Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 2017
Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they m... more Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they may resist tasks incongruent with their perceived creative strengths. Occupational conflict arises when one’s personality does not align with expected work tasks within a role according to Holland’s theory of vocational choice. We carried out a quantitative survey of aspiring print and broadcast journalists to investigate whether they differed in personality traits (i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, life values, and journalism degree motivations). Results show broadcast journalism students perceived themselves as more extreme on many measures including extraversion, conscientiousness, and certain life values. Broadcast students were also more likely to choose journalism as a degree for social prestige, sports, reporting, and photography reasons, whereas print students were more likely to choose writing as their primary motivation.
Denmark is frequently found at or near the top of the list of the most entrepreneurial countries ... more Denmark is frequently found at or near the top of the list of the most entrepreneurial countries in the world. This paper strives to identify Denmark’s key entrepreneurship success factors as a means of foster ing greater entrepreneurship in other countries. The paper is based on a theoretical framework on national competitiveness, underpinned by research within the field of entrepreneurial studies, business development management, cultural studies as well as economic policy. Qualitative methods – analysis of inter views with five industry experts – were used to explore the theoretical framework. During the interviews, the managers discuss environmental aspects, which impact the start-up-business in Denmark in a positive way on a macro-economic perspective. In conclusion, comparisons are made among the findings of the interview data and current GEM, GEDI and OECD data on the Danish frame conditions of doing entrepreneurial business.
A rise in informal labor, characterized by contracted and non-salaried positions, has been observ... more A rise in informal labor, characterized by contracted and non-salaried positions, has been observed in many industry sectors including journalism. While opportunities for freelance journalists have increased, the journalism industry has simultaneously experienced mass layoffs. Using a survey (N = 411), with quantitative and qualitative measures, this study assesses freelancers' experiences in the US context with a particular attention to gender. The study finds that women perceive freelancing, but not full-time journalism, as compatible with raising children. Although there were no differences in perceptions about layoffs and job stability, the women in the sample were more likely to rely on freelancing as the only job and subsequently express concerns over pay. Open-ended responses provide further insight into the state of the journalism industry, full-time employment, and gender dynamics.
Online outsourcing markets (OOMs), those sites that connect buyers and sellers of digital labor, ... more Online outsourcing markets (OOMs), those sites that connect buyers and sellers of digital labor, have grown dramatically, attracting a global cadre of freelance workers. Journalism OOMs are beginning to have an impact on the buying and selling of freelance journalism. This paper is an exploration of early effects, reporting findings of a survey (n=453) of freelance journalists who use OOMs and those who don’t, or don’t yet. The paper reviews recent scholarship on OOMs and freelance journalists. Freelance journalists were asked about their awareness of and experience with journalism OOMs. Considering OOMs only recently started diffusing, analysis shows a relatively high level of awareness and use of OOMs, plus perceptions about their value for obtaining work, working conditions and monetary and intrinsic rewards.
(Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Yale University) is a Professor of Social Psychology and Human C... more (Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Yale University) is a Professor of Social Psychology and Human Computer Interaction at Carnegie Mellon University. He previously directed the Interpersonal Communications Research Program at Bellcore, was a Member of Technical Staff at ...
This article describes the design, execution and outcomes of a Web-based course in cable telecomm... more This article describes the design, execution and outcomes of a Web-based course in cable telecommunications offered jointly at two U.S. universities. The goal was to create an online learning community where inter-university student teams collaborate electronically to learn through case-based problem solving. The main features were distributed team-centered learning, case method, online access to industry experts, a variety of synchronous and asynchronous IT and communication tools and electronic team teaching. Outcomes indicate positive learning differences. Satisfaction, higher overall, was lower than expected with experts and teammates at the distant university. Compared to the classroom model, students acquired greater experience in areas other than knowledge of course content: teamwork, communication, time management and technology use. Evidence emerged that satisfaction and learning outcomes may be more related to a student’s positive outlook than to factors such as grade poin...
While big media has the greater share of media economics research attention, the small business s... more While big media has the greater share of media economics research attention, the small business sector in communications warrants some notice as well. This paper gives an overview of small business in communications to show how it could aid our understanding of media competition, and links it to previous research, and suggests further attention on the small business in communications industries for media economics research.
This paper introduces entrepreneurship research as a complement to industrial organization approa... more This paper introduces entrepreneurship research as a complement to industrial organization approaches to media research. First, media entrepreneurship and its theoretical relationship to media innovation are explicated. Then the context of media entrepreneurship in the U.S. is constructed to show current patterns and historical trends. Through this lens, media industries in the U.S. take on a different appearance compared to the picture painted by conventional competition measurement. They are more entrepreneurial and dynamic than one might have expected. Conclusions suggest future research to build an understanding of the role of media entrepreneurship, innovation that contributes to the health of the media thereby affecting its ability to serve democracy. Media Entrepreneurship 2 Media Entrepreneurship: Definition, Theory and Context What causes innovation and growth? Entrepreneurship. More and more this is the assertion of entrepreneurship theory and research. Recent scholarship ...
Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, ... more Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, yet their unique impact has not been investigated. Most research has focused on the influence of unmediated salient referents, such as parents, on students' major choices. Therefore, we developed a scale to examine the role of media professionals and celebrities (mediated salient referents) and unmediated salient referents on career selection. Overall, we investigated the ways media exposure, technology use, mediated salient referents, and unmediated salient referents influenced variations in the likelihood students choose the media-related major of journalism through a survey of communication undergraduates (N = 2,401). Results showed mediated referents and news consumption positively predicted the choice of journalism as a major, while unmediated referents influenced students' selection of other communication-related majors.
Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, ... more Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, yet their unique impact has not been investigated. Most research has focused on the influence of unmediated salient referents, such as parents, on students' major choices. Therefore, we developed a scale to examine the role of media professionals and celebrities (mediated salient referents) and unmediated salient referents on career selection. Overall, we investigated the ways media exposure, technology use, mediated salient referents, and unmediated salient referents influenced variations in the likelihood students choose the media-related major of journalism through a survey of communication undergraduates (N = 2,401). Results showed mediated referents and news consumption positively predicted the choice of journalism as a major, while unmediated referents influenced students' selection of other communication-related majors.
Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they m... more Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they may resist tasks incongruent with their perceived creative strengths. Occupational conflict arises when one's personality does not align with expected work tasks within a role according to Holland's theory of vocational choice. We carried out a quantitative survey of aspiring print and broadcast journalists to investigate whether they differed in personality traits (i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, life values, and journalism degree motivations). Results show broadcast journalism students perceived themselves as more extreme on many measures including extraversion, conscientiousness, and certain life values. Broadcast students were also more likely to choose journalism as a degree for social prestige, sports, reporting, and photography reasons, whereas print students were more likely to choose writing as their primary motivation.
Scientific knowledge should reflect valid, consistent measurement. It is argued research on scale... more Scientific knowledge should reflect valid, consistent measurement. It is argued research on scale development needs to be more systematic and prevalent. The intent of this article is to address scale development by creating and validating a construct that measures the underlying reasons why undergraduate students seek a degree in journalism, the Journalism Degree Motivations (JDM) scale. Through a multimethod approach and seven-step process, a set of motivations that reflect existing theory and measures was developed. The JDM scale is composed of eight factors: social responsibility, reporting, social prestige, sports media, photography, writing, varied career, and numbers and science anxiety. The goal of this study is to create a scale. We articulate some basic principles on scale development and reporting practices through the development a journalism degree motivations (JDM) measure. No validated scale exists measuring students' motivations for a journalism degree, and researchers vary in their items used to measure it across studies. The intention is to use best practice suggestions from other fields to help guide researchers in the scale development and reporting process. Scales are " collections of items combined into a composite score and intended to reveal levels of theoretical variables not readily observable by direct means. " 1 Based
Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 2017
Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they m... more Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they may resist tasks incongruent with their perceived creative strengths. Occupational conflict arises when one’s personality does not align with expected work tasks within a role according to Holland’s theory of vocational choice. We carried out a quantitative survey of aspiring print and broadcast journalists to investigate whether they differed in personality traits (i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, life values, and journalism degree motivations). Results show broadcast journalism students perceived themselves as more extreme on many measures including extraversion, conscientiousness, and certain life values. Broadcast students were also more likely to choose journalism as a degree for social prestige, sports, reporting, and photography reasons, whereas print students were more likely to choose writing as their primary motivation.
Denmark is frequently found at or near the top of the list of the most entrepreneurial countries ... more Denmark is frequently found at or near the top of the list of the most entrepreneurial countries in the world. This paper strives to identify Denmark’s key entrepreneurship success factors as a means of foster ing greater entrepreneurship in other countries. The paper is based on a theoretical framework on national competitiveness, underpinned by research within the field of entrepreneurial studies, business development management, cultural studies as well as economic policy. Qualitative methods – analysis of inter views with five industry experts – were used to explore the theoretical framework. During the interviews, the managers discuss environmental aspects, which impact the start-up-business in Denmark in a positive way on a macro-economic perspective. In conclusion, comparisons are made among the findings of the interview data and current GEM, GEDI and OECD data on the Danish frame conditions of doing entrepreneurial business.
A rise in informal labor, characterized by contracted and non-salaried positions, has been observ... more A rise in informal labor, characterized by contracted and non-salaried positions, has been observed in many industry sectors including journalism. While opportunities for freelance journalists have increased, the journalism industry has simultaneously experienced mass layoffs. Using a survey (N = 411), with quantitative and qualitative measures, this study assesses freelancers' experiences in the US context with a particular attention to gender. The study finds that women perceive freelancing, but not full-time journalism, as compatible with raising children. Although there were no differences in perceptions about layoffs and job stability, the women in the sample were more likely to rely on freelancing as the only job and subsequently express concerns over pay. Open-ended responses provide further insight into the state of the journalism industry, full-time employment, and gender dynamics.
Online outsourcing markets (OOMs), those sites that connect buyers and sellers of digital labor, ... more Online outsourcing markets (OOMs), those sites that connect buyers and sellers of digital labor, have grown dramatically, attracting a global cadre of freelance workers. Journalism OOMs are beginning to have an impact on the buying and selling of freelance journalism. This paper is an exploration of early effects, reporting findings of a survey (n=453) of freelance journalists who use OOMs and those who don’t, or don’t yet. The paper reviews recent scholarship on OOMs and freelance journalists. Freelance journalists were asked about their awareness of and experience with journalism OOMs. Considering OOMs only recently started diffusing, analysis shows a relatively high level of awareness and use of OOMs, plus perceptions about their value for obtaining work, working conditions and monetary and intrinsic rewards.
(Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Yale University) is a Professor of Social Psychology and Human C... more (Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Yale University) is a Professor of Social Psychology and Human Computer Interaction at Carnegie Mellon University. He previously directed the Interpersonal Communications Research Program at Bellcore, was a Member of Technical Staff at ...
This article describes the design, execution and outcomes of a Web-based course in cable telecomm... more This article describes the design, execution and outcomes of a Web-based course in cable telecommunications offered jointly at two U.S. universities. The goal was to create an online learning community where inter-university student teams collaborate electronically to learn through case-based problem solving. The main features were distributed team-centered learning, case method, online access to industry experts, a variety of synchronous and asynchronous IT and communication tools and electronic team teaching. Outcomes indicate positive learning differences. Satisfaction, higher overall, was lower than expected with experts and teammates at the distant university. Compared to the classroom model, students acquired greater experience in areas other than knowledge of course content: teamwork, communication, time management and technology use. Evidence emerged that satisfaction and learning outcomes may be more related to a student’s positive outlook than to factors such as grade poin...
While big media has the greater share of media economics research attention, the small business s... more While big media has the greater share of media economics research attention, the small business sector in communications warrants some notice as well. This paper gives an overview of small business in communications to show how it could aid our understanding of media competition, and links it to previous research, and suggests further attention on the small business in communications industries for media economics research.
This paper introduces entrepreneurship research as a complement to industrial organization approa... more This paper introduces entrepreneurship research as a complement to industrial organization approaches to media research. First, media entrepreneurship and its theoretical relationship to media innovation are explicated. Then the context of media entrepreneurship in the U.S. is constructed to show current patterns and historical trends. Through this lens, media industries in the U.S. take on a different appearance compared to the picture painted by conventional competition measurement. They are more entrepreneurial and dynamic than one might have expected. Conclusions suggest future research to build an understanding of the role of media entrepreneurship, innovation that contributes to the health of the media thereby affecting its ability to serve democracy. Media Entrepreneurship 2 Media Entrepreneurship: Definition, Theory and Context What causes innovation and growth? Entrepreneurship. More and more this is the assertion of entrepreneurship theory and research. Recent scholarship ...
Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, ... more Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, yet their unique impact has not been investigated. Most research has focused on the influence of unmediated salient referents, such as parents, on students' major choices. Therefore, we developed a scale to examine the role of media professionals and celebrities (mediated salient referents) and unmediated salient referents on career selection. Overall, we investigated the ways media exposure, technology use, mediated salient referents, and unmediated salient referents influenced variations in the likelihood students choose the media-related major of journalism through a survey of communication undergraduates (N = 2,401). Results showed mediated referents and news consumption positively predicted the choice of journalism as a major, while unmediated referents influenced students' selection of other communication-related majors.
Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, ... more Popular and news media sources may play a key role in influencing undergraduate choice of major, yet their unique impact has not been investigated. Most research has focused on the influence of unmediated salient referents, such as parents, on students' major choices. Therefore, we developed a scale to examine the role of media professionals and celebrities (mediated salient referents) and unmediated salient referents on career selection. Overall, we investigated the ways media exposure, technology use, mediated salient referents, and unmediated salient referents influenced variations in the likelihood students choose the media-related major of journalism through a survey of communication undergraduates (N = 2,401). Results showed mediated referents and news consumption positively predicted the choice of journalism as a major, while unmediated referents influenced students' selection of other communication-related majors.
Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they m... more Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they may resist tasks incongruent with their perceived creative strengths. Occupational conflict arises when one's personality does not align with expected work tasks within a role according to Holland's theory of vocational choice. We carried out a quantitative survey of aspiring print and broadcast journalists to investigate whether they differed in personality traits (i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, life values, and journalism degree motivations). Results show broadcast journalism students perceived themselves as more extreme on many measures including extraversion, conscientiousness, and certain life values. Broadcast students were also more likely to choose journalism as a degree for social prestige, sports, reporting, and photography reasons, whereas print students were more likely to choose writing as their primary motivation.
Scientific knowledge should reflect valid, consistent measurement. It is argued research on scale... more Scientific knowledge should reflect valid, consistent measurement. It is argued research on scale development needs to be more systematic and prevalent. The intent of this article is to address scale development by creating and validating a construct that measures the underlying reasons why undergraduate students seek a degree in journalism, the Journalism Degree Motivations (JDM) scale. Through a multimethod approach and seven-step process, a set of motivations that reflect existing theory and measures was developed. The JDM scale is composed of eight factors: social responsibility, reporting, social prestige, sports media, photography, writing, varied career, and numbers and science anxiety. The goal of this study is to create a scale. We articulate some basic principles on scale development and reporting practices through the development a journalism degree motivations (JDM) measure. No validated scale exists measuring students' motivations for a journalism degree, and researchers vary in their items used to measure it across studies. The intention is to use best practice suggestions from other fields to help guide researchers in the scale development and reporting process. Scales are " collections of items combined into a composite score and intended to reveal levels of theoretical variables not readily observable by direct means. " 1 Based
Uploads
Papers by Anne Hoag