But on the other hand, teachers use only lecture method to teach English throughout the academic year without bringing any change or variety in their teaching method which makes the learning passive and uninteresting. Teachers need to focus on activity based teaching, collaborative teaching, use of group work or interactive approach for better and effective results in a large language class. The government is intensely required to play a vital role for the reformation and development of the public sector colleges.

Rizwan Akhtarâ€™s Lahore I am Coming

Pakistaniaat, 2018

Re-visiting the African History in Pre-colonial era: The Resurgence of African Women in Chinua Achebe's Novels

research journal of language and literature, 2020

This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizer... more This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizers in colonial rule. This paper contends that, though, females in Chinua Achebe's No longer at Ease (1960) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987) are manifested to be under control of colonial mindset; however, these women are actually embedded in African history and mythology in pre-colonial era. In the African colonization era, females became the victim of the colonizer's catechizing eyes. However, colonizers documented African women as feeble and silent in colonial discourses and they directed their mission of freedom of African women from brown men's domination and local savage customs. The British Imperialist framed the colonial image of African women in the Victorian concept of womanliness, an entirely oppressed and subordinate gender. This paper debates that although the aboriginal African women inhabited under tribal male supremacy in pre colonial era, thus far, African culture granted them certain prerogatives and privileges. Moreover, this paper delineates that Achebe in his novels not only opposes the colonial portrayal of African women but also restores the status of African women by re-visiting pre colonial African culture.

Re-visiting the African History in Pre-colonial era: The Resurgence of African Women in Chinua Achebe's Novels

This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizer... more This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizers in colonial rule. This paper contends that, though, females in Chinua Achebe's No longer at Ease (1960) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987) are manifested to be under control of colonial mindset; however, these women are actually embedded in African history and mythology in pre-colonial era. In the African colonization era, females became the victim of the colonizer's catechizing eyes. However, colonizers documented African women as feeble and silent in colonial discourses and they directed their mission of freedom of African women from brown men's domination and local savage customs. The British Imperialist framed the colonial image of African women in the Victorian concept of womanliness, an entirely oppressed and subordinate gender. This paper debates that although the aboriginal African women inhabited under tribal male supremacy in pre colonial era, thus far, African culture granted them certain prerogatives and privileges. Moreover, this paper delineates that Achebe in his novels not only opposes the colonial portrayal of African women but also restores the status of African women by re-visiting pre colonial African culture.

Re-visiting the African History in Pre-colonial era: The Resurgence of African Women in Chinua Achebe's Novels

This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizer... more This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizers in colonial rule. This paper contends that, though, females in Chinua Achebe's No longer at Ease (1960) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987) are manifested to be under control of colonial mindset; however, these women are actually embedded in African history and mythology in pre-colonial era. In the African colonization era, females became the victim of the colonizer's catechizing eyes. However, colonizers documented African women as feeble and silent in colonial discourses and they directed their mission of freedom of African women from brown men's domination and local savage customs. The British Imperialist framed the colonial image of African women in the Victorian concept of womanliness, an entirely oppressed and subordinate gender. This paper debates that although the aboriginal African women inhabited under tribal male supremacy in pre colonial era, thus far, African culture granted them certain prerogatives and privileges. Moreover, this paper delineates that Achebe in his novels not only opposes the colonial portrayal of African women but also restores the status of African women by re-visiting pre colonial African culture.

Exploring Strategies for English Language Teaching of Pakistani Students in Public Sector Colleges

This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector co... more This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector colleges of Lahore at the Intermediate level and suggests some alternative approaches and strategies for teachers to manage the situation of large English classes well. A survey research strategy was used for data collection. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for this study. The qualitative data were collected through interviews of English teachers of the colleges of the sample of the study. The quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from students of the sample of the study. Three public sector colleges of Lahore were taken through random sampling for the data collection. Six structured interviews of English teachers and 60 questionnaires of Intermediate students were conducted as tools for data collection. The problems which the teachers face while teaching a large class are un-inspiring atm...

Dr. SHAHID IMTIAZ EXPLORING STRATEGIES FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING OF PAKISTANI STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SECTOR COLLEGES Dr. SHAHID IMTIAZ

Article Info: Article Received:30/06/2014 Revised on:06/06/2014 Accepted for Publication:23/06/20... more Article Info: Article Received:30/06/2014 Revised on:06/06/2014 Accepted for Publication:23/06/2014 ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector colleges of Lahore at the Intermediate level and suggests some alternative approaches and strategies for teachers to manage the situation of large English classes well. A survey research strategy was used for data collection. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for this study. The qualitative data were collected through interviews of English teachers of the colleges of the sample of the study. The quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from students of the sample of the study. Three public sector colleges of Lahore were taken through random sampling for the data collection. Six structured interviews of English teachers and 60 questionnaires of Intermediate students were conducted as tool...

Needs Analysis and a Course Design of English for Specific Purposes for the Administrative Staff (Clreks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore

This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing th... more This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing the needs of the administrative staff (clerks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore, in their official context.Survey research strategy has been used for data collection. The researcher has used triangulation of tools by using quantitative and qualitative research approaches to collect data for this study. The quantitative data have collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from the clerks of the sample of the study. A sample of twenty 20 clerks out of approximate total population of 40 clerks has beenselected for survey questionnaire. The qualitative data have been collected through individual interviews of the deputy superintendent and superintendent of the college. The sampling technique was convenient as the researcher enjoyed an easy access to the clerical staff of this college.The data analysis reveals that the clerical staff of the college has poor profi...

A Passage Through Amorphous Lahore of the Colonial Era

This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and ... more This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and the first decade of 20 th centuries under the British Raj. The emphasis, undoubtedly, falls upon the study of those diverse and diversified forces, social, political, cultural and religious that shaped Lahore as an amorphous city. It was the interaction and intermingling of the similar and the dissimilar, the colonizer and the colonized, the indigenous and the foreign elements, concepts, thoughts and ethos that contributed to make both the city and its inhabitants amorphous. For this purpose I have chosen Dina Nath’s The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of Lahore Life (1899) and Rudyard Kipling’s Kim (1901) which to me are true representative novels of their time as they take to the narrow and winding interior of the walled city and also to the modern colonial Lahore which the British designed in accordance with the colonial desire. These novels also give us two contrasting perspectives ...

A Note on Kipling's Lahore: Real and Unreal

S ara Suleri 's 1986 essay "Amorphous India: Questions of Geography" offers a curio... more S ara Suleri 's 1986 essay "Amorphous India: Questions of Geography" offers a curiously comparative yet emphatically judgmental statement with reference to the western adventures through 20th century narrative space: "For it is Forster rather than Kipling who initiates the Western narrative of India" (Southwest 390). And then Suleri goes on to justify how the "failure of [Western] representation transformed into a characteristically Indian failure" (389) and how "the reality of India," reinforced in "a text like Kim [by Kipling]" gets translated "into an image of profound unreality" through texts like A Passage to India [by Forster J, initiating and promoting, what Suleri claims to be singularly the "Forster's paradigm." 1 On a similar yet more specific judgmental note, Kipling's portrayal of the socio-political and literary reality of his time was already the topic of Elliot L. Gilbert's 1971 The ...

The Making of British Lahore: Fulfillment of a Colonial Desire

Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021

Lahore before it was annexed by the British in 1849 was the capital city of Ranjit Singh's kingdo... more Lahore before it was annexed by the British in 1849 was the capital city of Ranjit Singh's kingdom. The death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the ensuing civil war, and a scramble for power (1839-49) amongst his successors destroyed the city of Lahore. Even before Ranjit Singh took power the city had lost its splendor achieved during the Mughal rule (1526-1857). After its annexation by the British, in 1849 Lahore emerged as a colonial city. The Lahore emerging under British rule became the site of colonial desire. After the British took control of the city of Lahore pre-colonial paradigms of history, sociology, architecture, and demography receded in the background. Lahore's transformation from a medieval city into a modern British city was phenomenal. This paper argues that the transformation which Lahore underwent is amorphous in nature and this amorphousness is an intricate historical process of collusion and collation of colonial and native versions of the city. Therefore, this amorphousness engrafted on Lahore's urban spatiality resonating with history is an outcome of colonial gaze.

The World Conscience on Trial. (Shahid Imtiaz

Today's Kashmir is no more a paradise for the Kashmiris. It has been turned into hell, a real inf... more Today's Kashmir is no more a paradise for the Kashmiris. It has been turned into hell, a real inferno. Today Kashmir is a war-torn state. Indian military forces have crossed all limits of harassment and are playing havoc in Kashmir as they enjoy unlimited power of life and death over the people of the land. They are virtually law unto themselves. They break into any house, beat the people and carry the womenfolk for gang-rape irrespective of their age. Innocent and law abiding citizens are picked up for " interrogation, " tortured and beaten mercilessly to death, in army and police custody. Kashmir is also no more the land that attracted tourists in millions that come to enjoy the smooth rowing on the mirror like surface of the quiet and calm waters of Dal Lake .In canopied " bajras " , the Kashmiri version of the gondolas, rowed by the Kashmiri boatmen in tattered clothes holding long oars, earning their livelihood in a hard way and bring billions of rupees worth of income to the Indian State. They had been known as docile and obedient and even cowardly people through ages, for their untiring service to the tourists. These people had been leading a humiliating life for generations and had been eking their livelihood by providing pleasure and relaxation to others. They had inherited this peaceful trait when this mountain bound land was ruled by Asoka, the Great (c. 268 to 232 BCE) and Buddhism was the religion of the state. The city of Srinagar (the sacred city) owes its name to the older city that was situated three miles above the present one. Under the Kushans (c.30 – c. 230) the sway of Buddhism continued, and decay set in only with the rise of Brahmanism and then the city of ancient Srinagar disappeared. There followed almost six centuries of obscurity until in the early years of the 8 th century Lalitaditya founded his empire whose rule covered the foothills of the Punjab and reached into Tibet. This was a brief period when the land was ruled by a native but it became a victim of court jealousies and intrigues and was overwhelmed by a prince from Punch. A century of bloodshed and conspiracy reached its height under the Emperor Harsha. (c. 590 – 647 CE) Mahmud of Ghazna made an unsuccessful attempt in 1015 A.D. to conquer Kashmir. In the 12 th century A.D. Raimchan Shah, a Tibtan adventurer seized power. It was under Zain-ul-Abedin that Kashmir enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity. In 1532, Mirza Haidar's conquest gave way to the conquest of Kashmir by the Mughal Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar in 1587. The Mughal rule has been acclaimed as one of the most peaceful periods in the history of Kashmir. With the decline of the Mughals the Marathas appeared from the South and the Dogras descended from the north, making Jammu their stronghold. The Rajputs in general had gone down towards what is now known as Rajasthan. The Rajputs of Jammu came to be known as Dogras. Raja Gulab Singh, a Dogra chief of Jammu, assisted Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Punjab, against the Afghan army and received the whole province as a reward in 1820. He, then, proceeded to extend his power into the heart of Kashmir. In the 1830s he captured Laddakh and in 1840 Skardu. He turned towards Gilgit after extending his control over Baluchistan in 1842. According to Cunningham, the shrewd and ambitious Gulab Singh maintained a liaison with the

COLONIAL LAHORE AND THE TRADITION OF NOVEL IN ENGLISH

Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peo... more Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peoples have mingled together, a rendezvous of varied ways of life enriching its cultural, social, literary and religious life. The multifarious and diverse aspects of its culture and civilization get reflected in the architectural structures, folklore and literature. Lahore has always inspired the mystics, writers and the poets for their creative energy and ideas. The year of 1899 is significant because it was in this year that the historical city of Lahore was used as a locale for a colorful Lahori life, captured, and portrayed vividly in fiction in English for the first time. Dina Nath chose Lahore as a backdrop for his novel The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of the Lahore Life (1899). This representation set the tradition of making Lahore as a locale in English fiction for the succeeding writers. Dina Nath highlights the peculiar character of Lahore resulting from the opposite, dissimilar and contradictory ideas, concepts and worlds, the world of the colonizer and the colonized. Their interaction had far-reaching and deeply profound influence and impact upon every aspect of the Lahori life. It gave birth to a new life style, which combined within it, both the eastern and the western ethos. In Nath Lahore is the locale where political, social, cultural, and religious differences and clashes amongst the major communities, the Muslims, the Hindus and the Sikhs were beginning to manifest themselves. After the annexation of the Punjab in 1849, the British had set up a new administrative structure at Lahore, making it the provincial headquarter of the province of the Punjab. Since there was dearth of discreet and competent officials to run the administration, they encouraged the people with administrative skill and knowledge to come to Lahore from across the Punjab and northern India and even from Bengal. Punjabi nobility, the Bengalis, and the literati hailing from the United Provinces were the most prominent communities in the 1880s. A social intercourse and cultural interaction amongst these peoples had added an element of newness to the Lahori life. Nath's novel primarily focuses on the two Lahori characters, Rama and Nath and it is through them that we discover the true divisions of Lahori life of that time, with all its

COLONIAL LAHORE AND THE TRADITION OF NOVEL IN ENGLISH

Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peo... more Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peoples have mingled together, a rendezvous of varied ways of life enriching its cultural, social, literary and religious life. The multifarious and diverse aspects of its culture and civilization get reflected in the architectural structures, folklore and literature. Lahore has always inspired the mystics, writers and the poets for their creative energy and ideas. The year of 1899 is significant because it was in this year that the historical city of Lahore was used as a locale for a colorful Lahori life, captured, and portrayed vividly in fiction in English for the first time. Dina Nath chose Lahore as a backdrop for his novel The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of the Lahore Life (1899). This representation set the tradition of making Lahore as a locale in English fiction for the succeeding writers. Dina Nath highlights the peculiar character of Lahore resulting from the opposite, dissimilar and contradictory ideas, concepts and worlds, the world of the colonizer and the colonized. Their interaction had far-reaching and deeply profound influence and impact upon every aspect of the Lahori life. It gave birth to a new life style, which combined within it, both the eastern and the western ethos. In Nath Lahore is the locale where political, social, cultural, and religious differences and clashes amongst the major communities, the Muslims, the Hindus and the Sikhs were beginning to manifest themselves. After the annexation of the Punjab in 1849, the British had set up a new administrative structure at Lahore, making it the provincial headquarter of the province of the Punjab. Since there was dearth of discreet and competent officials to run the administration, they encouraged the people with administrative skill and knowledge to come to Lahore from across the Punjab and northern India and even from Bengal. Punjabi nobility, the Bengalis, and the literati hailing from the United Provinces were the most prominent communities in the 1880s. A social intercourse and cultural interaction amongst these peoples had added an element of newness to the Lahori life. Nath's novel primarily focuses on the two Lahori characters, Rama and Nath and it is through them that we discover the true divisions of Lahori life of that time, with all its

Colonial Lahore and the Tradition of writing novel in English

The Dawn English Daily

Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peo... more Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peoples have mingled together, a rendezvous of varied ways of life enriching its cultural, social, literary and religious life. The multifarious and diverse aspects of its culture and civilization get reflected in the architectural structures, folklore and literature. Lahore has always inspired the mystics, writers and the poets for their creative energy and ideas.

A Study of Marriage as a Metaphor in August Strindberg's Plays

Marriage is a recurrent theme in August Strindberg's works.Married two volumes of novellas (1884-... more Marriage is a recurrent theme in August Strindberg's works.Married two volumes of novellas (1884-86) bring into focus three closely related hot issues of his age, the woman question, the double standards of morality and particularly the conventional institution of marriage. He looks at the biological, social, economic and moral aspects of marriage. A critical analysis of his plays with marriage as the theme reveals the fact that Strindberg hasemployed marriage as a metaphor. In my article I shall focus on this aspect of his plays. In his naturalist plays marriage is a metaphor of strife between husband and wife and in expressionist plays it is the metaphor of nihilistic view of reality. Strindberg also sees human existence as an incessant struggle between the stronger and weaker wills. This leads him to conceive the battle of brains between superior male intellect and inferior but deceitful female intellect. His men and women are violent and volatile. Even in their love making they are determined to annihilate each other.His deep interest in the theme of marriage ultimately led him to make experiment with his dramaturgy.

A Passage Through Amorphous Lahore of the Colonial Era

pu.edu.pk

This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and ... more This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and the first decade of 20 th centuries under the British Raj. The emphasis, undoubtedly, falls upon the study of those diverse and diversified forces, social, political, cultural and religious that shaped Lahore as an amorphous city. It was the interaction and intermingling of the similar and the dissimilar, the colonizer and the colonized, the indigenous and the foreign elements, concepts, thoughts and ethos that contributed to make both the city and its inhabitants amorphous. For this purpose I have chosen Dina Nath's The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of Lahore Life (1899) and Rudyard Kipling's Kim (1901) which to me are true representative novels of their time as they take to the narrow and winding interior of the walled city and also to the modern colonial Lahore which the British designed in accordance with the colonial desire. These novels also give us two contrasting perspectives of Lahore and its amorphousness.

Rizwan Akhtarâ€™s Lahore I am Coming

Pakistaniaat, 2018

Some of the poems included in the collection have been published in the prestigious literary jour... more Some of the poems included in the collection have been published in the prestigious literary journals like Poetry Salzburg Review, Poetry NZ, Transnational Literature and others. The Preface is written by Fiona Sinclair, editor of the on line poetry magazine Message in a Bottle, and the Introduction by Alistair Paterson, poet, editor, essayist, anthologist, critic and a novelist. In Paterson's view Akhtar "has the skill and sensitivity for such work as his current collection reveals." A distinctive feature of Akhtar's collection is his thematic diversity and fictive poetic diction. From his experience of being a poetry student of Derek Walcott to the agonizing experience of being lonely on a foreign land in London, his poems focus on the human condition and predicament on the whole. There are some poems of personal loss and grief: "Flying Home For My Father's Burial," is about poet's deepest feelings on his father's death:

Needs Analysis and a Course Design of English for Specific Purposes for the Administrative Staff (Clreks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore

This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing th... more This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing the needs of the administrative staff (clerks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore, in their official context.Survey research strategy has been used for data collection. The researcher has used triangulation of tools by using quantitative and qualitative research approaches to collect data for this study. The quantitative data have collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from the clerks of the sample of the study. A sample of twenty 20 clerks out of approximate total population of 40 clerks has beenselected for survey questionnaire. The qualitative data have been collected through individual interviews of the deputy superintendent and superintendent of the college. The sampling technique was convenient as the researcher enjoyed an easy access to the clerical staff of this college.The data analysis reveals that the clerical staff of the college has poor proficiency in reading and writing skills and theyface a number problemto get their official work done in English.The results of needs analysis suggest that there is a need for an English language course for the college clerks. So, this article focuses English for Specific Occupational Purposes (ESOP). A course outline has been designed for this public sector college clerks whose English reading and writing skills are not developed enough to cope up with official documentation. This paper also includes needs analysis, course plan, course contents, course length, course aims,course materials and evaluation.The underdeveloped countries and societies like Pakistan, where educational and administrative conditions are similar, can benefit from the findings of this research.

Exploring Strategies for English Language Teaching of Pakistani Students in Public Sector Colleges

This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector co... more This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector colleges of Lahore at the Intermediate level and suggests some alternative approaches and strategies for teachers to manage the situation of large English classes well. A survey research strategy was used for data collection. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for this study. The qualitative data were collected through interviews of English teachers of the colleges of the sample of the study. The quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from students of the sample of the study. Three public sector colleges of Lahore were taken through random sampling for the data collection. Six structured interviews of English teachers and 60 questionnaires of Intermediate students were conducted as tools for data collection. The problems which the teachers face while teaching a large class are un-inspiring atmosphere, classroom discipline, lack of resources, uninterested students, lack of individual attention, institutions without A.V. aids, wastage of time, lack of motivation and many others. But on the other hand, teachers use only lecture method to teach English throughout the academic year without bringing any change or variety in their teaching method which makes the learning passive and uninteresting. Teachers need to focus on activity based teaching, collaborative teaching, use of group work or interactive approach for better and effective results in a large language class. The government is intensely required to play a vital role for the reformation and development of the public sector colleges.

Rizwan Akhtarâ€™s Lahore I am Coming

Pakistaniaat, 2018

Re-visiting the African History in Pre-colonial era: The Resurgence of African Women in Chinua Achebe's Novels

research journal of language and literature, 2020

This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizer... more This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizers in colonial rule. This paper contends that, though, females in Chinua Achebe's No longer at Ease (1960) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987) are manifested to be under control of colonial mindset; however, these women are actually embedded in African history and mythology in pre-colonial era. In the African colonization era, females became the victim of the colonizer's catechizing eyes. However, colonizers documented African women as feeble and silent in colonial discourses and they directed their mission of freedom of African women from brown men's domination and local savage customs. The British Imperialist framed the colonial image of African women in the Victorian concept of womanliness, an entirely oppressed and subordinate gender. This paper debates that although the aboriginal African women inhabited under tribal male supremacy in pre colonial era, thus far, African culture granted them certain prerogatives and privileges. Moreover, this paper delineates that Achebe in his novels not only opposes the colonial portrayal of African women but also restores the status of African women by re-visiting pre colonial African culture.

Re-visiting the African History in Pre-colonial era: The Resurgence of African Women in Chinua Achebe's Novels

This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizer... more This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizers in colonial rule. This paper contends that, though, females in Chinua Achebe's No longer at Ease (1960) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987) are manifested to be under control of colonial mindset; however, these women are actually embedded in African history and mythology in pre-colonial era. In the African colonization era, females became the victim of the colonizer's catechizing eyes. However, colonizers documented African women as feeble and silent in colonial discourses and they directed their mission of freedom of African women from brown men's domination and local savage customs. The British Imperialist framed the colonial image of African women in the Victorian concept of womanliness, an entirely oppressed and subordinate gender. This paper debates that although the aboriginal African women inhabited under tribal male supremacy in pre colonial era, thus far, African culture granted them certain prerogatives and privileges. Moreover, this paper delineates that Achebe in his novels not only opposes the colonial portrayal of African women but also restores the status of African women by re-visiting pre colonial African culture.

Re-visiting the African History in Pre-colonial era: The Resurgence of African Women in Chinua Achebe's Novels

This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizer... more This paper intends to vocalize the muffled voices of African women which were hushed by colonizers in colonial rule. This paper contends that, though, females in Chinua Achebe's No longer at Ease (1960) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987) are manifested to be under control of colonial mindset; however, these women are actually embedded in African history and mythology in pre-colonial era. In the African colonization era, females became the victim of the colonizer's catechizing eyes. However, colonizers documented African women as feeble and silent in colonial discourses and they directed their mission of freedom of African women from brown men's domination and local savage customs. The British Imperialist framed the colonial image of African women in the Victorian concept of womanliness, an entirely oppressed and subordinate gender. This paper debates that although the aboriginal African women inhabited under tribal male supremacy in pre colonial era, thus far, African culture granted them certain prerogatives and privileges. Moreover, this paper delineates that Achebe in his novels not only opposes the colonial portrayal of African women but also restores the status of African women by re-visiting pre colonial African culture.

Exploring Strategies for English Language Teaching of Pakistani Students in Public Sector Colleges

This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector co... more This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector colleges of Lahore at the Intermediate level and suggests some alternative approaches and strategies for teachers to manage the situation of large English classes well. A survey research strategy was used for data collection. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for this study. The qualitative data were collected through interviews of English teachers of the colleges of the sample of the study. The quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from students of the sample of the study. Three public sector colleges of Lahore were taken through random sampling for the data collection. Six structured interviews of English teachers and 60 questionnaires of Intermediate students were conducted as tools for data collection. The problems which the teachers face while teaching a large class are un-inspiring atm...

Dr. SHAHID IMTIAZ EXPLORING STRATEGIES FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING OF PAKISTANI STUDENTS IN PUBLIC SECTOR COLLEGES Dr. SHAHID IMTIAZ

Article Info: Article Received:30/06/2014 Revised on:06/06/2014 Accepted for Publication:23/06/20... more Article Info: Article Received:30/06/2014 Revised on:06/06/2014 Accepted for Publication:23/06/2014 ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to analyze the conventional methods in large classes of public sector colleges of Lahore at the Intermediate level and suggests some alternative approaches and strategies for teachers to manage the situation of large English classes well. A survey research strategy was used for data collection. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for this study. The qualitative data were collected through interviews of English teachers of the colleges of the sample of the study. The quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from students of the sample of the study. Three public sector colleges of Lahore were taken through random sampling for the data collection. Six structured interviews of English teachers and 60 questionnaires of Intermediate students were conducted as tool...

Needs Analysis and a Course Design of English for Specific Purposes for the Administrative Staff (Clreks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore

This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing th... more This article is an attempt to design a course of English for Specific Purposes after analyzing the needs of the administrative staff (clerks) of Govt. Islamia College, Lahore, in their official context.Survey research strategy has been used for data collection. The researcher has used triangulation of tools by using quantitative and qualitative research approaches to collect data for this study. The quantitative data have collected through a questionnaire comprised of close-ended items retrieved from the clerks of the sample of the study. A sample of twenty 20 clerks out of approximate total population of 40 clerks has beenselected for survey questionnaire. The qualitative data have been collected through individual interviews of the deputy superintendent and superintendent of the college. The sampling technique was convenient as the researcher enjoyed an easy access to the clerical staff of this college.The data analysis reveals that the clerical staff of the college has poor profi...

A Passage Through Amorphous Lahore of the Colonial Era

This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and ... more This paper focuses Lahore as an amorphous city as it emerged in the last decade of the 19 th and the first decade of 20 th centuries under the British Raj. The emphasis, undoubtedly, falls upon the study of those diverse and diversified forces, social, political, cultural and religious that shaped Lahore as an amorphous city. It was the interaction and intermingling of the similar and the dissimilar, the colonizer and the colonized, the indigenous and the foreign elements, concepts, thoughts and ethos that contributed to make both the city and its inhabitants amorphous. For this purpose I have chosen Dina Nath’s The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of Lahore Life (1899) and Rudyard Kipling’s Kim (1901) which to me are true representative novels of their time as they take to the narrow and winding interior of the walled city and also to the modern colonial Lahore which the British designed in accordance with the colonial desire. These novels also give us two contrasting perspectives ...

A Note on Kipling's Lahore: Real and Unreal

S ara Suleri 's 1986 essay "Amorphous India: Questions of Geography" offers a curio... more S ara Suleri 's 1986 essay "Amorphous India: Questions of Geography" offers a curiously comparative yet emphatically judgmental statement with reference to the western adventures through 20th century narrative space: "For it is Forster rather than Kipling who initiates the Western narrative of India" (Southwest 390). And then Suleri goes on to justify how the "failure of [Western] representation transformed into a characteristically Indian failure" (389) and how "the reality of India," reinforced in "a text like Kim [by Kipling]" gets translated "into an image of profound unreality" through texts like A Passage to India [by Forster J, initiating and promoting, what Suleri claims to be singularly the "Forster's paradigm." 1 On a similar yet more specific judgmental note, Kipling's portrayal of the socio-political and literary reality of his time was already the topic of Elliot L. Gilbert's 1971 The ...

The Making of British Lahore: Fulfillment of a Colonial Desire

Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021

Lahore before it was annexed by the British in 1849 was the capital city of Ranjit Singh's kingdo... more Lahore before it was annexed by the British in 1849 was the capital city of Ranjit Singh's kingdom. The death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the ensuing civil war, and a scramble for power (1839-49) amongst his successors destroyed the city of Lahore. Even before Ranjit Singh took power the city had lost its splendor achieved during the Mughal rule (1526-1857). After its annexation by the British, in 1849 Lahore emerged as a colonial city. The Lahore emerging under British rule became the site of colonial desire. After the British took control of the city of Lahore pre-colonial paradigms of history, sociology, architecture, and demography receded in the background. Lahore's transformation from a medieval city into a modern British city was phenomenal. This paper argues that the transformation which Lahore underwent is amorphous in nature and this amorphousness is an intricate historical process of collusion and collation of colonial and native versions of the city. Therefore, this amorphousness engrafted on Lahore's urban spatiality resonating with history is an outcome of colonial gaze.

The World Conscience on Trial. (Shahid Imtiaz

Today's Kashmir is no more a paradise for the Kashmiris. It has been turned into hell, a real inf... more Today's Kashmir is no more a paradise for the Kashmiris. It has been turned into hell, a real inferno. Today Kashmir is a war-torn state. Indian military forces have crossed all limits of harassment and are playing havoc in Kashmir as they enjoy unlimited power of life and death over the people of the land. They are virtually law unto themselves. They break into any house, beat the people and carry the womenfolk for gang-rape irrespective of their age. Innocent and law abiding citizens are picked up for " interrogation, " tortured and beaten mercilessly to death, in army and police custody. Kashmir is also no more the land that attracted tourists in millions that come to enjoy the smooth rowing on the mirror like surface of the quiet and calm waters of Dal Lake .In canopied " bajras " , the Kashmiri version of the gondolas, rowed by the Kashmiri boatmen in tattered clothes holding long oars, earning their livelihood in a hard way and bring billions of rupees worth of income to the Indian State. They had been known as docile and obedient and even cowardly people through ages, for their untiring service to the tourists. These people had been leading a humiliating life for generations and had been eking their livelihood by providing pleasure and relaxation to others. They had inherited this peaceful trait when this mountain bound land was ruled by Asoka, the Great (c. 268 to 232 BCE) and Buddhism was the religion of the state. The city of Srinagar (the sacred city) owes its name to the older city that was situated three miles above the present one. Under the Kushans (c.30 – c. 230) the sway of Buddhism continued, and decay set in only with the rise of Brahmanism and then the city of ancient Srinagar disappeared. There followed almost six centuries of obscurity until in the early years of the 8 th century Lalitaditya founded his empire whose rule covered the foothills of the Punjab and reached into Tibet. This was a brief period when the land was ruled by a native but it became a victim of court jealousies and intrigues and was overwhelmed by a prince from Punch. A century of bloodshed and conspiracy reached its height under the Emperor Harsha. (c. 590 – 647 CE) Mahmud of Ghazna made an unsuccessful attempt in 1015 A.D. to conquer Kashmir. In the 12 th century A.D. Raimchan Shah, a Tibtan adventurer seized power. It was under Zain-ul-Abedin that Kashmir enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity. In 1532, Mirza Haidar's conquest gave way to the conquest of Kashmir by the Mughal Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar in 1587. The Mughal rule has been acclaimed as one of the most peaceful periods in the history of Kashmir. With the decline of the Mughals the Marathas appeared from the South and the Dogras descended from the north, making Jammu their stronghold. The Rajputs in general had gone down towards what is now known as Rajasthan. The Rajputs of Jammu came to be known as Dogras. Raja Gulab Singh, a Dogra chief of Jammu, assisted Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Punjab, against the Afghan army and received the whole province as a reward in 1820. He, then, proceeded to extend his power into the heart of Kashmir. In the 1830s he captured Laddakh and in 1840 Skardu. He turned towards Gilgit after extending his control over Baluchistan in 1842. According to Cunningham, the shrewd and ambitious Gulab Singh maintained a liaison with the

COLONIAL LAHORE AND THE TRADITION OF NOVEL IN ENGLISH

Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peo... more Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peoples have mingled together, a rendezvous of varied ways of life enriching its cultural, social, literary and religious life. The multifarious and diverse aspects of its culture and civilization get reflected in the architectural structures, folklore and literature. Lahore has always inspired the mystics, writers and the poets for their creative energy and ideas. The year of 1899 is significant because it was in this year that the historical city of Lahore was used as a locale for a colorful Lahori life, captured, and portrayed vividly in fiction in English for the first time. Dina Nath chose Lahore as a backdrop for his novel The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of the Lahore Life (1899). This representation set the tradition of making Lahore as a locale in English fiction for the succeeding writers. Dina Nath highlights the peculiar character of Lahore resulting from the opposite, dissimilar and contradictory ideas, concepts and worlds, the world of the colonizer and the colonized. Their interaction had far-reaching and deeply profound influence and impact upon every aspect of the Lahori life. It gave birth to a new life style, which combined within it, both the eastern and the western ethos. In Nath Lahore is the locale where political, social, cultural, and religious differences and clashes amongst the major communities, the Muslims, the Hindus and the Sikhs were beginning to manifest themselves. After the annexation of the Punjab in 1849, the British had set up a new administrative structure at Lahore, making it the provincial headquarter of the province of the Punjab. Since there was dearth of discreet and competent officials to run the administration, they encouraged the people with administrative skill and knowledge to come to Lahore from across the Punjab and northern India and even from Bengal. Punjabi nobility, the Bengalis, and the literati hailing from the United Provinces were the most prominent communities in the 1880s. A social intercourse and cultural interaction amongst these peoples had added an element of newness to the Lahori life. Nath's novel primarily focuses on the two Lahori characters, Rama and Nath and it is through them that we discover the true divisions of Lahori life of that time, with all its

COLONIAL LAHORE AND THE TRADITION OF NOVEL IN ENGLISH

Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peo... more Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peoples have mingled together, a rendezvous of varied ways of life enriching its cultural, social, literary and religious life. The multifarious and diverse aspects of its culture and civilization get reflected in the architectural structures, folklore and literature. Lahore has always inspired the mystics, writers and the poets for their creative energy and ideas. The year of 1899 is significant because it was in this year that the historical city of Lahore was used as a locale for a colorful Lahori life, captured, and portrayed vividly in fiction in English for the first time. Dina Nath chose Lahore as a backdrop for his novel The Two Friends: A Descriptive Story of the Lahore Life (1899). This representation set the tradition of making Lahore as a locale in English fiction for the succeeding writers. Dina Nath highlights the peculiar character of Lahore resulting from the opposite, dissimilar and contradictory ideas, concepts and worlds, the world of the colonizer and the colonized. Their interaction had far-reaching and deeply profound influence and impact upon every aspect of the Lahori life. It gave birth to a new life style, which combined within it, both the eastern and the western ethos. In Nath Lahore is the locale where political, social, cultural, and religious differences and clashes amongst the major communities, the Muslims, the Hindus and the Sikhs were beginning to manifest themselves. After the annexation of the Punjab in 1849, the British had set up a new administrative structure at Lahore, making it the provincial headquarter of the province of the Punjab. Since there was dearth of discreet and competent officials to run the administration, they encouraged the people with administrative skill and knowledge to come to Lahore from across the Punjab and northern India and even from Bengal. Punjabi nobility, the Bengalis, and the literati hailing from the United Provinces were the most prominent communities in the 1880s. A social intercourse and cultural interaction amongst these peoples had added an element of newness to the Lahori life. Nath's novel primarily focuses on the two Lahori characters, Rama and Nath and it is through them that we discover the true divisions of Lahori life of that time, with all its

Colonial Lahore and the Tradition of writing novel in English

The Dawn English Daily

Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peo... more Lahore has been the cradle of civilization and culture, a space where various communities and peoples have mingled together, a rendezvous of varied ways of life enriching its cultural, social, literary and religious life. The multifarious and diverse aspects of its culture and civilization get reflected in the architectural structures, folklore and literature. Lahore has always inspired the mystics, writers and the poets for their creative energy and ideas.

A Study of Marriage as a Metaphor in August Strindberg's Plays

Marriage is a recurrent theme in August Strindberg's works.Married two volumes of novellas (1884-... more Marriage is a recurrent theme in August Strindberg's works.Married two volumes of novellas (1884-86) bring into focus three closely related hot issues of his age, the woman question, the double standards of morality and particularly the conventional institution of marriage. He looks at the biological, social, economic and moral aspects of marriage. A critical analysis of his plays with marriage as the theme reveals the fact that Strindberg hasemployed marriage as a metaphor. In my article I shall focus on this aspect of his plays. In his naturalist plays marriage is a metaphor of strife between husband and wife and in expressionist plays it is the metaphor of nihilistic view of reality. Strindberg also sees human existence as an incessant struggle between the stronger and weaker wills. This leads him to conceive the battle of brains between superior male intellect and inferior but deceitful female intellect. His men and women are violent and volatile. Even in their love making they are determined to annihilate each other.His deep interest in the theme of marriage ultimately led him to make experiment with his dramaturgy.

Intelligence System as a Military Strategy in the Muslim World

The World Conscience on Trial. (Shahid Imtiaz

Today's Kashmir is no more a paradise for the Kashmiris. It has been turned into hell, a real inf... more Today's Kashmir is no more a paradise for the Kashmiris. It has been turned into hell, a real inferno. Today Kashmir is a war-torn state. Indian military forces have crossed all limits of harassment and are playing havoc in Kashmir as they enjoy unlimited power of life and death over the people of the land. They are virtually law unto themselves. They break into any house, beat the people and carry the womenfolk for gang-rape irrespective of their age. Innocent and law abiding citizens are picked up for " interrogation, " tortured and beaten mercilessly to death, in army and police custody. Kashmir is also no more the land that attracted tourists in millions that come to enjoy the smooth rowing on the mirror like surface of the quiet and calm waters of Dal Lake .In canopied " bajras " , the Kashmiri version of the gondolas, rowed by the Kashmiri boatmen in tattered clothes holding long oars, earning their livelihood in a hard way and bring billions of rupees worth of income to the Indian State. They had been known as docile and obedient and even cowardly people through ages, for their untiring service to the tourists. These people had been leading a humiliating life for generations and had been eking their livelihood by providing pleasure and relaxation to others. They had inherited this peaceful trait when this mountain bound land was ruled by Asoka, the Great (c. 268 to 232 BCE) and Buddhism was the religion of the state. The city of Srinagar (the sacred city) owes its name to the older city that was situated three miles above the present one. Under the Kushans (c.30 – c. 230) the sway of Buddhism continued, and decay set in only with the rise of Brahmanism and then the city of ancient Srinagar disappeared. There followed almost six centuries of obscurity until in the early years of the 8 th century Lalitaditya founded his empire whose rule covered the foothills of the Punjab and reached into Tibet. This was a brief period when the land was ruled by a native but it became a victim of court jealousies and intrigues and was overwhelmed by a prince from Punch. A century of bloodshed and conspiracy reached its height under the Emperor Harsha. (c. 590 – 647 CE) Mahmud of Ghazna made an unsuccessful attempt in 1015 A.D. to conquer Kashmir. In the 12 th century A.D. Raimchan Shah, a Tibtan adventurer seized power. It was under Zain-ul-Abedin that Kashmir enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity. In 1532, Mirza Haidar's conquest gave way to the conquest of Kashmir by the Mughal Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar in 1587. The Mughal rule has been acclaimed as one of the most peaceful periods in the history of Kashmir. With the decline of the Mughals the Marathas appeared from the South and the Dogras descended from the north, making Jammu their stronghold. The Rajputs in general had gone down towards what is now known as Rajasthan. The Rajputs of Jammu came to be known as Dogras. Raja Gulab Singh, a Dogra chief of Jammu, assisted Ranjit Singh, the ruler of the Punjab, against the Afghan army and received the whole province as a reward in 1820. He, then, proceeded to extend his power into the heart of Kashmir. In the 1830s he captured Laddakh and in 1840 Skardu. He turned towards Gilgit after extending his control over Baluchistan in 1842. According to Cunningham, the shrewd and ambitious Gulab Singh maintained a liaison with the

Lahore I am Coming