Law

Resumo: Diante de uma realidade que desumaniza, desrespeita e discrimina boa parte de seus cidadãos, o presente trabalho apresenta a 'luta por reconhecimento'entendida como uma demanda social fundamental -como uma manifestação no Direito Constitucional pela defesa do princípio da dignidade humana e, mais especificamente, pelo princípio da igualdade substancial. A busca pela realização da justiça, combate às desigualdades e promoção do respeito às mais variadas formas de vida pressupõe o enfrentamento pelo Direito dos padrões morais que naturalizam essa estrutura social excludente. Para tanto, expõe os reflexos desta luta na metodologia do direito civil constitucional e a consequente tutela prioritária das situações jurídicas existenciais nas relações privadas, especialmente relacionadas aos direitos da personalidade.

SUMÁRIO: 1. O caso-2. Do direito à intimidade: proteção da privacidade desde o princípio "the right to be let alone" ao direito de não saber-3. Da natureza da responsabilidade civil dos laboratórios de análises clínicas-4. Do nexo de causalidade 5. Da qualificação do dano moral.-6. Da configuração da responsabilidade por parte do hospital.-7. Conclusão. 1. O caso Em recente decisão do Superior Tribunal de Justiça no julgamento do Recurso Especial número 1.195.995, a Terceira Turma determinou, com voto vencido da Ministra Nancy Andrighi, que não há violação do direito à intimidade e, em conseqüência, não há direito à indenização por danos morais, quando há a divulgação correta e verdadeira de dados médicos não requisitados para o próprio paciente. No caso analisado, em apertada síntese, o paciente, munido de pedido médico, realizou exame de sangue que tinha como objetivo, dentre outros, pesquisar acerca da existência de vírus da Hepatite C (anti-HCV). Contudo, quando da ent...

Deepfakes – mídias audiovisuais hiper-realistas, manipuladas digitalmente mediante técnicas de inteligência artificial – são um fenômeno recente e, por isso, carecedor de debate. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a influência que deepfakes exercem (ou podem exercer) no debate público e, consequentemente, no processo político como um todo. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, realizamos uma construção teórica acerca da mediatização da política, da influência de fofocas e escândalos no processo democrático, e da polarização da “esfera pública conectada”, analisando como esses fenômenos corroboram aquilo que se denomina crise da democracia representativa. Em seguida, apresentamos e discutimos com maior detalhamento as chamadas deepfakes, explorando a sua relação com o fenômeno da desinformação, como elas se inserem no contexto do debate político na dita “era da informação” e como afetam (ou podem afetar) esse momento do processo democrático. Concluímos que, embora sejam um fenômeno r...

is, in substance, the result of research carried out during my doctoral studies and partially published in chapter 3 of my book, "A responsabilidade civil por presunção de causalidade", Rio de Janeiro: Editora GZ, 2009. This article was originally written in Portuguese. The translation into English is a work by James Mulholland.

This article works with the hypothesis that there is a current correlation-although it may initially seem strange or distant-between the following concepts: democracy, Artificial Intelligence (A.I), big data and machine learning. It argues that democracy-with regard to political participation in the choices of the State-is directly impacted today by two major technological factors: a) the idea of the filter bubble, a concept created to delimit the result from the performance of the algorithms that are used in online activities to personalize the content presented to the user based on their activities; and b) through Big Nudging, a term used to define the combination of nudging techniques-architecture of choice-with big data tools, in which the profiles of citizens are collected, constructed and used as guidelines for the elaboration of government policies and ideological manipulation. Furthermore, it argues that although technology can be a possible threat to political participation, there is a relevant positive point, which consists of the approximation of participatory spheres through the resources of social networks. With regards to the methodology, the objectives are explored by the inductive method, in a descriptive and explanatory way, mainly based on bibliographic texts and research on the subject.

Sumário: 1. Introdução. 2. Natureza e funções cumpridas pela cláusula de declarações e garantias. 3. Contratos societários e o dever de informar: due diligence, alocação de riscos e princípio da boa fé objetiva. 4. As declarações e os limites ao dever de informar. 5. Considerações finais. 6. Referências bibliográficas.

Sumário: 1. Introdução; 2. Breves notas de como funcionam os robôs e sistemas de IA; 2.1. As características da Inteligência Artificial: uma ótica do Direito; 3. Princípios éticos para a IA; 4. É possível codificar princípios éticos?; 5. Conclusão; 6. Referências Bibliográficas.

This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how the Internet has impacted the Brazilian constitutional democracy. Drawing from the discourse theory of democracy, as conceived by Habermas in his Theory of Law and Democracy, I integrate a politico-philosophical perspective into the debate on the Internet's socio-legal effects. Focusing mainly on the Internet's potential to yield opportunities for democratic empowerment, whilst challenging democratic legitimacy, I intend to examine whether or not the Brazilian constitutional order has advanced towards discursive democratic ideals. At the center of the analysis lies the assessment of how the Brazilian living constitution has been coping with the changes brought about by the Internet. The way people use the Internet, the Internet's architecture, and the main judicial and legislative attempts to regulate it are all considered in light of Brazil's constitutional history and interpreted through a Habermasian perspective. This analysis leads us to the conclusion that real existing constitutionalism in Brazil fails to advance Habermasian demand for discursive rationality, as it is incapable of fully incorporating the emancipatory and democratizing potential of the Internet. This situation generates an undesired imbalance between the public and private dimensions of autonomy, urging the law, as an institution and a system, to reassume its role as a social integrative force recreating the bonds of legitimacy in the Brazilian 'virtualized' democracy.

The ECJ’s decision on Google versus AEPD marks an interpretational shift concerning the extent of responsibility of search engine operators. The ECJ applied the Directive 95/46/EC in a rather literal way, giving full protection to privacy while putting little weight on the ruling’s implications for other rights, such as freedom of expression and entrepreneurial freedom. It appears that “in the best interest” of natural persons fundamental rights are called upon to justify surveillance.
Given the lack of borders in the Internet’s virtual realm and the multiplicity of legal orders that co-exist and intend to regulate it, transnational dialogue is crucial for achieving efficient Internet Governance. In this context, we draw attention to the latest developments of the Internet’s regulation framework in Brazil.
Traditionally, Brazil has given precedence to protecting people’s honour over freedom of expression. However, recent laws and High Courts’ ruling marked a change in this respect. The Internet allowed the exercise of freedom of expression in such a full dimension that it contributed for the development of individual autonomy and social inclusion. The recognition of this fact made it clear that even when the protection of other fundamental rights call for restrictions on freedoms, it is vital to support free speech and free access to information on the Internet.
In this paper, I propose to analyse: 1) the arguments that lead the ECJ to conclude that, upon request, Google should remove links to lawfully published contents, 2) the consequences of this decision from the perspective of surveillance, 3) the reasons that lead Brazilian Supreme Court to champion freedom of expression when balancing fundamental rights on the Internet, and 4) possible ways to neutralize the negative impacts of the ECJ’s decision on the Internet.

The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the main forms through which the Internet impacts politics in democratic societies and to point out how Law intrudes this relation. Through an interdisciplinary approach that draws on the literature in political philosophy, social science, anthropology and law, it is possible to present a panorama of what has been considered the possible outcomes of the penetration of the Internet in democratic orders. Drawing on a realistic and critical approach, which leads to the recognition of the new technologies’ inherent plasticity, it is possible to see the political disputes embedded in the design of the Internet architecture. At this point, Law emerges as a central element, able to integrate the online and offline realm and to provide coherent answers to the questions that the new technologies pose: what should be flexible and change, and what should remain stable in view of the new possible power shifts.
KEYWORDS: Democracy, Internet, Freedom, Control, Power, Law

The Law-Governance and Technology Series is intended to attract manuscripts arising from an interdisciplinary approach in law, artifi cial intelligence and information technologies. The idea is to bridge the gap between research in IT law and IT applications for lawyers developing a unifying techno-legal perspective. The series will welcome proposals that have a fairly specifi c focus on problems or projects that will lead to innovative research charting the course for new interdisciplinary developments in law, legal theory, and law and society research as well as in computer technologies, artifi cial intelligence and cognitive sciences. In broad strokes, manuscripts for this series may be mainly located in the fi elds of the Internet law (data protection, intellectual property, Internet rights, etc.), Computational models of the legal contents and legal reasoning, Legal Information Retrieval, Electronic Data Discovery, Collaborative Tools (e.g. Online Dispute Resolution platforms), Metadata and XML Technologies (for Semantic Web Services), Technologies in Courtrooms and Judicial Offi ces (E-Court), Technologies for Governments and Administrations (E-Government), Legal Multimedia, and Legal Electronic