Business Administration

'People are dying. Quietly, but in huge numbers, all over Zambia, lives are being wasted. Wasted not because of some accident of nature but as a direct result of economic policies imposed by faceless Western planners. For more than twenty years now the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have been forcing "structural adjustment programs," or SAPs, on the bankrupt countries of Africa.' 1(a) 1

Coinfection with hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) adversely affects the prognosis of HIV infection and vice versa, and results in complex interactions with antiretroviral therapy. These infections are common in sub-Saharan Africa but there are few data on prevalence of coinfection. All three components of the most common ART regimen used in Africa, stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine, can cause hepatic problems and lamivudine resistant HBV is known to emerge after HBV monotherapy in coinfected patients. Point of care (POC) tests for HBV and HCV are widely used but have not been validated in field tests in sub-Saharan Africa.Prospective observational study of sequential adult inpatients in medical wards of a large urban teaching hospital in Malawi in 2004. Comparison of demographic risk factors with HIV antibody status determined using local double POC test protocols, and with HBsAg and HCV antibody prevalence as estimated in a reference laboratory in Liverpool, UK. Results of locally performed POC tests for HBV using Determine HBsAg (Abbott) and for HCV antibody using HCV-SPOT (Genelabs) were compared with results of reference methods in the UK.Of 226 adults (39% male), median (range) age 35 (14–80) years, 81% had a history of traditional scarification, 12% a history of blood transfusion and 11% a history of jaundice. HIV antibodies were present in 76.1%, HBsAg in 17.5% and HCV in 4.5%, with HIV/HBV coinfection in 20.4% and HIV/HCV coinfection in 5% of those with HIV. There was no correlation between prevalence of any of the three viruses and demographic risk factors or presence of either of the other two viruses. Point of care tests gave misleading results with prevalence estimates of 38% for HBV and 4.5% for HCV. For both of these POC tests the performance indices were unacceptable for individual patient management or epidemiological survey purposes.The high prevalence of hepatitis/HIV coinfections may impact on treatment with antiretroviral therapy, especially if there are unintended interruptions of therapy, and studies are needed to document the possible clinical impact on ART programmes. The poor performance of POC tests for HBV and HCV may be due to local operational problems or to unexpected technical issues not revealed by early validation tests. These tests are widely used in resource poor settings and should be revalidated in prospective field studies in areas of the tropics with high HIV prevalence rates.