. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.APPENDIX
.............................................................
TABLE A: Standard normal probabilities

TABLE B: Random digits

TABLE C: t distribution critical values

TABLE D: F distribution critical values

TABLE E: Chi-square distribution critical values

579
580 Appendix

Table entry

Table entry for z is the

area under the standard
z
normal curve left of z .

TABLE A Standard normal probabilities

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

23.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
23.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
23.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
23.1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
23.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
22.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
22.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
22.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
22.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
22.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
22.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
22.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
22.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
22.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
22.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
21.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
21.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
21.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
21.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
21.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
21.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
21.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
21.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
21.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
21.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
20.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
20.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
20.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
20.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
20.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
20.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
20.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
20.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
20.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
20.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
 Appendix 581

Table entry

Table entry for z is the

area under the standard
normal curve to the left
z
of z .

TABLE A Standard normal probabilities (continued )

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
3.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
582 Appendix

TABLE B Random Digits

Line

101 19223 95034 05756 28713 96409 12531 42544 82853

102 73676 47150 99400 01927 27754 42648 82425 36290
103 45467 71709 77558 00095 32863 29485 82226 90056
104 52711 38889 93074 60227 40011 85848 48767 52573
105 95592 94007 69971 91481 60779 53791 17297 59335
106 68417 35013 15529 72765 85089 57067 50211 47487
107 82739 57890 20807 47511 81676 55300 94383 14893
108 60940 72024 17868 24943 61790 90656 87964 18883
109 36009 19365 15412 39638 85453 46816 83485 41979
110 38448 48789 18338 24697 39364 42006 76688 08708
111 81486 69487 60513 09297 00412 71238 27649 39950
112 59636 88804 04634 71197 19352 73089 84898 45785
113 62568 70206 40325 03699 71080 22553 11486 11776
114 45149 32992 75730 66280 03819 56202 02938 70915
115 61041 77684 94322 24709 73698 14526 31893 32592
116 14459 26056 31424 80371 65103 62253 50490 61181
117 38167 98532 62183 70632 23417 26185 41448 75532
118 73190 32533 04470 29669 84407 90785 65956 86382
119 95857 07118 87664 92099 58806 66979 98624 84826
120 35476 55972 39421 65850 04266 35435 43742 11937
121 71487 09984 29077 14863 61683 47052 62224 51025
122 13873 81598 95052 90908 73592 75186 87136 95761
123 54580 81507 27102 56027 55892 33063 41842 81868
124 71035 09001 43367 49497 72719 96758 27611 91596
125 96746 12149 37823 71868 18442 35119 62103 39244
126 96927 19931 36809 74192 77567 88741 48409 41903
127 43909 99477 25330 64359 40085 16925 85117 36071
128 15689 14227 06565 14374 13352 49367 81982 87209
129 36759 58984 68288 22913 18638 54303 00795 08727
130 69051 64817 87174 09517 84534 06489 87201 97245
131 05007 16632 81194 14873 04197 85576 45195 96565
132 68732 55259 84292 08796 43165 93739 31685 97150
133 45740 41807 65561 33302 07051 93623 18132 09547
134 27816 78416 18329 21337 35213 37741 04312 68508
135 66925 55658 39100 78458 11206 19876 87151 31260
136 08421 44753 77377 28744 75592 08563 79140 92454
137 53645 66812 61421 47836 12609 15373 98481 14592
138 66831 68908 40772 21558 47781 33586 79177 06928
139 55588 99404 70708 41098 43563 56934 48394 51719
140 12975 13258 13048 45144 72321 81940 00360 02428
141 96767 35964 23822 96012 94591 65194 50842 53372
142 72829 50232 97892 63408 77919 44575 24870 04178
143 88565 42628 17797 49376 61762 16953 88604 12724
144 62964 88145 83083 69453 46109 59505 69680 00900
145 19687 12633 57857 95806 09931 02150 43163 58636
146 37609 59057 66967 83401 60705 02384 90597 93600
147 54973 86278 88737 74351 47500 84552 19909 67181
148 00694 05977 19664 65441 20903 62371 22725 53340
149 71546 05233 53946 68743 72460 27601 45403 88692
150 07511 88915 41267 16853 84569 79367 32337 03316
 Probability
p

Table entry for p and C is

the critical value t with
probability p lying to its right
and probability C lying between
t*
t and t .

TABLE C t distribution critical values

Upper tail probability p

df .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 .025 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005

1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 15.89 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.611 3.922
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
50 0.679 0.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261 3.496
60 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
80 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195 3.416
100 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174 3.390
1000 0.675 0.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098 3.300
z 0.674 0.841 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.091 3.291

50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.5% 99.8% 99.9%

Confidence level C

583
 Table entry for p is the Probability p
critical value F with
probability p lying to its
F*
right.

TABLE D F distribution critical values

Degrees of freedom in the numerator

p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.100 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44

0.050 161.45 199.50 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99 236.77 238.88
1 0.025 647.79 799.50 864.16 899.58 921.85 937.11 948.22 956.66
0.010 4052.2 4999.5 5403.4 5624.6 5763.6 5859 5928.4 5981.1
0.001 405284 500000 540379 562500 576405 585937 592873 598144
0.100 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37
0.050 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37
2 0.025 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37
0.010 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37
0.001 998.50 999.00 999.17 999.25 999.30 999.33 999.36 999.37
0.100 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25
0.050 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85
3 0.025 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54
0.010 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49
Degrees of freedom in the denominator

0.001 167.03 148.50 141.11 137.10 134.58 132.85 131.58 130.62

0.100 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95
0.050 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04
4 0.025 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98
0.010 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80
0.001 74.14 61.25 56.18 53.44 51.71 50.53 49.66 49.00
0.100 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34
0.050 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82
5 0.025 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76
0.010 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29
0.001 47.18 37.12 33.20 31.09 29.75 28.83 28.16 27.65
0.100 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98
0.050 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15
6 0.025 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60
0.010 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10
0.001 35.51 27.00 23.70 21.92 20.80 20.03 19.46 19.03
0.100 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75
0.050 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73
7 0.025 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90
0.010 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84
0.001 29.25 21.69 18.77 17.20 16.21 15.52 15.02 14.63
0.100 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59
0.050 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44
8 0.025 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43
0.010 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03
0.001 25.41 18.49 15.83 14.39 13.48 12.86 12.40 12.05

584
 Table entry for p is the Probability p
critical value F with
probability p lying to its
F*
right.

TABLE D F distribution critical values (continued)

Degrees of freedom in the numerator

p 9 10 15 20 30 60 120 1000

0.100 59.86 60.19 61.22 61.74 62.26 62.79 63.06 63.30

0.050 240.54 241.88 245.95 248.01 250.10 252.20 253.25 254.19
1 0.025 963.28 968.63 984.87 993.10 1001.4 1009.8 1014 1017.7
0.010 6022.5 6055.8 6157.3 6208.7 6260.6 6313 6339.4 6362.7
0.001 602284 605621 615764 620908 626099 631337 633972 636301
0.100 9.38 9.39 9.42 9.44 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49
0.050 19.38 19.40 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.48 19.49 19.49
2 0.025 39.39 39.40 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.48 39.49 39.50
0.010 99.39 99.40 99.43 99.45 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
0.001 999.39 999.40 999.43 999.45 999.47 999.48 999.49 999.50
0.100 5.24 5.23 5.20 5.18 5.17 5.15 5.14 5.13
0.050 8.81 8.79 8.70 8.66 8.62 8.57 8.55 8.53
3 0.025 14.47 14.42 14.25 14.17 14.08 13.99 13.95 13.91
0.010 27.35 27.23 26.87 26.69 26.50 26.32 26.22 26.14
Degrees of freedom in the denominator

0.001 129.86 129.25 127.37 126.42 125.45 124.47 123.97 123.53

0.100 3.94 3.92 3.87 3.84 3.82 3.79 3.78 3.76
0.050 6.00 5.96 5.86 5.80 5.75 5.69 5.66 5.63
4 0.025 8.90 8.84 8.66 8.56 8.46 8.36 8.31 8.26
0.010 14.66 14.55 14.20 14.02 13.84 13.65 13.56 13.47
0.001 48.47 48.05 46.76 46.10 45.43 44.75 44.40 44.09
0.100 3.32 3.30 3.24 3.21 3.17 3.14 3.12 3.11
0.050 4.77 4.74 4.62 4.56 4.50 4.43 4.40 4.37
5 0.025 6.68 6.62 6.43 6.33 6.23 6.12 6.07 6.02
0.010 10.16 10.05 9.72 9.55 9.38 9.20 9.11 9.03
0.001 27.24 26.92 25.91 25.39 24.87 24.33 24.06 23.82
0.100 2.96 2.94 2.87 2.84 2.80 2.76 2.74 2.72
0.050 4.10 4.06 3.94 3.87 3.81 3.74 3.70 3.67
6 0.025 5.52 5.46 5.27 5.17 5.07 4.96 4.90 4.86
0.010 7.98 7.87 7.56 7.40 7.23 7.06 6.97 6.89
0.001 18.69 18.41 17.56 17.12 16.67 16.21 15.98 15.77
0.100 2.72 2.70 2.63 2.59 2.56 2.51 2.49 2.47
0.050 3.68 3.64 3.51 3.44 3.38 3.30 3.27 3.23
7 0.025 4.82 4.76 4.57 4.47 4.36 4.25 4.20 4.15
0.010 6.72 6.62 6.31 6.16 5.99 5.82 5.74 5.66
0.001 14.33 14.08 13.32 12.93 12.53 12.12 11.91 11.72
0.100 2.56 2.54 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.32 2.30
0.050 3.39 3.35 3.22 3.15 3.08 3.01 2.97 2.93
8 0.025 4.36 4.30 4.10 4.00 3.89 3.78 3.73 3.68
0.010 5.91 5.81 5.52 5.36 5.20 5.03 4.95 4.87
0.001 11.77 11.54 10.84 10.48 10.11 9.73 9.53 9.36

585
TABLE D F distribution critical values (continued)

Degrees of freedom in the numerator

p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.100 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42
0.050 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14
9 0.025 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96
0.010 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26
0.001 22.86 16.39 13.90 12.56 11.71 11.13 10.70 10.37 10.11 9.89
0.100 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32
0.050 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98
10 0.025 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72
0.010 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85
0.001 21.04 14.91 12.55 11.28 10.48 9.93 9.52 9.20 8.96 8.75
0.100 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19
0.050 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75
12 0.025 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37
0.010 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30
0.001 18.64 12.97 10.80 9.63 8.89 8.38 8.00 7.71 7.48 7.29
0.100 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06
0.050 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54
15 0.025 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06
Degrees of freedom in the denominator

0.010 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80
0.001 16.59 11.34 9.34 8.25 7.57 7.09 6.74 6.47 6.26 6.08
0.100 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94
0.050 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35
20 0.025 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77
0.010 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37
0.001 14.82 9.95 8.10 7.10 6.46 6.02 5.69 5.44 5.24 5.08
0.100 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87
0.050 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24
25 0.025 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61
0.010 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13
0.001 13.88 9.22 7.45 6.49 5.89 5.46 5.15 4.91 4.71 4.56
0.100 2.81 2.41 2.20 2.06 1.97 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.73
0.050 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03
50 0.025 5.34 3.97 3.39 3.05 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.46 2.38 2.32
0.010 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70
0.001 12.22 7.96 6.34 5.46 4.90 4.51 4.22 4.00 3.82 3.67
0.100 2.76 2.36 2.14 2.00 1.91 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.66
0.050 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93
100 0.025 5.18 3.83 3.25 2.92 2.70 2.54 2.42 2.32 2.24 2.18
0.010 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50
0.001 11.50 7.41 5.86 5.02 4.48 4.11 3.83 3.61 3.44 3.30
0.100 2.73 2.33 2.11 1.97 1.88 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.66 1.63
0.050 3.89 3.04 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.88
200 0.025 5.10 3.76 3.18 2.85 2.63 2.47 2.35 2.26 2.18 2.11
0.010 6.76 4.71 3.88 3.41 3.11 2.89 2.73 2.60 2.50 2.41
0.001 11.15 7.15 5.63 4.81 4.29 3.92 3.65 3.43 3.26 3.12
0.100 2.71 2.31 2.09 1.95 1.85 1.78 1.72 1.68 1.64 1.61
0.050 3.85 3.00 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.11 2.02 1.95 1.89 1.84
1000 0.025 5.04 3.70 3.13 2.80 2.58 2.42 2.30 2.20 2.13 2.06
0.010 6.66 4.63 3.80 3.34 3.04 2.82 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34
0.001 10.89 6.96 5.46 4.65 4.14 3.78 3.51 3.30 3.13 2.99

586
TABLE D F distribution critical values (continued)

Degrees of freedom in the numerator

p 12 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 1000

0.100 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.23 2.22 2.21 2.18 2.16
0.050 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.79 2.75 2.71
9 0.025 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.60 3.56 3.51 3.47 3.45 3.39 3.34
0.010 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.71 4.65 4.57 4.52 4.48 4.40 4.32
0.001 9.57 9.24 8.90 8.69 8.55 8.37 8.26 8.19 8.00 7.84
0.100 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.17 2.16 2.13 2.12 2.11 2.08 2.06
0.050 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.58 2.54
10 0.025 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.35 3.31 3.26 3.22 3.20 3.14 3.09
0.010 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.31 4.25 4.17 4.12 4.08 4.00 3.92
0.001 8.45 8.13 7.80 7.60 7.47 7.30 7.19 7.12 6.94 6.78
0.100 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 1.96 1.93 1.91
0.050 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.50 2.47 2.43 2.40 2.38 2.34 2.30
12 0.025 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.87 2.85 2.79 2.73
0.010 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.76 3.70 3.62 3.57 3.54 3.45 3.37
0.001 7.00 6.71 6.40 6.22 6.09 5.93 5.83 5.76 5.59 5.44
0.100 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.82 1.79 1.76
0.050 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.11 2.07
15 0.025 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.69 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.52 2.46 2.40
Degrees of freedom in the denominator

0.010 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.21 3.13 3.08 3.05 2.96 2.88
0.001 5.81 5.54 5.25 5.07 4.95 4.80 4.70 4.64 4.47 4.33
0.100 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.68 1.64 1.61
0.050 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.04 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.90 1.85
20 0.025 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.40 2.35 2.29 2.25 2.22 2.16 2.09
0.010 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.84 2.78 2.69 2.64 2.61 2.52 2.43
0.001 4.82 4.56 4.29 4.12 4.00 3.86 3.77 3.70 3.54 3.40
0.100 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.66 1.63 1.61 1.59 1.56 1.52
0.050 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.77 1.72
25 0.025 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.23 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.05 1.98 1.91
0.010 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.60 2.54 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.27 2.18
0.001 4.31 4.06 3.79 3.63 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.22 3.06 2.91
0.100 1.68 1.63 1.57 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.44 1.42 1.38 1.33
0.050 1.95 1.87 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.63 1.60 1.58 1.51 1.45
50 0.025 2.22 2.11 1.99 1.92 1.87 1.80 1.75 1.72 1.64 1.56
0.010 2.56 2.42 2.27 2.17 2.10 2.01 1.95 1.91 1.80 1.70
0.001 3.44 3.20 2.95 2.79 2.68 2.53 2.44 2.38 2.21 2.05
0.100 1.61 1.56 1.49 1.45 1.42 1.38 1.35 1.34 1.28 1.22
0.050 1.85 1.77 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.38 1.30
100 0.025 2.08 1.97 1.85 1.77 1.71 1.64 1.59 1.56 1.46 1.36
0.010 2.37 2.22 2.07 1.97 1.89 1.80 1.74 1.69 1.57 1.45
0.001 3.07 2.84 2.59 2.43 2.32 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.83 1.64
0.100 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.29 1.23 1.16
0.050 1.80 1.72 1.62 1.56 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.39 1.30 1.21
200 0.025 2.01 1.90 1.78 1.70 1.64 1.56 1.51 1.47 1.37 1.25
0.010 2.27 2.13 1.97 1.87 1.79 1.69 1.63 1.58 1.45 1.30
0.001 2.90 2.67 2.42 2.26 2.15 2.00 1.90 1.83 1.64 1.43
0.100 1.55 1.49 1.43 1.38 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.18 1.08
0.050 1.76 1.68 1.58 1.52 1.47 1.41 1.36 1.33 1.24 1.11
1000 0.025 1.96 1.85 1.72 1.64 1.58 1.50 1.45 1.41 1.29 1.13
0.010 2.20 2.06 1.90 1.79 1.72 1.61 1.54 1.50 1.35 1.16
0.001 2.77 2.54 2.30 2.14 2.02 1.87 1.77 1.69 1.49 1.22

587
588 Appendix

Probability p
Table entry for p is the
critical value x with
probability p lying to its
x*
right.

TABLE E Chi-square distribution critical values

p

df .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 .025 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005

1 1.32 1.64 2.07 2.71 3.84 5.02 5.41 6.63 7.88 9.14 10.83 12.12
2 2.77 3.22 3.79 4.61 5.99 7.38 7.82 9.21 10.60 11.98 13.82 15.20
3 4.11 4.64 5.32 6.25 7.81 9.35 9.84 11.34 12.84 14.32 16.27 17.73
4 5.39 5.99 6.74 7.78 9.49 11.14 11.67 13.28 14.86 16.42 18.47 20.00
5 6.63 7.29 8.12 9.24 11.07 12.83 13.39 15.09 16.75 18.39 20.51 22.11
6 7.84 8.56 9.45 10.64 12.59 14.45 15.03 16.81 18.55 20.25 22.46 24.10
7 9.04 9.80 10.75 12.02 14.07 16.01 16.62 18.48 20.28 22.04 24.32 26.02
8 10.22 11.03 12.03 13.36 15.51 17.53 18.17 20.09 21.95 23.77 26.12 27.87
9 11.39 12.24 13.29 14.68 16.92 19.02 19.68 21.67 23.59 25.46 27.88 29.67
10 12.55 13.44 14.53 15.99 18.31 20.48 21.16 23.21 25.19 27.11 29.59 31.42
11 13.70 14.63 15.77 17.28 19.68 21.92 22.62 24.72 26.76 28.73 31.26 33.14
12 14.85 15.81 16.99 18.55 21.03 23.34 24.05 26.22 28.30 30.32 32.91 34.82
13 15.98 16.98 18.20 19.81 22.36 24.74 25.47 27.69 29.82 31.88 34.53 36.48
14 17.12 18.15 19.41 21.06 23.68 26.12 26.87 29.14 31.32 33.43 36.12 38.11
15 18.25 19.31 20.60 22.31 25.00 27.49 28.26 30.58 32.80 34.95 37.70 39.72
16 19.37 20.47 21.79 23.54 26.30 28.85 29.63 32.00 34.27 36.46 39.25 41.31
17 20.49 21.61 22.98 24.77 27.59 30.19 31.00 33.41 35.72 37.95 40.79 42.88
18 21.60 22.76 24.16 25.99 28.87 31.53 32.35 34.81 37.16 39.42 42.31 44.43
19 22.72 23.90 25.33 27.20 30.14 32.85 33.69 36.19 38.58 40.88 43.82 45.97
20 23.83 25.04 26.50 28.41 31.41 34.17 35.02 37.57 40.00 42.34 45.31 47.50
21 24.93 26.17 27.66 29.62 32.67 35.48 36.34 38.93 41.40 43.78 46.80 49.01
22 26.04 27.30 28.82 30.81 33.92 36.78 37.66 40.29 42.80 45.20 48.27 50.51
23 27.14 28.43 29.98 32.01 35.17 38.08 38.97 41.64 44.18 46.62 49.73 52.00
24 28.24 29.55 31.13 33.20 36.42 39.36 40.27 42.98 45.56 48.03 51.18 53.48
25 29.34 30.68 32.28 34.38 37.65 40.65 41.57 44.31 46.93 49.44 52.62 54.95
26 30.43 31.79 33.43 35.56 38.89 41.92 42.86 45.64 48.29 50.83 54.05 56.41
27 31.53 32.91 34.57 36.74 40.11 43.19 44.14 46.96 49.64 52.22 55.48 57.86
28 32.62 34.03 35.71 37.92 41.34 44.46 45.42 48.28 50.99 53.59 56.89 59.30
29 33.71 35.14 36.85 39.09 42.56 45.72 46.69 49.59 52.34 54.97 58.30 60.73
30 34.80 36.25 37.99 40.26 43.77 46.98 47.96 50.89 53.67 56.33 59.70 62.16
40 45.62 47.27 49.24 51.81 55.76 59.34 60.44 63.69 66.77 69.70 73.40 76.09
50 56.33 58.16 60.35 63.17 67.50 71.42 72.61 76.15 79.49 82.66 86.66 89.56
60 66.98 68.97 71.34 74.40 79.08 83.30 84.58 88.38 91.95 95.34 99.61 102.7
80 88.13 90.41 93.11 96.58 101.9 106.6 108.1 112.3 116.3 120.1 124.8 128.3
100 109.1 111.7 114.7 118.5 124.3 129.6 131.1 135.8 140.2 144.3 149.4 153.2