Este artículo presenta cómo las vulnerabilidades pueden ser detectadas y explotadas del lado del ... more Este artículo presenta cómo las vulnerabilidades pueden ser detectadas y explotadas del lado del usuario sin tener acceso físico al servidor que aloja el Sitio o Sistema Web.
Resumen--El sistema Operativo Linux ha tenido un gran impacto en la industria de la informática r... more Resumen--El sistema Operativo Linux ha tenido un gran impacto en la industria de la informática resaltando de el la seguridad y fiabilidad que este presenta en su uso; por eso la NASA y otras Entidades Gubernamentales lo prefieren a la hora de usarlos como servidores de cualquier tipo de servicios.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
A 0.75-m3 pilot-scale biotrickling filter was run for over 1 yr in a Spanish furniture company to... more A 0.75-m3 pilot-scale biotrickling filter was run for over 1 yr in a Spanish furniture company to evaluate its performance in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in the emission of two different paint spray booths. The first one was an open front booth used to manually paint furniture, and the second focus was an automatically operated closed booth operated to paint pieces of furniture. In both cases, the VOC emissions were very irregular, with rapid and extreme fluctuations. The pilot plant was operated at an empty bed residence time (EBRT) ranging from 10 to 40 sec, and good removal efficiencies of VOCs were usually obtained. When a buffering activated carbon prefilter was installed, the system performance was improved considerably, so a much better compliance with legal constraints was reached. After different shutdowns in the factory, the period to recover the previous performance of the biotrickling reactor was minimal. A weekend dehydration strategy was developed and implemented to control the pressure drop associated with excessive biomass accumulation.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
A system has been developed to combine remote sensing and ground-based measurements of aerosol co... more A system has been developed to combine remote sensing and ground-based measurements of aerosol concentration and aerosol light scattering parameters into a three-dimensional view of the atmosphere over the United States. Utilizing passive and active remote sensors from space and the ground, the system provides tools to visualize particulate air pollution in near real time and archive the results for retrospective analyses. The main components of the system (Infusing satellite Data into Environmental Applications [IDEA], the U.S. Air Quality Weblog [Smog Blog], Smog Stories, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's AIRQuest decision support system, and the Remote Sensing Information Gateway [RSIG]) are described, and the relationship of how data move from one system to another is outlined. To provide examples of how the results can be used to analyze specific pollution episodes, three events (two fires and one wintertime low planetary boundary layer haze) are discussed. Not all tools are useful at all times, and the limitations, including the sparsity of some data, the interference caused by overlying clouds, etc., are shown. Nevertheless, multiple sources of data help a state, local, or regional air quality analyst construct a more thorough picture of a daily air pollution situation than what one would obtain with only surface-based sensors.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
Most of the synthetic gypsum generated from wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers is curre... more Most of the synthetic gypsum generated from wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers is currently being used for wallboard production. Because oxidized mercury is readily captured by the wet FGD scrubber, and coal-fired power plants equipped with wet scrubbers desire to benefit from the partial mercury control that these systems provide, some mercury is likely to be bound in with the FGD gypsum and wallboard. In this study, the feasibility of identifying mercury species in the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples was investigated using a large sample size thermal desorption method. Potential candidates of pure mercury standards including mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ), mercurous chloride (Hg 2 Cl 2 ), mercury oxide (HgO), mercury sulfide (HgS), and mercuric sulfate (HgSO 4 ) were analyzed to compare their results with those obtained from FGD gypsum and dry wallboard samples. Although any of the thermal evolutionary curves obtained from these pure mercury standards did not exactly match with those of the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples, it was identified that Hg 2 Cl 2 and HgCl 2 could be candidates. An additional chlorine analysis from the gypsum and wallboard samples indicated that the chlorine concentrations were approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than the mercury concentrations, suggesting possible chlorine association with mercury.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) program required the use of representative heav... more The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) program required the use of representative heavy-duty diesel engine activity. This need resulted in an engine test schedule creation program, and a schedule of engine modes representative of modern truck usage was developed based on data collected from engines in trucks operated through the heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) chassis schedule. The ACES test schedule included four active modes of truck operation including creep, transient, cruise, and high-speed cruise (HHDDT_S). This paper focuses on Phase 2 of the program, which was to validate and demonstrate the use of the ACES modes in a test cell. Preliminary testing was performed using a 1992 Detroit Diesel Corporation heavy heavy-duty diesel engine (HHDDE) on only the transient mode. On the basis of these results, each mode was modified slightly to suit implementation in a test cell. The locations of "closed throttle" points in the modes were determined through careful examination of the data. These closed throttle points were simulated during testing by adding negative set point torque values to the input file. After modification, all modes were tested during a final ACES modes demonstration period using a 2004 Cummins ISM HHDDE, obtaining three runs for each mode. During testing, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were measured, and engine control unit (ECU) data were recorded. The new ACES modes did not adopt the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) regression criteria. New regression criteria for acceptability of a run were determined for each mode using the data obtained during testing.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) has the objective of characterizing the emissio... more The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) has the objective of characterizing the emissions and assessing the possible health impacts of the 2007-2010 heavy-duty diesel engines and their control systems. The program seeks to examine emissions from engines operated in a realistic duty cycle and requires the development of an engine test schedule described in this paper. Field data on engine operation were available from Engine Control Unit (ECU) broadcasts from seven heavy heavy-duty trucks (HHDDT) tested during the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) E-55/59 study. These trucks were exercised at three weights (30,000 lb [13,610 kg], 56,000 lb [25,400 kg], and 66,000 lb [29,940 kg]) through four different active modes of a chassis test schedule that were developed from the data of in-use HHDDT operation in the state of California. The trucks were equipped with heavy-duty engines made by three major U.S. engine manufacturers with a range of model years from 1998 to 2003. This paper reports on the development of four engine test modes, termed creep, transient, cruise, and high-speed cruise (HHDDT_S), which correspond to the E-55/59 HHDDT chassis test modes. The creep and transient modes represent urban travel, and the cruise and HHDDT_S modes represent freeway operation. The test mode creation used the method of joining selected truck trips together while ensuring that they offered a reasonable statistical representation of the whole database by using a least-square errors method. Least-square errors between test modes and the database are less than 5%. The four test modes are presented in normalized engine
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
As part of the National Park Service's Temporary Winter Use Plans Environmental Assessment, the U... more As part of the National Park Service's Temporary Winter Use Plans Environmental Assessment, the University of Denver has been collecting in-use tailpipe emissions data from snowcoaches and snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park. During the winter of 2006, using a portable emissions monitoring system, tailpipe data were collected from 10 snowcoaches and 2 four-stroke snowmobiles. These vehicles were operated over a standard route within the park, and the snowcoaches all carried identical passenger loads. These snowcoaches were newer in age with more advanced fuel management technology than those studied earlier, and average emissions were lower as a result (120, 1.7, and 11 g/mi for carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbons [HC], and oxides of nitrogen [NO x ]). Large emissions variability was still observed despite using a standardized route and equal passenger loading. A comparison between five nearly identically equipped snowcoaches that had CO emissions ranging between 12 and 310 g/mi suggests that snow and road conditions are the most important factors behind the large emissions variability observed between modern snowcoaches. The first comprehensive emission measurements, using a portable emissions measurement system, on two snowmobiles showed that computer-controlled fuel management systems have increased fuel economy (Ͼ25 mpg) and are a major reason that emissions from these winter vehicles have dropped so dramatically. Using all of the tailpipe emissions data collected to date shows that the two primary winter vehicles in Yellowstone National Park are now very similar in their per-passenger emissions.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
Because municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills emit significant amounts of methane, a potent green... more Because municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills emit significant amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, there is considerable interest in quantifying surficial methane emissions from landfills. The authors present a method to estimate methane emissions, using ambient air volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements taken above the surface of the landfill. Using a hand-held monitor, hundreds of VOC concentrations can be taken easily in a day, and simple meteorological data can be recorded at the same time. The standard Gaussian dispersion equations are inverted and solved by matrix methods to determine the methane emission rates at hundreds of point locations throughout a MSW landfill. These point emission rates are then summed to give the total landfill emission rate. This method is tested on a central Florida MSW landfill using data from 3 different days, taken 6 and 12 months apart. A sensitivity study is conducted, and the emission estimates are most sensitive to the input meteorological parameters of wind speed and stability class. Because of the many measurements that are used, the results are robust. When the emission estimates were used as inputs into a dispersion model, a reasonable scatterplot fit of the individual concentration measurement data resulted.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
The objective of this research is to evaluate differences in fuel consumption and tailpipe emissi... more The objective of this research is to evaluate differences in fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions of flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) operated on ethanol 85 (E85) versus gasoline. Theoretical ratios of fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for both fuels are estimated based on the same amount of energy released. Second-by-second fuel consumption and emissions from one FFV Ford Focus fueled with E85 and gasoline were measured under real-world traffic conditions in Lisbon, Portugal, using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). Cycle average dynamometer fuel consumption and emission test results for FFVs are available from the U.S. Department of Energy, and emissions certification test results for ethanol-fueled vehicles are available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. On the basis of the PEMS data, vehicle-specific power (VSP)-based modal average fuel and emission rates for both fuels are estimated. For E85 versus gasoline, empirical ratios of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions agree within a margin of error to the theoretical expectations. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were found to be typically lower. From the PEMS data, nitric oxide (NO) emissions associated with some higher VSP modes are higher for E85. From the dynamometer and certification data, average hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission differences vary depending on the vehicle. The differences of average E85 versus gasoline emission rates for all vehicle models are -22% for CO, 12% for HC, and -8% for NOx emissions, which imply that replacing gasoline with E85 reduces CO emissions, may moderately decrease NOx tailpipe emissions, and may increase HC tailpipe emissions. On a fuel life cycle basis for corn-based ethanol versus gasoline, CO emissions are estimated to decrease by 18%. Life-cycle total and fossil CO2 emissions are estimated to decrease by 25 and 50%, respectively; however, life-cycle HC and NOx emissions are estimated to increase by 18 and 82%, respectively.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) adsorb to quartz fi... more Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) adsorb to quartz fiber filters during fine and coarse particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 , respectively) sampling for thermal/optical carbon analysis that measures organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). Particulate SVOCs can evaporate after collection, with a small portion adsorbed within the filter. Adsorbed organic gases are measured as particulate OC, so passive field blanks, backup filters, prefilter organic denuders, and regression methods have been applied to compensate for positive OC artifacts in several long-term chemical speciation networks. Average backup filter OC levels from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network were approximately 19% higher than field blank values. This difference is within the standard deviation of the average and likely results from low SVOC concentrations in the rural to remote environments of most IMPROVE sites. Backup filters from an urban (Fort Meade, MD) site showed twice the OC levels of field blanks. Sectioning backup filters from top to bottom showed nonuniform OC densities within the filter, contrary to the assumption that VOCs and SVOCs on a backup filter equal those on the front filter. This nonuniformity may be partially explained by evaporation and readsorption of vapors in different parts of the front and backup quartz fiber filter owing to temperature, relative humidity, and ambient concentration changes throughout a 24-hr sample duration. OC-PM 2.5 regression analysis and organic denuder approaches demonstrate negative sampling artifact from both Teflon membrane and quartz fiber filters.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2007
The adsorption kinetics of Th(IV) on oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigat... more The adsorption kinetics of Th(IV) on oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated at initial Th(IV) concentrations 32.32 and 64.64 mol/L. The kinetic process was described by a pseudo-second-order rate model very well. The adsorption thermodynamics of Th(IV) on oxidized MWCNTs was carried out at 293 ± 2, 303 ± 2, and 323 ± 2 K, respectively, and the thermodynamic parameters, such as equilibrium constant (K 0 ), standard free energy changes ( G • ), standard enthalpy change ( H • ) and standard entropy change ( S • ), were obtained. The Langmuir model described the data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. Desorption studies indicated that Th(IV) adsorption was reversible and Th(IV) ions could be desorbed from the surface of carbon nanotubes by adjusting the pH values. Oxidized MWCNTs may be a promising candidate for the preconcentration and solidification of Th(IV), or its analogue actinides from large volumes.
An optical-digital method has been developed to obtain the Wigner distribution function of onedim... more An optical-digital method has been developed to obtain the Wigner distribution function of onedimensional complex fields. In this technique an optical setup is employed to experimentally achieve the Radon-Wigner spectrum of the original signal through intensity measurements. Digital tomographic reconstruction is applied to the experimental spectrum to reconstruct the two-dimensional Wigner distribution function of the input. The validity of our proposal is demonstrated with experimental data, and the results are compared with computer simulations.
IntroductionPsoriasis is a disease with a strong immunological component in which there is a pred... more IntroductionPsoriasis is a disease with a strong immunological component in which there is a predominant T helper 1 cell-mediated immune response. Etanercept, a receptor for tumor necrosis factor α that blocks its action, is a new drug with proven efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis.
La Esquizofrenia es un síndrome muy complejo y heterogéneo formado por superposición de multitud ... more La Esquizofrenia es un síndrome muy complejo y heterogéneo formado por superposición de multitud de fenómenos que coexisten a lo largo de la evolución del proceso morboso en proporción variable. Gran parte de pacientes muestran en el momento de la eclosión de síntomas psicóticos algunos marcadores que hacen pensar que la enfermedad se asienta sobre un sustrato neurobiológico disfuncional (signos físicos y neurológicos menores, hallazgos en neuroimagen). La hipótesis del neurodesarrollo trata de explicar el modo en que algunos factores tempranos dañinos incidirían sobre los procesos del desarrollo cerebral normal (neurogénesis, proliferación neuronal, migración y establecimiento de redes neurales), generando cambios orgánicos duraderos capaces de justificar la clínica de los pacientes. Existen todavía grandes interrogantes acerca de la sensibilidad, especificidad, y valor predictivo de los marcadores biológicos, así como de su utilidad en prevención y detección precoz de casos. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes parecen sufrir un curso deteriorante después de la aparición de las primeras manifestaciones clínicas. La hipótesis neurodegenerativa aboga por la existencia de fenómenos patológicos de aparición más tardía y carácter progresivo, y que serían responsables de la progresión de algunas variables clínicas y de neuroimagen. El glutamato parece estar presente a lo largo de los procesos de desarrollo normal, y maduración cerebral postnatal, y posiblemente en la etiopatogenia de la esquizofrenia.
... investigación sobre el trazado del "perfil ético" de la "cultura empresarial" del País Valenc... more ... investigación sobre el trazado del "perfil ético" de la "cultura empresarial" del País Valenciano ...
Este artículo presenta cómo las vulnerabilidades pueden ser detectadas y explotadas del lado del ... more Este artículo presenta cómo las vulnerabilidades pueden ser detectadas y explotadas del lado del usuario sin tener acceso físico al servidor que aloja el Sitio o Sistema Web.
Resumen--El sistema Operativo Linux ha tenido un gran impacto en la industria de la informática r... more Resumen--El sistema Operativo Linux ha tenido un gran impacto en la industria de la informática resaltando de el la seguridad y fiabilidad que este presenta en su uso; por eso la NASA y otras Entidades Gubernamentales lo prefieren a la hora de usarlos como servidores de cualquier tipo de servicios.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
A 0.75-m3 pilot-scale biotrickling filter was run for over 1 yr in a Spanish furniture company to... more A 0.75-m3 pilot-scale biotrickling filter was run for over 1 yr in a Spanish furniture company to evaluate its performance in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in the emission of two different paint spray booths. The first one was an open front booth used to manually paint furniture, and the second focus was an automatically operated closed booth operated to paint pieces of furniture. In both cases, the VOC emissions were very irregular, with rapid and extreme fluctuations. The pilot plant was operated at an empty bed residence time (EBRT) ranging from 10 to 40 sec, and good removal efficiencies of VOCs were usually obtained. When a buffering activated carbon prefilter was installed, the system performance was improved considerably, so a much better compliance with legal constraints was reached. After different shutdowns in the factory, the period to recover the previous performance of the biotrickling reactor was minimal. A weekend dehydration strategy was developed and implemented to control the pressure drop associated with excessive biomass accumulation.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
A system has been developed to combine remote sensing and ground-based measurements of aerosol co... more A system has been developed to combine remote sensing and ground-based measurements of aerosol concentration and aerosol light scattering parameters into a three-dimensional view of the atmosphere over the United States. Utilizing passive and active remote sensors from space and the ground, the system provides tools to visualize particulate air pollution in near real time and archive the results for retrospective analyses. The main components of the system (Infusing satellite Data into Environmental Applications [IDEA], the U.S. Air Quality Weblog [Smog Blog], Smog Stories, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's AIRQuest decision support system, and the Remote Sensing Information Gateway [RSIG]) are described, and the relationship of how data move from one system to another is outlined. To provide examples of how the results can be used to analyze specific pollution episodes, three events (two fires and one wintertime low planetary boundary layer haze) are discussed. Not all tools are useful at all times, and the limitations, including the sparsity of some data, the interference caused by overlying clouds, etc., are shown. Nevertheless, multiple sources of data help a state, local, or regional air quality analyst construct a more thorough picture of a daily air pollution situation than what one would obtain with only surface-based sensors.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
Most of the synthetic gypsum generated from wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers is curre... more Most of the synthetic gypsum generated from wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers is currently being used for wallboard production. Because oxidized mercury is readily captured by the wet FGD scrubber, and coal-fired power plants equipped with wet scrubbers desire to benefit from the partial mercury control that these systems provide, some mercury is likely to be bound in with the FGD gypsum and wallboard. In this study, the feasibility of identifying mercury species in the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples was investigated using a large sample size thermal desorption method. Potential candidates of pure mercury standards including mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ), mercurous chloride (Hg 2 Cl 2 ), mercury oxide (HgO), mercury sulfide (HgS), and mercuric sulfate (HgSO 4 ) were analyzed to compare their results with those obtained from FGD gypsum and dry wallboard samples. Although any of the thermal evolutionary curves obtained from these pure mercury standards did not exactly match with those of the FGD gypsum and wallboard samples, it was identified that Hg 2 Cl 2 and HgCl 2 could be candidates. An additional chlorine analysis from the gypsum and wallboard samples indicated that the chlorine concentrations were approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than the mercury concentrations, suggesting possible chlorine association with mercury.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) program required the use of representative heav... more The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) program required the use of representative heavy-duty diesel engine activity. This need resulted in an engine test schedule creation program, and a schedule of engine modes representative of modern truck usage was developed based on data collected from engines in trucks operated through the heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) chassis schedule. The ACES test schedule included four active modes of truck operation including creep, transient, cruise, and high-speed cruise (HHDDT_S). This paper focuses on Phase 2 of the program, which was to validate and demonstrate the use of the ACES modes in a test cell. Preliminary testing was performed using a 1992 Detroit Diesel Corporation heavy heavy-duty diesel engine (HHDDE) on only the transient mode. On the basis of these results, each mode was modified slightly to suit implementation in a test cell. The locations of "closed throttle" points in the modes were determined through careful examination of the data. These closed throttle points were simulated during testing by adding negative set point torque values to the input file. After modification, all modes were tested during a final ACES modes demonstration period using a 2004 Cummins ISM HHDDE, obtaining three runs for each mode. During testing, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were measured, and engine control unit (ECU) data were recorded. The new ACES modes did not adopt the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) regression criteria. New regression criteria for acceptability of a run were determined for each mode using the data obtained during testing.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) has the objective of characterizing the emissio... more The Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES) has the objective of characterizing the emissions and assessing the possible health impacts of the 2007-2010 heavy-duty diesel engines and their control systems. The program seeks to examine emissions from engines operated in a realistic duty cycle and requires the development of an engine test schedule described in this paper. Field data on engine operation were available from Engine Control Unit (ECU) broadcasts from seven heavy heavy-duty trucks (HHDDT) tested during the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) E-55/59 study. These trucks were exercised at three weights (30,000 lb [13,610 kg], 56,000 lb [25,400 kg], and 66,000 lb [29,940 kg]) through four different active modes of a chassis test schedule that were developed from the data of in-use HHDDT operation in the state of California. The trucks were equipped with heavy-duty engines made by three major U.S. engine manufacturers with a range of model years from 1998 to 2003. This paper reports on the development of four engine test modes, termed creep, transient, cruise, and high-speed cruise (HHDDT_S), which correspond to the E-55/59 HHDDT chassis test modes. The creep and transient modes represent urban travel, and the cruise and HHDDT_S modes represent freeway operation. The test mode creation used the method of joining selected truck trips together while ensuring that they offered a reasonable statistical representation of the whole database by using a least-square errors method. Least-square errors between test modes and the database are less than 5%. The four test modes are presented in normalized engine
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
As part of the National Park Service's Temporary Winter Use Plans Environmental Assessment, the U... more As part of the National Park Service's Temporary Winter Use Plans Environmental Assessment, the University of Denver has been collecting in-use tailpipe emissions data from snowcoaches and snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park. During the winter of 2006, using a portable emissions monitoring system, tailpipe data were collected from 10 snowcoaches and 2 four-stroke snowmobiles. These vehicles were operated over a standard route within the park, and the snowcoaches all carried identical passenger loads. These snowcoaches were newer in age with more advanced fuel management technology than those studied earlier, and average emissions were lower as a result (120, 1.7, and 11 g/mi for carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbons [HC], and oxides of nitrogen [NO x ]). Large emissions variability was still observed despite using a standardized route and equal passenger loading. A comparison between five nearly identically equipped snowcoaches that had CO emissions ranging between 12 and 310 g/mi suggests that snow and road conditions are the most important factors behind the large emissions variability observed between modern snowcoaches. The first comprehensive emission measurements, using a portable emissions measurement system, on two snowmobiles showed that computer-controlled fuel management systems have increased fuel economy (Ͼ25 mpg) and are a major reason that emissions from these winter vehicles have dropped so dramatically. Using all of the tailpipe emissions data collected to date shows that the two primary winter vehicles in Yellowstone National Park are now very similar in their per-passenger emissions.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
Because municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills emit significant amounts of methane, a potent green... more Because municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills emit significant amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, there is considerable interest in quantifying surficial methane emissions from landfills. The authors present a method to estimate methane emissions, using ambient air volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements taken above the surface of the landfill. Using a hand-held monitor, hundreds of VOC concentrations can be taken easily in a day, and simple meteorological data can be recorded at the same time. The standard Gaussian dispersion equations are inverted and solved by matrix methods to determine the methane emission rates at hundreds of point locations throughout a MSW landfill. These point emission rates are then summed to give the total landfill emission rate. This method is tested on a central Florida MSW landfill using data from 3 different days, taken 6 and 12 months apart. A sensitivity study is conducted, and the emission estimates are most sensitive to the input meteorological parameters of wind speed and stability class. Because of the many measurements that are used, the results are robust. When the emission estimates were used as inputs into a dispersion model, a reasonable scatterplot fit of the individual concentration measurement data resulted.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
The objective of this research is to evaluate differences in fuel consumption and tailpipe emissi... more The objective of this research is to evaluate differences in fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions of flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) operated on ethanol 85 (E85) versus gasoline. Theoretical ratios of fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for both fuels are estimated based on the same amount of energy released. Second-by-second fuel consumption and emissions from one FFV Ford Focus fueled with E85 and gasoline were measured under real-world traffic conditions in Lisbon, Portugal, using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). Cycle average dynamometer fuel consumption and emission test results for FFVs are available from the U.S. Department of Energy, and emissions certification test results for ethanol-fueled vehicles are available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. On the basis of the PEMS data, vehicle-specific power (VSP)-based modal average fuel and emission rates for both fuels are estimated. For E85 versus gasoline, empirical ratios of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions agree within a margin of error to the theoretical expectations. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were found to be typically lower. From the PEMS data, nitric oxide (NO) emissions associated with some higher VSP modes are higher for E85. From the dynamometer and certification data, average hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission differences vary depending on the vehicle. The differences of average E85 versus gasoline emission rates for all vehicle models are -22% for CO, 12% for HC, and -8% for NOx emissions, which imply that replacing gasoline with E85 reduces CO emissions, may moderately decrease NOx tailpipe emissions, and may increase HC tailpipe emissions. On a fuel life cycle basis for corn-based ethanol versus gasoline, CO emissions are estimated to decrease by 18%. Life-cycle total and fossil CO2 emissions are estimated to decrease by 25 and 50%, respectively; however, life-cycle HC and NOx emissions are estimated to increase by 18 and 82%, respectively.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2009
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) adsorb to quartz fi... more Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) adsorb to quartz fiber filters during fine and coarse particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 , respectively) sampling for thermal/optical carbon analysis that measures organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). Particulate SVOCs can evaporate after collection, with a small portion adsorbed within the filter. Adsorbed organic gases are measured as particulate OC, so passive field blanks, backup filters, prefilter organic denuders, and regression methods have been applied to compensate for positive OC artifacts in several long-term chemical speciation networks. Average backup filter OC levels from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network were approximately 19% higher than field blank values. This difference is within the standard deviation of the average and likely results from low SVOC concentrations in the rural to remote environments of most IMPROVE sites. Backup filters from an urban (Fort Meade, MD) site showed twice the OC levels of field blanks. Sectioning backup filters from top to bottom showed nonuniform OC densities within the filter, contrary to the assumption that VOCs and SVOCs on a backup filter equal those on the front filter. This nonuniformity may be partially explained by evaporation and readsorption of vapors in different parts of the front and backup quartz fiber filter owing to temperature, relative humidity, and ambient concentration changes throughout a 24-hr sample duration. OC-PM 2.5 regression analysis and organic denuder approaches demonstrate negative sampling artifact from both Teflon membrane and quartz fiber filters.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2007
The adsorption kinetics of Th(IV) on oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigat... more The adsorption kinetics of Th(IV) on oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated at initial Th(IV) concentrations 32.32 and 64.64 mol/L. The kinetic process was described by a pseudo-second-order rate model very well. The adsorption thermodynamics of Th(IV) on oxidized MWCNTs was carried out at 293 ± 2, 303 ± 2, and 323 ± 2 K, respectively, and the thermodynamic parameters, such as equilibrium constant (K 0 ), standard free energy changes ( G • ), standard enthalpy change ( H • ) and standard entropy change ( S • ), were obtained. The Langmuir model described the data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. Desorption studies indicated that Th(IV) adsorption was reversible and Th(IV) ions could be desorbed from the surface of carbon nanotubes by adjusting the pH values. Oxidized MWCNTs may be a promising candidate for the preconcentration and solidification of Th(IV), or its analogue actinides from large volumes.
An optical-digital method has been developed to obtain the Wigner distribution function of onedim... more An optical-digital method has been developed to obtain the Wigner distribution function of onedimensional complex fields. In this technique an optical setup is employed to experimentally achieve the Radon-Wigner spectrum of the original signal through intensity measurements. Digital tomographic reconstruction is applied to the experimental spectrum to reconstruct the two-dimensional Wigner distribution function of the input. The validity of our proposal is demonstrated with experimental data, and the results are compared with computer simulations.
IntroductionPsoriasis is a disease with a strong immunological component in which there is a pred... more IntroductionPsoriasis is a disease with a strong immunological component in which there is a predominant T helper 1 cell-mediated immune response. Etanercept, a receptor for tumor necrosis factor α that blocks its action, is a new drug with proven efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis.
La Esquizofrenia es un síndrome muy complejo y heterogéneo formado por superposición de multitud ... more La Esquizofrenia es un síndrome muy complejo y heterogéneo formado por superposición de multitud de fenómenos que coexisten a lo largo de la evolución del proceso morboso en proporción variable. Gran parte de pacientes muestran en el momento de la eclosión de síntomas psicóticos algunos marcadores que hacen pensar que la enfermedad se asienta sobre un sustrato neurobiológico disfuncional (signos físicos y neurológicos menores, hallazgos en neuroimagen). La hipótesis del neurodesarrollo trata de explicar el modo en que algunos factores tempranos dañinos incidirían sobre los procesos del desarrollo cerebral normal (neurogénesis, proliferación neuronal, migración y establecimiento de redes neurales), generando cambios orgánicos duraderos capaces de justificar la clínica de los pacientes. Existen todavía grandes interrogantes acerca de la sensibilidad, especificidad, y valor predictivo de los marcadores biológicos, así como de su utilidad en prevención y detección precoz de casos. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes parecen sufrir un curso deteriorante después de la aparición de las primeras manifestaciones clínicas. La hipótesis neurodegenerativa aboga por la existencia de fenómenos patológicos de aparición más tardía y carácter progresivo, y que serían responsables de la progresión de algunas variables clínicas y de neuroimagen. El glutamato parece estar presente a lo largo de los procesos de desarrollo normal, y maduración cerebral postnatal, y posiblemente en la etiopatogenia de la esquizofrenia.
... investigación sobre el trazado del "perfil ético" de la "cultura empresarial" del País Valenc... more ... investigación sobre el trazado del "perfil ético" de la "cultura empresarial" del País Valenciano ...
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