Curso Behavioral Economics USP Sergio Almeida
Curso Behavioral Economics USP Sergio Almeida
Curso Behavioral Economics USP Sergio Almeida
Economia Comportamental
Programa de Curso
1. Sobre o curso
A economia comportamental nada mais é do que uma tentativa de aumentar o realismo da parte psi-
cológica dos modelos econômicos. Isso é feito, em geral, da seguinte forma. Primeiro,, identifica-se
“anomalias": resultados empíricos documentando traços psicológicos/comportamentais em desa-
cordo com hipóteses psicológicas (implícitas ou não) de algum modelo padrão. Segundo, constrói-se
um modelo com novas suposições. Isso envolve, em geral, a introdução de algum tipo de “imperfei-
ção”: de racionalidade, de auto-interesse ou de auto-controle. Terceiro, explora-se em que medida
os resultados/previsões do novo modelo diferem do modelo padrão. A expectativa é que o maior
realismo psicológico melhore o poder explicativo e preditivo dos modelos.
Embora não haja nada que restrinja qualquer tópico em economia à uma leitura "comportamental",
há tópicos que desenvolveram uma associação mais forte com a agenda de pesquisa da área. A lista
de tópicos desse curso procura cobrir boa parte dessa agenda.
2. Objetivos
Oferecer uma visão geral da área de economia comportamental: sua “filosofia” de modelagem, as
áreas em que tem sido aplicada e as questões que traz para o desenho e avaliação de políticas
públicas. Para cada tópico, focaremos nos principais modelos comportamentais e na evidência que
costuma motivar esses modelos.
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2. Pré-requisitos
Mínimos: Teoria microeconômica (nível intermediário) (RM)
Recomendável: RM, Teoria dos Jogos e Econometria.
3. Componentes do curso
1. Aulas: Apresentação e discussão do material de cada tópico.
2. Relatórios de leitura: Sinopse dos principais pontos da leitura requerida.
3. Listas de exercícios e exame: Exercícios sobre material discutido em sala.
4. Projeto: Proposta de artigo com ideias originais de investigação teórica ou empírica.
4. Programa
3. Preferências de risco
4. Preferências intertemporais
5. Preferências sociais
6. Finanças comportamentais
8. Incentivos e motivação
9. Auto-controle
10. Neuroeconomia
5. Leitura
Tópico 1: Por que economia comportamental? Introdução
O que é e por que economia comportamental? Uma visão geral dos temas e ferramentas da área.
Requerida:
I Colin F. Camerer and George Loewenstein. Behavioral economics: Past, present, and future. In
Colin F. Camerer, George Loewenstein, and Matthew Rabin, editors, Advances in Behavioral
Economics. Princeton University Press, 2004.
I Richard H. Thaler. Behavioral Economics: Past, Present, and Future. American Economic
Review, 106(7):1577–1600, July 2016.
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Recomendada:
I Colin F. Camerer. Behavioral Economics. In: World Congress of the Econometric Society,
18-24 August 2005, London Unpublished, Econometric SocietyCaltech, August 2005.
I Stefano DellaVigna. Psychology and Economics: Evidence from the Field. Journal of Economic
Literature, 47(2):315–372, June 2009.
Requerida:
I A. Tversky and D. Kahneman. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science,
185:1124–31, 1974.
I Klaus Fiedler and Momme von Sydow. Heuristics and biases: Beyond tversky and kahneman’s
(1974) judgment under uncertainty. In M.W. Eysenck and D. Groome, editors, Psychology:
Revisiting the Classic Studies. SAGE Publications, 2015.
Recomendada:
I Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman. The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,
pages 25–41. Springer US, Boston, MA, 1985.
I Daniel Kahneman. Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics. Ame-
rican Economic Review, 93(5):1449–1475, December 2003.
I Steve Dale. Heuristics and biases: The science of decision-making. Business Information
Review, 32(2):93–99, 2015.
Requerida:
I A. Tversky and D. Kahneman. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science,
185:1124–31, 1974.
I Colin Camerer. Prospect theory in the wild: Evidence from the field. In Daniel Kahneman
and Amos Tversky, editors, Choices, Values, and Frames. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Recomendada:
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I Itzhak Gilboa and David Schmeidler. Case-based decision theory*. The Quarterly Journal of
Economics, 110(3):605–639, 1995.
I Chris Starmer. Developments in Non-expected Utility Theory: The Hunt for a Descriptive
Theory of Choice under Risk. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(2):332–382, June 2000.
I Matthew Rabin and Richard H. Thaler. Anomalies: Risk Aversion. Journal of Economic
Perspectives, 15(1):219–232, Winter 2001.
I Nicholas C. Barberis. Thirty years of prospect theory in economics: A review and assessment.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(1):173–96, February 2013.
Requerida:
I David Laibson. Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
112(2):443–478, 1997.
I Shane Frederick, George Loewenstein, and Ted O’Donoghue. Time Discounting and Time
Preference: A Critical Review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2):351–401, June 2002.
Recomendada:
I Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde and Arijit Mukherji. Can We Really Observe Hyperbolic Dis-
counting? Levine’s Working Paper Archive 391749000000000478, David K. Levine, February
2002.
I Shane Frederick. Valuing future life and future lives: A framework for understanding discoun-
ting. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27(5):667–680, 2006.
Requerida:
I Ernst Fehr and Klaus M. Schmidt. A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation. The
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3):817–868, 1999.
I Axel Ockenfels and Gary E. Bolton. ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition.
American Economic Review, 90(1):166–193, March 2000.
I Gary Charness and Matthew Rabin. Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3):817–869, 2002.
Recomendada:
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I David K. Levine. Modeling Altruism and Spitefulness in Experiment. Review of Economic
Dynamics, 1(3):593–622, July 1998.
I Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter. Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3):159–181, Summer 2000.
I Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter. Cooperation and punishment in public goods experiments.
The American Economic Review, 90(4):980–994, 2000.
I Ernst Fehr and Urs Fischbacher. Why social preferences matter - the impact of non-selfish
motives on competition, cooperation and incentives. The Economic Journal, 112(478):C1–C33,
2002.
I Ken Binmore and Avner Shaked. Experimental economics: Where next? Journal of Economic
Behavior & Organization, 73(1):87–100, January 2010. [Uma crítica ao modelo Fehr-Schimdt]
Requerida:
I Nicholas Barberis and Richard Thaler. A survey of behavioral finance. In G.M. Constantinides,
M. Harris, and R. M. Stulz, editors, Handbook of the Economics of Finance, volume 1 of
Handbook of the Economics of Finance, chapter 18, pages 1053–1128. Elsevier, 2003.
Recomendada:
I Lawrence H. Summers. Does the stock market rationally reflect fundamental values? The
Journal of Finance, 41(3):591–601, 1986.
I David Hirshleifer. Investor psychology and asset pricing. Journal of Finance, 56(4):1533–1597,
2001.
Requerida:
I Matthew Rabin. Incorporating Behavioral Assumptions into Game Theory, pages 69–87.
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1994.
I Simon Gachter. Behavioural Game Theory. In Derek J. Koehler Nigel Harvey, editor, Blackwell
Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making, chapter 24, pages 485–503. Blackwell Publishing,
2008.
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Recomendada:
I Chong J.K. Camerer C.F., Ho TH. Behavioural Game Theory: Thinking, Learning and Te-
aching. In Huck S., editor, Advances in Understanding Strategic Behaviour, chapter 8, pages
120–180. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Requerida:
I Ernst Fehr and Armin Falk. Psychological foundations of incentives. European Economic
Review, 46(4):687 – 724, 2002.
I Emir Kamenica. Behavioral economics and psychology of incentives. Annual Review of Eco-
nomics, 4(1):427–452, 2012.
Recomendada:
I Bruno S. Frey and Reto Jegen. Motivation crowding theory. Journal of Economic Surveys,
15(5):589–611, 2002.
I Roland Bénabou and Jean Tirole. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The Review of Economic
Studies, 70(3):489–520, 2003.
I Uri Gneezy, Stephan Meier, and Pedro Rey-Biel. When and why incentives (don’t) work to
modify behavior. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(4):191–210, December 2011.
Tópico 9: Auto-controle
Habilidade dos indivíduos em alinhar escolhas correntes com objetivos de longo prazo.
Requerida:
I Matthew Rabin and Ted O’Donoghue. Doing It Now or Later. American Economic Review,
89(1):103–124, March 1999.
Recomendada:
I Stefano DellaVigna and Ulrike Malmendier. Contract design and self-control: Theory and
evidence*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(2):353–402, 2004.
I Drew Fudenberg and David K. Levine. A dual-self model of impulse control. American
Economic Review, 96(5):1449–1476, December 2006.
I Stefano DellaVigna and Ulrike Malmendier. Paying not to go to the gym. American Economic
Review, 96(3):694–719, June 2006
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Tópico 10: Neuroeconomia
Como o cérebro humano gera decisões econômicas: microfundamentos neurológicos de crenças e
preferências.
Requerida:
I Colin F. Camerer. Behavioral Economics. In: World Congress of the Econometric Society,
18-24 August 2005, London Unpublished, Econometric SocietyCaltech, August 2005.
I Faruk Gul and Wolfgang Pesendorfer. The case for mindless economics. 12 2005.
Recomendada:
I Ernst Fehr, Urs Fischbacher, and Michael Kosfeld. Neuroeconomic foundations of trust and
social preferences: Initial evidence. American Economic Review, 95(2):346–351, 2005.
I Colin F. Camerer. Goals, methods, and progress in neuroeconomics. Annual Review of Eco-
nomics, 5(1):425–455, 2013.
I Alec Smith, B. Douglas Bernheim, Colin F. Camerer, and Antonio Rangel. Neural activity
reveals preferences without choices. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 6(2):1–36,
May 2014.
Requerida:
I Ernst Fehr, Lorenz Goette, and Christian Zehnder. A behavioral account of the labor market:
The role of fairness concerns. Annual Review of Economics, 1(1):355–384, 2009.
I Behavioral labor economics: Advances and future directions. Labour Economics, 30:71 – 85,
2014. Special Section articles on.
Recomendada:
I George A. Akerlof. Labor contracts as partial gift exchange. The Quarterly Journal of Eco-
nomics, 97(4):543–569, 1982.
I Colin Camerer, Linda Babcock, George Loewenstein, and Richard Thaler. Labor Supply
of New York City Cabdrivers: One Day at a Time. The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
112(2):407–441, 1997.
I Uri Gneezy and John A List. Putting behavioral economics to work: Testing for gift exchange
in labor markets using field experiments. Econometrica, 74(5):1365–1384, 2006
I Martin Brown, Armin Falk, and Ernst Fehr. Competition and relational contracts: The role
of unemployment as a disciplinary device. Journal of the European Economic Association,
10(4):887–907, 2012.