Faculty of Letters and languages

In This paper we will examine the relationships between research and developmental processes in the activities of modern Arabic linguistics. Three main factors are dominated and govern the scope of Arabic linguistics; the administrative factors, the rational factors, and the contextual factors. Each one of those factors produce some circumstances that sometime help the researchers and in other areas do not help them. Résumé: L'exposer présent traité les relations entre la recherche et les processus de développement positifs dans les activités de la linguistique arabe contemporaine.

‫غة‬ ّ ‫الل‬ ‫ة‬ ّ ‫مجل‬ ‫ة‬ ّ ‫العربي‬ ‫د‬ ّ ‫جل‬ ‫ا‬ : 21 ‫العدد‬ : 48 ‫نة‬ ّ ‫الس‬ : ّ ‫ثي‬ ّ ‫الث‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ابع‬ ّ ‫لر‬ 2019 ‫ص‬ : 193-214 193 Vì †'^ù] ìËÖ] » íée †ÃÖ] íÇ×Ö] ð] †mý ífl é‰^‰_ …^'Ú ímøm l^rã×Ö]ae HØñ]aeù] ì^vßÖ] l^¿uøÚ HíéÞa †ÏÖ] l]ð] †ÏÖ] Jífl éÓ] ‫ﺃ‬. …ae‚éq<Üè †ÓÖ]<‚f 1 W‫ل‬ ‫א‬ 2018 J 02 J 05 W‫ل‬ ‫א‬ 2019 J 09 J 29 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W W W W Ù ‫א‬ ‫ن‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫و‬ ‫אع‬ ‫א‬ ‫دא‪ª‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫وא‬ ‫א‬ ‫وא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ع‬ Ó‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫وא‬ ‫ن‬ ‫وא‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫س‬ ĝ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫د‬ ‫א‬ ‫وא‬ ‫א‬ ğ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ī ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫د‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ن‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ن‬ ‫وא‬ ‫وא‬ Ħ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫م‬ ‫ق‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ª ‫א‬ ‫ل‬ ħ ‫ل‬ ‫א‬ ‫ن‬ ‫א‬ ª‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫د‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ù ‫א‬ ‫ع‬ ġ‫و‬ ، ‫وא‬ ‫א‬ ª ‫א‬ Ħ ‫وא‬ ‫א‬ ª ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ò‫א‬ ‫א‬ ª ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫د‬ ‫א‬ ‫ن‬ K ‫ق‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫ن‬ Ù ، ‫א‬ ª ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K Ø ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ول‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ğ‫א‬ ‫אد‬ ‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫و‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ‫و‬ ‫و‬ J ، ‫א‬ Ğ‫א‬ W ‫و‬Ø ‫א‬ × ‫א‬

Communication Language Teaching: Main Assumptions and Classroom Activities. In This paper we will examine the methodology known as Communicative Language Teaching or CLT, and we will explore the main assumptions it is based on; Its referential sources and historical origins since it was first proposed in the 1970s, and what are their great influenced factors in today's language teaching; from the theoretical approach to the practical work in classrooms and other language studying areas. We understand CLT as a set of principles that guide the language course designer and the teacher in their work, those principles covered the main factors of language teaching-learning; the practical goals, the description of learner processes in learning a new language, the kinds of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the roles of both teachers and learners in the classroom.

Contemporary scientific investigations tell us about the child's genius and his amazing passion for learning, it open in his brain during the first seven months of his birth, legitimate windows that challenge him to capture all possible knowledge from the outside world, furthermore, the (MEG) imaging system sows  more than 700 neurological connections occur In just one second, then distributed in a wide and accurate system over 443 brain regions, with remarkable quantitative strength in the regions of  Broca and Frenicke, which are responsible for the analysis of audio sounds and speech articulation processes.
the child continues on this perseverance, and if he finds a conscious family accompaniment, and appropriate early education, he will be able to obtain several lexicons of up to 5000 words at the age of five, and this kit after entering the school enables him to invest it with 3000 new words annually, and we will find him on the threshold of puberty a strong person, self-confident, because he is able to use 15,000 words per day.
Scientific research shows, on the other hand, that the child's story with words is very early, one of the pioneering studies in this field revealed to us that during the first three years of development, the child calls 16,000,000 attempts to speak, enabling him to confirm about 520 complete words (individual input), The subsequent lexical and semantic development remains dependent on the efforts of the parents, the extent to which contextual aids (space and objects) attend, as well as early educational habits, especially reading, writing and drawing.
The above data are of great importance in the lexical industry directed at children, because this industry, as a multidisciplinary field in its current global form, should benefit from systematic investigations that clarify the early stages of language acquisition, and how words emerge on children's tongues and then develop and grow their individual balances and they do not suffer in the first years of schooling consciousness and semantic inventory, or what is currently called language attrition.
the research paper that we are proposing tries to provide experts and specialists in the school dictionaries industry with the harvest of scientific investigations in the field of acquiring the first language in relation to acquiring vocabulary and ways to invest and develop them. we believe that these data will be their best help in pressing issues related to the choice of material and Their distribution, in addition to the critical importance of contextual aids and effective pronunciation methods.

Contemporary scientific investigations tell us about the child's genius and his amazing passion for learning, it open in his brain during the first seven months of his birth, legitimate windows that challenge him to capture all possible knowledge from the outside world, furthermore, the (MEG) imaging system sows more than 700 neurological connections occur In just one second, then distributed in a wide and accurate system over 443 brain regions, with remarkable quantitative strength in the regions of Broca and Frenicke, which are responsible for the analysis of audio sounds and speech articulation processes. the child continues on this perseverance, and if he finds a conscious family accompaniment, and appropriate early education, he will be able to obtain several lexicons of up to 5000 words at the age of five, and this kit after entering the school enables him to invest it with 3000 new words annually, and we will find him on the threshold of puberty a strong person, self-confident, because he is able to use 15,000 words per day. Scientific research shows, on the other hand, that the child's story with words is very early, one of the pioneering studies in this field revealed to us that during the first three years of development, the child calls 16,000,000 attempts to speak, enabling him to confirm about 520 complete words (individual input),

ّ Cognitive linguistics and the issues of language acquisition and learning ّ This study suggests a general review of cognitive linguistics a new approach stand mostly in the opposite side of chomskyan school traditions. Although many aspects have been carefully treated with this approach, the issues depending on language learning and acquisition are the most Important especially in recent years. Furthermore those aspects have actually been a common interest handling by interdisciplinary domains such as: education psychology brain studies and computer sciences. Since the studies related to cognitive linguistics are extremely rare in Algerian universities, we present this study as a contribution toward further understanding and exploring of this approach.

The Arabic language and the future of socio-cultural development in Algeria.
Our study of the history of languages ​​in Algeria confirms that the Arabic language was and still a special case; because it is the only child of the Western Semitic family who maintained its grammatical, lexical, and communicative power despite the bitter clashes and conflicts that it had  enter against great cultures for three thousand years. Also, the currently used Algerian dialect consists in its essence a unique mixture which all its origins traced back to the Semitic origin represented in two languages: the Punic on the one hand, and the northern Arabic on the other hand. As for the lexical elements that show traces of the Indo-European languages, they are urgent phenomena, most of which have disappeared, and the fate of the remaining ones is inevitable; In this regard we must remember that the Romans invaded Algeria and imposed their language by force for a period of no less than five centuries, then came immediately after them the Vandals (455 AD) and imposed by force and algebra the Germanic language and the Gothic writing system, then the Byzantines (533 CE) came and imposed their efforts in Latin and Greek as well as Christianization, then the Ottomans
came and remained more than three centuries, until the French came and inflicted material and moral corruption that the words do not describe. Throughout all this historical expansion, full of struggle and glory, the Semetic model was able to overtake others, and the French could not erase the eloquent Arabic system as it did with the African languages ​​in a short period. These facts call us to the necessity of reading the linguistic history of Algeria with a new perspective that takes from the lessons of the past and draws inspiration from them for the sake of envisioning the future and preserving the pillars of unity and stability, and building the Algerian personality committed to principles, values ​​and high qualities.

Little creative rising: YouTube Theater for children in Algeria, exploring talents and awakening childhood emotions. Theatrical experience rises wonderful aspects inside the little child; it gives him a special state of present and mental concentration, which open up his natural emotions and imagination, and contribute by cooperation with the main processes to build the core of earlier creativity. Due to These qualities, we suggest to make an evaluative study about the theatrical projects belongs to Algerian children from YouTube web site. We hope this work can shows some positive sides of this experience, and propose new ideas and additional steps that contribute in the great traditions history of Algerian children's theater. Résumé Le Petit créateur se lève: You Tube Théâtre pour les enfants en Algérie: explorant les talents et réveillant les émotions de l'enfance. L'expérience théâtrale soulève des aspects merveilleux à l'intérieur du petit enfant; cela lui donne un état particulier de concentration et de présente mentale, elle ouvre ses émotions et son imagination naturelles, et contribue par sa coopération aux processus principaux qui constituent le noyau de la créativité antérieure. En raison de ces qualités, nous suggérons de faire une étude d'évaluation sur les projets de Théâtre appartenant aux enfants algériens du site Web You Tube. Nous espérons que ce travail pourra montrer quelques aspects positifs de cette expérience, et proposer de nouvelles idées et quelque étapes supplémentaires qui contribueront à la grande tradition du théâtre pour les enfants algériens.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعريف بأهم الوسائل العلمية المعتمدة في مجال البحث الميداني الرامي
إلى تسجيل المادة اللغوية من أفواه الناطقين. ويتعلق الأمر بثلاث وسائل رئيسة: الاستبانة، الاستعلام
بواسطة الهاتف، والتحري عن طريق الشابكة. توضح هذه الدراسة طريقة استخدام هذه الوسائل،
وأهميتها في ميدان الاجتماع اللغوي عموما، ومجال الجغرافيا اللغوية على وجه التحديد، كما توضح
النقائص الملاحظة على كل طريقة، والتوجيهات المتعلقة باستعمال هذه الوسائل في البحوث الميدانية
المتعلقة بإنشاء أطلس خاص باللغة العربية.
الكلمات المفاتيح:
جمع ؛ تسجيل ؛ مادة لغوية ؛ وسائل ؛ بحث ميداني.
Abstract
This study aims to defining the most important scientific tools approved in
the field research aimed at recording original language materials from the native speakers. This matter concerns three main tools: questionnaire, inquiries by phone, and investigation through the Internet. This study explains the operational methodology by which using these methods, and their importance in the field of sociolinguistics in general, and the field of linguistic geography in particular, as well as the shortcomings observed in each method, and the recommendations regarding using these tools in field research related to the creation of an atlas for the Arabic language.
Keywords:
Collect; Record; Linguistic material; tools; Field research.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى توضيح المراحل الآساسية التي يمر بها إعداد الآطالس
اللسانية العامة، وهو نوع من الآطالس يتطلب جهودا كبيرة وتحضيرات كثيرة وموارد وفيرة؛ لأنه
أطلس شامل؛ يغطي إقليما جغرافيا واس ع ا، ويعكس ج لّ الملامح اللغوية في لسان من الآلسن؛
انطلاقا من الآصوات م رورا بالمفردات وصولا إلى دلالة التراكيب والعبارات. وقد أسسنا هذا
العمل على تجربة رائدة تتمثل في الآطلس اللساني العام لشمال أمريكا الذي أشرف على إنجازه
عبر سنوات عديدة فريق من ألمع علماء اللسان على رأسهم: هانز كورات ووليام لابوف.
الكلمات المفتاحية:
مراحل؛ إنجاز؛ أطلس؛ لساني؛ تجربة؛ أطلس عام.
This study aims to clarify the basic stages by which the preparation of general linguistic atlases, a type of atlases that requires great efforts, many preparations and abundant resources; Because they are a comprehensive atlas that Covers a wide geographical region, and reflects most of the linguistic features in a given language; From sounds, through vocabulary, until to the meanings of structures and expressions. We have based this work on the pioneering experience of the general linguistic atlas of North America, which has been accomplished over many years by a team of leading scientists headed by: Hans Kurath and William Labov.
key words:
stages; Completion; atlas; my tongue; Experiment; General atlas;

Le présent article se veut une relecture des concepts fondamentaux de la Structure informationnelle (SI), à travers laquelle, nous mettons en exergue les différentes partitions (du moins les plus évidentes à notre avis), qui mettent en jeu des articulations binaires entre des concepts étroitement liées relevant à la fois des données discursives et des données pragmatiques tel que "Topic", "Focus", "Fond", "Présupposition", "prédication", "donné", "nouveau", etc. dans la perspective de la construction de la SI . Nous essayerons, par la suite, de rapprocher ces partitions au phénomène de saillance à travers le processus d'activation des éléments informationnels dans la gestion du Fond Informationnel Commun (FIC), ce qui nous permet de distinguer entre "saillance référentielle" et "saillance discursive"

This paper is intended as a re-reading of the fundamental concepts of the Information Structure (SI), through which we highlight the different partitions (at least the most obvious in our opinion), which involve binary articulations between closely related concepts relating to both discursive and pragmatic data such as &quot;Topic&quot;, &quot;Focus&quot;, &quot;Background&quot;, &quot;Presupposition&quot;, &quot;predication&quot;, &quot;given&quot;, &quot;new&quot;, etc. in the construction of the IS . We will then try to bring these partitions closer to the phenomenon of protrusion through the process of activation of informational elements in the management of the Common Informational Fund (FIC), which allows us to distinguish between &quot;referential salience&quot; and &quot;discursive salience&quot;.

We describe mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase gene in viruses which reactivated in two patients during therapy with -2′-deoxy- 3′-thiacytidine, or lamivudine (3TC), and following orthotopic liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B. Virus resistance to 3TC is associated with mutations which lead to amino acid substitutions in the highly conserved tyr-met-asp-asp (YMDD) motif, part of the active site of the polymerase, and which parallel those seen in resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Substitutions of valine and isoleucine for methionine were found in the two cases. The significance of single secondary mutations, which differ between viruses from the two patients, remains to be determined. Thus, viral resistance to lamivudine of hepatitis B virus mimics that of HIV and can occur in the setting of immunosuppression after liver transplantations.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic regulator, critical to numerous biological processes, including vasodilatation, neurotransmission and macrophage-mediated immunity. The family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) comprises inducible NOS (iNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS). Interestingly, various studies have shown that all three isoforms can be involved in promoting or inhibiting the etiology of cancer. NOS activity has been detected in tumour cells of various histogenetic origins and has been associated with tumour grade, proliferation rate and expression of important signaling components associated with cancer development such as the oestrogen receptor. It appears that high levels of NOS expression (for example, generated by activated macrophages) may be cytostatic or cytotoxic for tumor cells, whereas low level activity can have the opposite effect and promote tumour growth. Paradoxically therefore, NO (and related reactive nitrogen species) may have both genotoxic and angiogenic properties. Increased NO-generation in a cell may select mutant p53 cells and contribute to tumour angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF. In addition, NO may modulate tumour DNA repair mechanisms by upregulating p53, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). An understanding at the molecular level of the role of NO in cancer will have profound therapeutic implications for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Ce document vise à aider les étudiants inscrits en sciences du langage et en textes littéraire, dans leur préparation d'un projet de mémoire de licence ou de master LMD. Il pourra aussi servir à toute personne désireuse d'entreprendre un projet de recherche.

Tout d'abord je vais apporter de nouveau à travers ma recherche par rapport aux recherches précédentes par la précision de rôle fondamentale de l'image pour renforcer le contenu textuel on va utiliser l'image comme un objet linguistique. La problématique : est-ce que nous pouvons réaliser une recherche scientifique sans image et sans représentation graphique ?et quelle est l'impact de la représentation graphique aux recherches scientifique le cas les mémoires du master en sciences du langage en Algérie entre 2010 et 2020 ? L'hypothèse : • La représentation graphique renforce le contenu textuel • L'image peut remplacer des textes entiers. • La représentation graphique est incontournable dans la recherche scientifique Les objectifs : • développer chez les étudiants les habitudes cognitives nécessaires à la structuration visuelle de l'information • l'image facilite les apprentissages à tous les niveaux du processus didactique. • L'étude des conventions visuelles de la spécialité est donc nécessaire pour développer chez les étudiants des habitudes mentales qui leur seront utiles au cours de leur vie professionnelle.