Filosofia Do Direito Privado
Filosofia Do Direito Privado
Filosofia Do Direito Privado
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APRESENTAÇÃO
transferência................................................................................................... 13
distributiva..................................................................................................... 21
Referências .................................................................................................... 29
Conclusão ...................................................................................................... 48
Referências..................................................................................................... 50
Conclusão....................................................................................................... 72
Referências..................................................................................................... 74
consideração................................................................................................... 83
Conclusão....................................................................................................... 92
Referências..................................................................................................... 94
implication...................................................................................................... 111
Referências..................................................................................................... 119
2. A rejeição da tutela específica dos serviços pessoais no Common Law ............. 147
Conclusão....................................................................................................... 155
Referências..................................................................................................... 157
Henry Colombi
Introdução...................................................................................................... 158
infungíveis?..................................................................................................... 162
Conclusão....................................................................................................... 175
Referências..................................................................................................... 178
A TEORIA CONTRATUAL DE PETER BENSON
E O PROBLEMA DA ESTABILIDADE
INTRODUÇÃO
4 RAWLS, John. Uma Teoria da Justiça. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, [1971] 1997
5 RAWLS, John. O Liberalismo Político. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, [1996] 2000.
O autor explica que tal base moral, que não deve invocar ou se
basear em qualquer propósito ou valor extratransacional substantivo,
é particularmente adequada para fazer parte de uma base pública
de justificação para o direito contratual em um sistema jurídico
liberal moderno. Não obstante, esta forma de se ver o contrato (como
transferência de propriedade) seria plausível como uma questão
interpretativa e, de fato, permitiria uma compreensão unificada
das diferentes doutrinas contratuais, refletindo também uma noção
de razoabilidade e justiça devida propriamente aos indivíduos que
poderiam ver a si mesmos e aos outros como pessoas livres e iguais
juridicamente.7
O cerne da questão é que as partes deveriam ser vistas apenas
como proprietárias, enquanto sua transação seria constituída por atos
representacionais mutuamente relacionados. Tomando as partes e suas
transações dessa maneira, haveria uma concepção de liberdade e de
igualdade que envolveria atribuir a elas poderes morais que expressam
sua autonomia racional e razoável. 8 Benson argumenta que essa ideia
9 Benson também cita que esta é uma diferença que já havia sido elucidada por Hegel
em Philosophy of Right.
10 No original: The aim of the idea of public justification is to specify the idea of
justification in a way appropriate to a political conception of justice for a society
characterized, as a democracy is, by reasonable pluralism [...] An essential feature
of a well-ordered society is that its public conception of political justice establishes
a shared basis for citizens to justify to one another their political judgments: each
cooper ates, politically and socially, with the rest on terms all can endorse as just.
This is the meaning of public justification. [...] The point is that if a political conception
of justice covers the constitutional essentials, it is already of enormous importance even
if it has little to say about many economic and social issues that legislative bodies must
consider. To resolve these it is often necessary to go outside that conception and the political
values its principles express, and to invoke values and considerations it does not include.
13 No original: Contemporary scholarship often assumes that theories of contract law must
be either “normative” or “positive.” If the former, the aim is to propose and implement
as law some ideally justified set of rules or principles that need not build on or coincide
with the actual content and point of view already embodied in contract doctrines; if the
latter, the theory seeks to understand these doctrines and principles as seems best to make
sense of them in light of contract law’s apparent aims and premises but without necessarily
showing that the content and aims are normatively or morally acceptable. In contrast to
both approaches, we might wish to see whether the main contract doc- trines and principles
embody, even if only latently, certain normative ideas and values that can be worked up
into a coherent conception that can be mor- ally justified at least to those who participate
in and are affected by contrac- tual relations. This third possibility is the path taken by a
public basis of justification. BENSON, op. cit., p. 12. (tradução livre).
14 Ibid., p. 13.
15 Ibid., p. 369.
16 Ibid., p. 370.
17 Ibid., p. 372.
18 Ibid., p. 373.
19 Ibid., p. 374.
20 BENSON, loc. cit.
21 Ibid., p. 397.
22 Ibid., p. 396-397.
23 No original: stability means that this conception should, when realized under favorable
circumstances and in accordance with its aims, generate the right kind of support: on due
reflec- tion, citizens, as free and equal as well as reasonable and rational persons, must be
able to endorse the conception not only as fair but also as congruent with their individual
and social good.
25 Ibid., p. 400.
26 BENSON, loc. cit.
27 Ibid., p. 445.
28 Ibid., p. 446.
29 Ibid., p. 453.
30 Ibid., p. 454-455.
31 Ibid., p. 456-457.
32 Para entender do que se trata a justiça procedimental pura de fundo, ler a segunda
parte de Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001)
33 RAWLS, op. cit., 1997 p. 705
38 Ibid., p. 528-529.
39 BENSON, op. cit., 2019, p. 28.
40 BENSON, loc. cit.
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
INTRODUÇÃO
1 ORTEGA Y GASSET, Jose. Meditaciones del Quijote. In. Obras Completas: Tomo I, 7 ed,
Madrid: Revista Del Occidente, 1966, p. 322.
2 Referências a “livro”, “obra”, “tese”, quando não especificadas, referem-se ao
mencionado livro de Peter Benson.
23 BENSON, Peter. The Idea of a Public Basis of Justification for Contract. Osgoode Hall
Law Journal. Vol. 33, n. 2, 1995, p. 316.
24 BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract Law. Cambridge: The
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019, p. 370-71.
25 BENSON, Peter. Rawls, Hegel, and Personhood: A Reply to Sibyl Schwarzenbach.
Political Theory, vol. 22, n. 3, 1994, p. 492 (Benson trata disso com profundidade
ao criticar a posição de Sibyl Schwarzenbach, afirmando não ter ela considerado
o que Hegel chamada de livre-arbítrio, em seus dois aspectos, universalidade e
particularidade. O primeiro deles “sendo uma capacidade ilimitada de distinguir-
se do outro e de dissipar ‘toda restrição e todo conteúdo seja imediatamente dado
pela natureza, pelos desejos e pelos impulsos, seja determinado por qualquer outro
meio’”).
26 Sendo essa promise-for-consideration o objeto mesmo da teoria bensoniana.
27 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. William & Mary Law Review,
Vol. 48, n. 5, 2007, p. 1.729 (essa distinção fica saliente quando Benson esclarece como
a obrigação de fazer pode constituir objeto da transferência de propriedade por ele
proposta: “se, como eu supus, a noção de coisa é entendida em termos normativos
legais primariamente a partir do contraste com a noção de pessoa, o serviço é uma
coisa que pode ser propriedade de outra pessoa”).
40 Op. cit., p. 81 (“a pessoa, diferenciando-se de si, relaciona-se com uma outra pessoa,
e precisamente ambas têm ser-aí uma para a outra somente como proprietários. Sua
identidade sendo em si recebe uma existência pela passagem da propriedade de um
para a de outro, por sua vontade comum e com a manutenção de seus direitos, - no
contrato”).
41 BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract Law. Cambridge: The
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019, p. 398.
49 RAWLS, John. O Liberalismo Político. Trad. Dinah de Abreu Azevedo. São Paulo:
Editora Ática, 2. ed., 2000, p. 309 (“a estrutura básica é entendida como a maneira pela
qual as principais instituições sociais se encaixam num sistema, e a forma pela qual
essas instituições distribuem os direitos e deveres fundamentais e moldam a divisão
de benefícios gerados pela cooperação social”).
50 Op. cit., p. 309.
51 Op. cit., p. 321 (para Rawls “se essa divisão de trabalho puder ser estabelecida, os
indivíduos e associações ficam livres para realizar mais efetivamente os seus fins no
interior da estrutura básica, com a segurança de saber que, em uma outra parte do
sistema social, estão sendo feitas as correções necessárias para preservar a justiça
básica”).
52 BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract Law. Cambridge: The
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019, pp. 449-450.
53 Op. cit., p. 451.
54 Op. cit., p. 451.
CONCLUSÃO
INTRODUÇÃO
1 Esse é o objetivo declarado de Benson: “[...] [A] teoria se propõe a discernir que o que
é implícito nas doutrinas da common law é uma concepção geral unificante da relação
jurídica contratual que, ao se fazer explícita, é inteligível em seus próprios termos
e pode, portanto, animar demais sistemas contratuais não pertencentes à common
law.” (Tradução livre). No original: “[ ] [T]he theory purports to discern as implicit in
common law doctrines is a unifying general conception of juridical contractual relation
that, when made explicit, is intelligible in its own terms and may therefore animate other
non–common law systems of contract”. BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory
of Contract Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 29.
2 BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract Law. The Belknap Press
of Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 21
3 “Envolvendo uma transferência de propriedade entre as partes” (tradução livre). As
razões para a tradução do termo ownership por propriedade serão expressadas ao
longo do trabalho.
5 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev. 2007.
p. 1673-1731. p. 1693. Benson comunica essas ideias de forma direta: “Propriedade é
uma concepção mais geral que consiste em qualquer direito à exclusiva posse, uso
ou alienação de algo contra outro ou outros. [...] Enquanto direitos proprietários são
adquiridos por atos unilaterais de vontade que, requerem inicialmente ocupação
física de uma coisa externa corpórea, direitos contratuais são adquiridos por meio dos
atos relacionalmente mútuos de duas partes sem a necessidade de ocupação física”
(tradução livre). No original: “Ownership is a more general conception consisting of any
right to exclusive possession, use, or alienation of something as against another or others.
[…] Whereas property rights are acquired by a unilateral act of will that requires initial
physical occupancy of an external corporeal object, contractual rights are acquired through
the mutually related acts of two parties without the necessity of any physical occupancy”.
(BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev.
2007. p. 1673-1731. p. 1719) Benson parece equivaler a propriedade estrita a um modo
de aquisição específica; no entanto, após a performance contratual, a parte adquirirá
na totalidade todos os poderes contra os outros, de forma que não parece apropriado
retirá-la dessa classificação.
6 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev.
2007. p. 1673-1731. p. 1699.
7 “Porque o direito à propriedade é definido em abstração de todos os fatores
diferenciadores, é o mesmo direito no seu delongar e é idêntico em todas as instâncias
de exercício. Sem isso, não seria possível conceber que uma mesma coisa pode ser
transferida de um proprietário inicial para uma segunda parte” (tradução livre). No
original: “Because the right of ownership is defined in abstraction from all differentiating
factors, it is the same right throughout and it is identical in every instance of its exercise.
Without this, it would not be possible to conceive of one and the same right being transferred
from an initial owner to a second party.” BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of
Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev. 2007. p. 1673-1731. p. 1703.
9 “Ainda, porque essa relação de vontade para vontade existe no medium dos atos
representacionais que são objetivamente vistos como comunicações de significados,
a tendência inerente é que essa relação seja expressa explicitamente na forma
intelectiva de uma declaração unificada que incorpora a decisão conjunta das partes.
O momento do acordo tem essa determinada existência puramente ideal, que é
mais apropriadamente incorporada na linguagem ou em outra forma simbólica; e,
sendo um medium de comunicação que tem um determinado conteúdo e contexto
[...]” (tradução livre). No original: “Further, because this relation of will to will exists
in the medium of representational acts that are objectively viewed as communications
of meanings, the inherent tendency is that this relation be expressed explicitly in the
intellectual form of a unified declaration that embodies the parties’ joint decision. The
moment of agreement has a purely ideal determinate existence, which most suitably is
embodied in language or other symbolic form; and, being a medium of communication
that has a determinate content and context […]”. BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions:
A Theory of Contract Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 385.
10 Benson assim apresenta a relação contratual, em relação ao elemento ideal e
simbólico: “Essa relação entre assentimentos, sendo explicitamente representacional,
agora está incorporada em um elemento que é adequado para a assinalar, notadamente,
pelo uso de palavras ou equivalentes em conduta simbólica, e, portanto, em um modo
que é aquilo que significa e representa” (tradução livre). No original: “This relation
between assents, being explicitly representational, is now embodied in an element that
is adequate to signal this, namely, via the use of words or their equivalent in symbolic
conduct, and therefore in a mode that is what it signifies and represents.” BENSON, Peter.
21 Essa ideia aparece em um artigo seu de 2002, em que explica que os expectation
damages dão ao contratante o valor total que a coisa contratada representava, por
meio do valor de troca; quando isso não for possível, apenas a performance específica
é adequada. BENSON, Peter. Philosophy of Property Law. In: Coleman & Shapiro eds.,
The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law. Oxford University Press,
2002. p. 752-814. p. 782.
22 O instituto da hardship, para Benson, opera quando a performance contratual afeta
de tal maneira os interesses do contratante inadimplente que ele teria que suportar
custos não razoavelmente esperados no momento da contratação, sem que isso
acarrete prejuízos ao conteúdo central da performance devida ao lesado. BENSON,
Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 2019. p. 273.
23 BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract Law. The Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 273.
24 No original: “However, instead of aiming to give the plaintiff the means of obtaining
the particular qualitative thing promised, damages are now given to represent the thing’s
character as value. […] By obtaining possession, the plaintiff also necessarily obtains
the subject matter’s value. Even though the substantive performance cannot be obtained
via market damages or specific performance, its value remains untouched and must be
accessible to the plaintiff to ensure that the performance—the promised consideration—and
her immunity with respect to that performance are not rendered illusory by the defendant’s
breach. […] What the plaintiff has been promised is not per se value in the abstract but
some determinate asset or service that itself has value. The aim of damages is therefore to
fix a quantum for this lost value”. BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of
Contract Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 274.
Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev. 2007. p. 1673-
1731. p 1705.
27 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev.
2007. p. 1673-1731. p. 1728-1729.
28 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev.
2007. p. 1673-1731. p. 1729-1730.
29 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary L. Rev.
2007. p. 1673-1731. p. 1730. “A promessa de transferir o cavalo está condicionada à
promessa de obtê-lo. Ambos os elementos do contrato, o serviço e a venda – entram
no escopo da transferência contratual de propriedade” (tradução livre). No original:
“The promise to transfer the horse is conditioned by the promise to procure it. Both elements
of the contract – the service and the sale – come within the scope of a contractual transfer of
ownership”. BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. 48 William and Mary
L. Rev. p. 1673-1731. p. 1730.
34 No original: “expressed as an alienable act or service only if specified as part of the very
interaction by which I transfer it from under my rightful control into yours”. BENSON,
Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 2019. p. 341. BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of
Contract Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 341.
CONCLUSÃO
35 “[ ] [A] substância da consideration pode ser qualquer coisa determinada que possa
ser expressa ou representada em palavras ou equivalente como conteúdo usável ou
querido definidamente prometido por (e, portanto, movido por) um lado para o outro
independente de condições espaciais ou temporais. No momento da formação, o
objeto pode ser genérico em descrição, meramente determinável, e até mesmo não
existente ou qualificado em referência a condições externas futuras [...]” (tradução
livre). No original: “[ ] [T]he substance of the consideration can be anything determinate
that can be expressed or represented in words or their equivalent as a definite usable or
wanted content promised by (and therefore moved from) one side to the other independently
of temporal or spacial conditions. At the time of formation, the object may be generic in
description, merely determinable, and even nonexistent or qualified by reference to future
external conditions […]”. BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions: A Theory of Contract
Law. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 274
INTRODUÇÃO
13 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1693.
14 Tradução Livre. No original: “On the view that I shall elaborate, “ownership” is a
larger, general conception of which “property” (right in rem) is a particular instance.
Contract rights, I shall argue, are another, different particular instance of ownership
rights. Consistent with this view, I refer to contract as a transfer of ownership, not as a
transfer of property”. In: BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. &
Mary L. Rev. 1673. 2007. p. 1693-1694.
the terms of the parties’ agreement, and this analysis holds only as between the parties
in accordance with those terms. The right is a non-proprietary right of ownership that
is wholly transactional as between the parties alone”. In: BENSON, Peter. Contract as a
Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p. 1693-1731. p. 1723.
25 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1725
26 Tradução livre. No original: “This exclusive authority to exercise control over a
thing is ownership. Because ownership is the same however differently it may be
exercised, and irrespective of the different purposes and interests involved in its
exercise, the ownership that is acquired is identical to the ownership that is given up;
hence the propriety of referring to it as a transfer of ownership. Now, the exercise of
ownership, whether appropriating, using, or alienating, necessarily takes place at a
particular time and in a particular manner”. In: BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer
of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p. 1693-1731. p. 1725.
27 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1725.
28 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1693.
29 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1694.
30 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1694.
31 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1694.
32 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1694.
33 Tradução livre. No original: “The relation between the acts of alienation and
appropriation must be further specified in the following way. The idea of a transfer
of ownership from one to another implies: first, that the second party’s acquisition
of ownership comes, not only with the consent of, but also from, the first party; and
second, that the right of ownership that is in the first party is the very same that is
acquired by the second.” In: BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm.
& Mary L. Rev. 2007. p. 1693-1731. p. 1695.
34 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1696.
35 BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions: A theory of contract law. Harvard University
Press, 2019. p. 323.
36 BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions: A theory of contract law. Harvard University
Press, 2019. p. 322.
37 BENSON, Peter. The ideia of consideration. University of Toronto Law Journal. 2001.
p. 241-278. p. 242.
38 BENSON, Peter. The ideia of consideration. University of Toronto Law Journal. 2001.
p. 241-278. p. 249.
39 BENSON, Peter. The ideia of consideration. University of Toronto Law Journal. 2001.
p. 241-278. p. 249.
40 Tradução livre. No original: “To move from the promisee, not only must the
consideration not move from a third party, but, just as importantly, it must also
not move from the promisor. More exactly, this entails that consideration must be
independent in the following way from the promise for which it is given: it must be pos-
sible to construe the content of the consideration as something that could genuinely
originate with the promisee, not the promisor. Consideration must be something that
is not simply reducible to a mere aspect, condition, or ef- fect of the first promise or its
execution. In other words, the consideration has to be something that can reasonably
be viewed as potentially on and coming from the promisee’s side and therefore as
not produced by the promisor”. BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions: A theory of
contract law. Harvard University Press, 2019. p. 48.
45 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1720.
46 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1721.
47 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1723.
48 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1723.
49 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1725.
50 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
51 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
52 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
53MCKENDRICK, Ewan. Contract law: Text, Cases, and Materials. 5 ed. Oxford
University Press, 2012. p. 929.
54 MCKENDRICK, Ewan. Contract law: Text, Cases, and Materials. 5 ed. Oxford
University Press, 2012. p. 929.
55 No original: a person’s employment is usually one of the most important things in
his or her life. It gives not only a livelihood but an occupation, an identity and a sense
of self-esteem’. In: MCKENDRICK, Ewan. Contract law: Text, Cases, and Materials. 5
ed. Oxford University Press, 2012. p. 929.
56 BEATSON, Jack; BURROWS, Andrew; CARTWRIGHT, John. Anson’s law of contract.
29 ed. Oxford University Press, 2010. p. 578.
57 BEATSON, Jack; BURROWS, Andrew; CARTWRIGHT, John. Anson’s law of contract.
29 ed. Oxford University Press, 2010. p. 578.
58 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
59 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
60 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
61 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1729.
62 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
63 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1729
CONCLUSÃO
64 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1729
65 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
66 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1728.
67 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1729.
68 BENSON, Peter. Contract as a Transfer of Ownership. Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 2007. p.
1693-1731. p. 1729
INTRODUÇÃO
1. A REGRA-PADRÃO E A ALTERNATIVA
PROPOSTA PELA TEORIA TRANSACIONAL
32 ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA. NEW YORK COURT OF APPEALS. Jacob & Youngs,
Incorporated, v. George E. Kent 230 N.Y. 239; 129 N.E. 889; 1921 N.Y. LEXIS 828; 23
A.L.R. 1429.
33 BENSON, Peter. Justice in Transactions. A theory of contract law. Cambridge: The
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019, p. 138.
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
INTRODUÇÃO
9 Optou-se por utilizar o termo “filosófico” entre aspas porque Benson (2019, p. 27) faz
questão de frisar, no curso de sua investigação, que busca construir uma base pública
de justificação para o direito contratual, e não propriamente uma filosofia do direito
contratual. No entanto, isso não significa que seu empreendimento não seja filosófico;
afinal, nada impede, aprioristicamente, que a filosofia funcione como meio, ainda que
não seja o fim de determinada investigação.
10 BENSON, Peter. Contract. In: PATTERSON, Dennis (Coord.). A Companion to
Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory. 2. ed. Malden; Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. p. 29-64.
11 FULLER, Lon Luvois; PERDUE, Jr., W. W. The reliance interest in contract damages.
Yale Law Journal, 46:52-96, 1936, p. 373-420, tradução do autor. Texto original: “ For
example, one frequently finds the “normal” rule of contract damages (which awards
to the promisee the value of the expectancy, “the lost profit”) treated as a mere
corollary of a more fundamental principle, that the purpose of granting damages is
to make “compensation” for injury. Yet in this case we “compensate” the plaintiff by
giving him something he never had. This seems on the face of things a queer kind of
“compensation”. We can, to be sure, make the term “compensation” seem appropriate
by saying that the defendant’s breach “deprived” the plaintiff of the expectancy. But
this is in essence only a metaphorical statement of the effect of the legal rule. In
actuality the loss which the plaintiff suffers (deprivation of the expectancy) is not a
datum of nature but the reflection of a normative order. It appears as a “loss” only
by reference to an unstated ought. Consequently, when the law gauges damages by
the value of the promised performance it is not merely measuring a quantum, but is
seeking an end, however vaguely conceived this end may be.”
12 O termo “ownership”, utilizado pelo autor, traz dificuldades no momento da
tradução. Embora a ideia veiculada por Benson se aproxime mais de uma noção
de “propriedade” do que de simples “titularidade”, no presente trabalho, optou-
se pelo uso do segundo termo, para o exclusivo fim de desambiguá-lo em relação à
propriedade real, à qual os operadores do direito brasileiro estão acostumados.
3. CONTRATOS DE FORMA-PADRÃO NA
COMMON LAW E JUSTIÇA CONTRATUAL
14 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. xii, tradução do autor. Texto original: “I hope to offer an
account of justice in transactions that not only meets the essential needs of a theory of
contract law but that also can suitably complement Rawls’s own political conception
of justice within a broader framework of liberal justice that includes both.”
15 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. 217, tradução do autor. Texto original: “(...) standard
form terms are presented on preprinted forms (or their electronic equivalent) that
have not been individually negotiated by parties”.
16 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. 215.
17 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. 216, tradução do autor. Texto original: “Rather, it should
be, if at all, on systemic variables such as the operation of actual, often imperfect, markets;
the many different economic roles— both visible and hidden— of standard terms; the
economic impact of enforcing or striking out standard terms; and so forth.”
18 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. 221, tradução do autor. Texto original: “If the offeree
manifests acceptance without reading or understanding those terms, that is his or her
choice and decision.”
22 LLEWELLYN, Karl N. The Common Law Tradition: deciding appeals. Quid Pro, LLC:
2015, p. 370-371.
30 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. 227, tradução do autor. Texto original: “As we saw in the
discussion of implication, contemporary contract theories standardly view contracts
as no more than the sum of their express terms, and they justify the implication
of terms on the basis that contracts so viewed are fundamentally incomplete and
can only be supplemented on grounds of policy that are external to the reasonable
meaning of the actual contract between the parties.”
32 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. 235, tradução do autor. Texto original: “Hence there
emerges and continues to develop over time a range of different transaction-types,
all variants of the basic promise-for-consideration relation and each with its own
organizing features and particular incidents. Thus parties may be presumed to
understand, to intend, and to have patterned expectations related to the given type
of transaction into which they have entered, and the law takes this into consideration
when assessing the reasonableness of the actual contract terms.”
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
33 BENSON, Peter. Op. cit., p. 231, tradução do autor. Texto original: “It is important to
underline that, in this mass consumer contract and as with the analysis in Tilden, this
intratransactional comparison does not per se require the court to ascertain market
conditions, unequal bargaining power, or a particular consumer’s ignorance.”
INTRODUÇÃO
3 “[…] what is the promised performance and which remedy ensures that the plaintiff
receives this and not something else?”. BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions: a theory of
contract law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2019, p. 266.
4 LAYCOCK, Douglas. The death of the irreparable injury rule. Harvard Law Review,
v. 103, n. 3, p. 687-771, Jan. 1990, p. 746; BEATSON, Jack; BURROWS, Andrew;
CARTWRIGHT, John. Anson’s law of contract. 29 ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2010, p. 578; STONE, Richard. The modern law of contract. 9. ed. London: Routledge,
2011, p. 492-493; MACKEDRICK, Ewan. Contract law: text, cases, and materials. 5. ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 929-931; TREITEL, G. H. The law of contract.
14. ed. Atual. Edwin Peel. Sweet & Maxwell, 2015, 1913-1915; SMITS, Jan M. Contract
7 LAYCOCK, Douglas. The death of the irreparable injury rule. Harvard Law Review,
v. 103, n. 3, p. 687-771, Jan. 1990, p. 746; SMITS, Jan M. Contract law: a comparative
introduction. 2. ed. E-book. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2017, p.
227.
8 SMITS, Jan M. Contract law: a comparative introduction. 2. ed. E-book. Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2017, p. 227.
11 “Specific performance may be against public policy where, for instance, the contract
stipulates a positive covenant of personal service.” BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions:
a theory of contract law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2019, p. 271, nota 24.
12 BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions: a theory of contract law. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 2019, p. 448-476.
liberties and their fair value, freedom of association, and even a substantive claim
(not to be confused with the difference principle) to have one’s basic needs met. With
respect to whatever is thus included, contract law holds that its denial cannot be an
enforceable and legitimate contractual interest. […] And we saw a similar concern
at work when courts not only decline to order specific performance of a positive
covenant of personal service but also, and perhaps especially, refuse to enforce a
negative prohibition against a party working for others […].” BENSON, Peter. Justice
in transactions: a theory of contract law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2019,
p. 464-465.
CONCLUSÃO
Henry Colombi
INTRODUÇÃO
4 Tradução livre. No original: “§ 344. Purposes of Remedies. Judicial remedies under the
rules stated in this Restatement serve to protect one or more of the following interests of a
promisee: (a) his “expectation interest,” which is his interest in having the benefit of his
bargain by being put in as good a position as he would have been in had the contract been
performed, (b) his “reliance interest,” which is his interest in being reimbursed for loss
caused by reliance on the contract by being put in as good a position as he would have been
in had the contract not been made, or (c) his “restitution interest,” which is his interest in
having restored to him any benefit that he has conferred on the other party”. AMERICAN
LAW INSTITUTE. Restatement (second) of contracts. In: SCOTT, R. E; KRAUS, J. S.
Contract law and theory. 5º ed. Danvers: LexisNexis, 2013. §344.
5 WEINRIB, Ernest J. Corrective justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. p. 2. Essa
posição encontra-se também explicitada no artigo “Punishment and disgorgement as
contract damages”, pertinente de forma mais próxima à presente discussão. WEINRIB,
Ernest J. Punishment and disgorgement as contract damages. Chicago-Kent law review,
v. 78, p. 55-104, 2003. p. 103.
6 WEINRIB, Ernest J. Punishment and disgorgement as contract damages. Chicago-
Kent law review, v. 78, p. 55-104, 2003. pp. 65-70.
7 Por “justificativa compensatória” ou “justiça compensatória” entenda-se a
manifestação particular da justiça corretiva no âmbito do direito contratual. Trata-
se de expressão largamente empregada por Benson neste sentido na obra “Justice in
Transactions”, embora o autor não a defina expressamente nestes termos. Destaca-
se, entretanto, que em textos pretéritos Benson assume a posição de um teórico da
justiça corretiva no âmbito contratual. Cf. BENSON, Peter. Disgorgement for breach
of contract and corrective justice: an analysis in outline. In: NEYERS, J. et al. (Coord.).
Understanding unjust enrichment. Portland: Hart Publishing, 2004. p. 312.
8 Os argumentos específicos de Weinrib para rechaçar a adequabilidade do interesse à
devolução do lucro de intervenção serão abordados adiante, em confronto com a tese
de Peter Benson.
9 WEINRIB, Ernest J. Punishment and disgorgement as contract damages. Chicago-Kent
Law Review, Chicago, v. 78, p. 55-104, 2003. p. 77.
39 Tradução livre. No original: “I undertake not to divulge any official information gained
by me as a result of my employment, either in the press or in book form. I also understand
that these provisions apply not only during the period of service but also after employment
has ceased”. REINO UNIDO DA GRÃ-BRETANHA E IRLANDA DO NORTE. Câmara dos
Lordes. Apelado: O Procurador Geral de Sua Majestade. Apelante: Blake e outros.
Relator: Lorde Nicholls de Birkenhead. Londres, 27 de julho de 2000. Disponível em:
<House of Lords - Her Majesty’s Attorney General v. Blake and Another (parliament.
uk)>. Acesso em setembro de 2021.
44 Tradução livre. No original: “the contractual relation at formation enshrines the basic
normative independence of each party vis-à-vis the other insofar as each obtains rightful
exclusive control against the other with respect to the substance of the consideration, always
in the medium of representation and as transactionally specified”. BENSON, Peter. Justice
in transactions: a theory of contract law. Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard, 2019. p. 352.
45 A expressão é empregada por Benson em sua formulação latina: “iusta causa
traditionis”. BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions: a theory of contract law. Cambridge:
Belknap/Harvard, 2019. p. 358.
46 BENSON, Peter. Justice in transactions: a theory of contract law. Cambridge:
Belknap/Harvard, 2019. pp. 349-360.
CONCLUSÃO