Papers by Yerkanat Kanafin
Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2023
Environmental and health issues caused by the abundance of emerging pollutants in the aquatic env... more Environmental and health issues caused by the abundance of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment motivate the research into wastewater treatment methods. In the present study, a 2 membrane bioreactor (MBR) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were combined for the efficient treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing naproxen (NPX), bisphenol A (BPA), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The MBR setup consisted of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) linked to an external filtration system. Track-etch membranes (TEM) with pore size of 10 nm, 50 nm, and 100 nm and a phase inversion membrane (PIM) were used. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal for the SBR was in the range of 78-86%, while the degradation of NPX, BPA, and SMX observed was 11%, 45%, and 6%, respectively. All of the four membranes tested showed insignificant TOC removal efficiencies ranging from 1% to 6%. In the case of emerging pollutants, the highest removal values were observed for the 10 nm TEM: 11%, 93%, and 14% for NPX, BPA, and SMX, respectively. The removal of BPA using membranes was possibly linked to sorption and size exclusion. Finally, the effluents from SBR and MBR were treated using UV-driven AOPs. Persulfate (PS) was used as an oxidant, and UV light, zero-valent iron (ZVI), goethite, and iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate were used as activators. Complete mineralization of TOC and removal of emerging pollutants were achieved after 30 min for MBR effluents using UV/PS 10 mM /ZVI 25 mg/L, which shows the high potential of using MBR and AOPs in combination.
Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2022
In the present study, different chemical species such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate,... more In the present study, different chemical species such as hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate, titanium dioxide, and iron salts were employed for the treatment of a real poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (poultry-SWW) under UV-C light (254 nm). The experiments lasted 150 min and were carried out in a batch photoreactor aiming at investigating the most efficient operating conditions in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal. UV photolysis or Fe-doped TiO2 photocatalysis were practically inefficient, while application of un-doped TiO2 resulted in 44% TOC removal after 60 min of UV irradiation. The use of 98 mM H2O2 under UV light led to 74% TOC removal after 150 min. The addition of Fe(II) ions to this system coupled with initial pH adjustment to 3 increased the TOC removal to 82.5% after 150 min. Finally, the combination of UV with 15 mM of K2S2O8 resulted in 85% TOC removal. This was the first time when the persulfate oxidation was successfully applied for SWW treatment. To assess the energy efficiency of the various photochemical treatment processes tested, estimation of the electric energy per order (EEO, kWh/m 3 /order) was conducted. The lowest EEO value of 226 kWh/m 3 /order was observed for the UV/K2S2O8 process and compared with other photochemical treatment technologies. The effluent quality of UV/K2S2O8 treatment comply with the discharge water quality standards of the developed countries. Therefore, it is possible to use UV/K2S2O8 process as a post-treatment after biological treatment of SWW to meet the discharge water standards and reuse the wastewater.
Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 2023
In this study, UVA and goethite activated persulfate oxidation was applied to treat a synthetic (... more In this study, UVA and goethite activated persulfate oxidation was applied to treat a synthetic (SLL) and a real landfill leachate (RLL) spiked with sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Initially, SLL was used to find the optimum landfill leachate (LL) treatment conditions in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and SMX removal. The screening experiments were conducted using a two-level, four-factor Plackett-Burman design (PBD) to investigate the effects of UVA irradiation, time, concentrations of persulfate (PS) and goethite, on the removal of TOC and SMX. Dark experiments (PS/Goethite) yielded only a 2% TOC removal. Therefore, further experiments were conducted under UVA (365 nm) using a three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) in conjunction with response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated high regression coefficients for the BBD-RSM model in the case of TOC removal (R 2 = 0.9755, adjusted R 2 = 0.9314 and predicted R 2 = 0.7956). In the case of SLL, RSM predicted an 84.4% TOC removal at the reaction time of 5.33 h, PS concentration of 477.4 mM, and goethite dosage of 755 mg/L under UVA. Experimentally, an 81.8% TOC removal and 100% removal of SMX were obtained under these conditions. Finally, the obtained optimum conditions were recalculated using RLL from the local municipal solid waste landfill, and 87% TOC and 100% SMX removals were obtained for PS concentration of 419.3 mM and goethite dosage of 663 mg/L after 4.68 h under UVA irradiation. Air stripping of RLL at pH 11 was complementarily applied to completely remove ammonia nitrogen after 3 hours. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the UVA/PS/Goethite system for the removal of organic matter from the LL for the first time.
Catalysts, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2022
Conventional wastewater treatment plants are mainly based on biological treatment technologies th... more Conventional wastewater treatment plants are mainly based on biological treatment technologies that do not suit for the removal of some organic pollutants in cold climate regions. Therefore, the research on complementary or post-treatment technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is important. AOPs are mainly based on the generation of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals for further oxidation of the pollutants. In this work, the sources of the sulfate radicals such as potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) were compared in term of the total organic carbon (TOC) removal from the synthetic wastewater at low temperature. For this purpose, a three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) in conjunction with the response surface methodology has been used. UV irradiation at 254 nm, the reaction time of 120 min, and Fe 2+ dosage at 10 mg/L were used as hold values. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the BBD-RSM models for TOC removal showed significant regression coefficients (R 2 = 0.9753, adjusted-R 2 = 0.9309, and predicted-R 2 = 0.6221). Pareto chart indicated that ammonium persulfate was the most significant factor at 12 °C.
Bulletin of the Karaganda University Chemistry Series, 2018
Destruction of cyanide and thiocyanate ions by bacterial and chemical methods This article deals ... more Destruction of cyanide and thiocyanate ions by bacterial and chemical methods This article deals with the destruction of cyanide and thiocyanate ions by bacterial and chemical methods. Adsorption with granulated activated carbon and oxidation with sodium pyrosulfite in the presence of a copper sulfate catalyst were used as methods of chemical destruction. The bacterial method of destruction was carried out using the bacterial consortium Agrobacterium tumefaciens AC-1, Agrobacterium tumefaciens AC-2 and Pseudomonas sp. AC-3. The control solutions were placed under identical conditions without the addition of any reagent. Sodium pyrosulfite was effective reagent at removing cyanide ions with 97 % efficiency in 1-1.5 hours, while the bacterial consortiumwas the most productive against thiocyanate ions, resulting 99 % removal at 120 hours. Thus, the significant amount of cyanide ions has been removed chemically in the first stage, to reduce the effect of high cyanide concentrations on the bacterial process. In the second stage, the cyanide ions have been removed until the MPC levels. In addition, thiocyanate ions were neutralized completely. Model experiments with technological solutions from the gold mining plant were carried out. According to the results of the studies, the respective degrees of bacterial destruction of CN-and SCNare 99 % and 99.9 %. The residual concentration of CN-and SCN-ions in the treated solution was ≤0.1 mg/l and ≤ 4 mg/l, respectively. These amounts correspond to the maximum permissible concentrations approved in the Republic of Kazakhstan and CIS countries.
Bulletin of the Karaganda University Chemistry Series, 2018
Pilot-scale tank biooxidation of gold bearing arsenopyrite concentrates This article shows the re... more Pilot-scale tank biooxidation of gold bearing arsenopyrite concentrates This article shows the results of experimental tests of bacterial oxidation of arsenopyrite gold concentrate that contains gold (60 g/t), sulfides (23 %), iron (26 %) and arsenic (11 %). A consortium, consisting of the mesophilic strain Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans AF-2 and moderately thermophilic strains of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans OT-1 and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans SK-4, was used in the test. The tests were carried out on the equipment, consisting of 6 reactors with a volume of 1.5 m 3 each. The concentration of solids in the pulp was maintained at 20 % (w/w). In the process of optimizing the parameters of the bacterial oxidation plant, the retention time of the concentrate was reduced from 12 to 6 days. During the test, the destruction of sulfides was over 90 %, which provided gold recovery from biooxidation products by cyanide leaching over 94 %. In addition, the average gold recovery rate reached 95 %. The removal of arsenic from the leaching solutions was carried out by means of two-stage neutralization with calcium carbonate. Due to high oxidation degree maintained throughout the entire operation of the experimental plant, a high ratio of iron to arsenic concentration in the solution was observed, which provided ideal conditions for arsenic precipitation in the form of trivalent iron arsenate. Determination of the stability of precipitate residuals was carried out according to the protocol Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The precipitate obtained after neutralization of the leaching solution does not require special disposal, since the final concentration of arsenic in the extracts of TCLP tests was 0.14 mg/L.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
The photochemical treatment of an actual municipal wastewater (MWW) from wastewater treatment pla... more The photochemical treatment of an actual municipal wastewater (MWW) from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Kazakhstan has been studied in the present work. The MWW has been taken after mechanical treatment stage and characterized. The photochemical treatment included the use of the photo-Fenton-like process in the batch photoreactor with a UV irradiation at 254 nm for 120 min. Experiments have been done without adjusting the initial pH of wastewater, which was around 7.7. Potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) was activated by means of UV and ferric ions, which led to generation of highly oxidative sulfate and peroxymonosulfate radicals. The concentration of Fe2+ ions ranged from 20 to 100 ppm, while the concentration of K2S2O8 was in between 5 and 25 mmol/L. 83% removal of total organic carbon (TOC) was achieved after 120 min of treatment using 15 mmol/L K2S2O8 and 20 ppm Fe2+, while 75% removal of total carbon (TC) was observed at 15 mmol/L K2S2O8 and 100 ppm Fe2+. As the carboxylic aci...
Clean Water and Sanitation. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 2021
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are chemical treatment techniques used in water and wastewate... more Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are chemical treatment techniques used in water and wastewater treatment. To enhance the water treatment efficiency, ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis) or solar light irradiation and ultrasound technology (US) are frequently used. UV and Vis irradiation include bands from 100 to 400 nm and from 400 to 800 nm, respectively. Solar light at the Earth surface has a wavelength between 300 nm to 1 mm, including UV, Vis and Infrared (IR) light regions. US is a high-frequency sound, which can decompose many organic pollutants. To accelerate the AOPs, catalysts are widely used. These compounds increase the rate of the reaction without being used up.
Membranes
Currently, there is growing scientific interest in the development of more economic, efficient an... more Currently, there is growing scientific interest in the development of more economic, efficient and environmentally friendly municipal wastewater treatment technologies. Laboratory and pilot-scale surveys have revealed that the anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is a promising alternative for municipal wastewater treatment. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology combines the advantages of anaerobic processes and membrane technology. Membranes retain colloidal and suspended solids and provide complete solid–liquid separation. The slow-growing anaerobic microorganisms in the bioreactor degrade the soluble organic matter, producing biogas. The low amount of produced sludge and the production of biogas makes AnMBRs favorable over conventional biological treatment technologies. However, the AnMBR is not yet fully mature and challenging issues remain. This work focuses on fundamental aspects of AnMBRs in the treatment of municipal wastewater. The important parameters for AnMBR operati...
Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 2016
Essential oil and a CO 2 extract, the main constituent of which was geraniol, were obtained for t... more Essential oil and a CO 2 extract, the main constituent of which was geraniol, were obtained for the first time from Artemisia aralensis Krasch. The germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactone argracin was isolated for the first time from the CHCl 3 extract and studied by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2021
Emerging pollutants like metronidazole (MNZ) affect the removal efficiency of conventional activa... more Emerging pollutants like metronidazole (MNZ) affect the removal efficiency of conventional activated sludge (CAS) based wastewater treatment plants and can escape traditional treatment facilities. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane filtration could complement the existing processes to completely eliminate pollutants of emerging concern in wastewaters. This work investigated the application of photochemical processes for treating a synthetic wastewater effluent from CAS treatment and membrane filtration of the biological effluents after CAS experiments with MNZ, caffeine (CAF) and ibuprofen (IBU). Photochemical experiments were conducted in a batch photochemical reactor. The influence of different chemical species such as H 2 O 2 , Fe(II), K 2 S 2 O 8 and TiO 2 and of pH value in the system were studied in terms of TOC removal and MNZ degradation. The application of UV/K 2 S 2 O 8 /Fe(II) resulted in 78 % TOC removal in the effluent. Complete degradation of MNZ was observed after 30 min of treatment in the following experiments: UV/H 2 O 2 /Fe(II) at pH 3 and UV/K 2 S 2 O 8. Moreover, the effluents were treated by means of a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Polycarbonate track-etch membranes of 50 and 100 nm pore size were used. The results obtained showed that the carbon removal by the MBR was comparable with the conventional biological treatment. Rejection of MNZ depends on the presence/absence of other emerging contaminants in the wastewater effluents.
Catalysts, 2021
In this work, the photochemical treatment of a real municipal wastewater using a persulfate-drive... more In this work, the photochemical treatment of a real municipal wastewater using a persulfate-driven photo-Fenton-like process was studied. The wastewater treatment efficiency was evaluated in terms of total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) removal. Response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction Box-Behnken design (BBD) and multilayer artificial neural network (ANN) have been utilized for the optimization of the treatment process. The effects of four independent factors such as reaction time, pH, K2S2O8 concentration and K2S2O8/Fe2+ molar ratio on the TC, TOC and TN removal have been investigated. The process significant factors have been determined implementing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Both RSM and ANN accurately found the optimum conditions for the maximum removal of TOC (100% and 98.7%, theoretically), which resulted in complete mineralization of TOC at the reaction time of 106.06 min, pH of 7.7, persulfate concentration of 30 mM and K2S2O8/Fe...
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2021
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The aim of this work was to study the biological treatment of a synthetic was... more Abstract
BACKGROUND
The aim of this work was to study the biological treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing emerging contaminants. The 95-day experiment was conducted in an 81 L continuous flow conventional activated sludge apparatus consisting of anoxic and aerobic reactors with internal recycling, and a clarifier with activated sludge recycling. Real activated sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Nur-Sultan city was used. The degradation efficiencies of caffeine, metronidazole, and ibuprofen in the synthetic wastewater were studied either separately or in combination.
RESULTS
When treated separately at the concentration of 30 mg/L, the degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen was up to 100%, while the degradation of metronidazole was in the range of 12–27%. Caffeine and ibuprofen inhibited the nitrification process, while the presence of metronidazole in the system suppressed the activity of denitrifying microorganisms. The biological treatment of the synthetic wastewater containing all three compounds (at the concentration of 10 mg/L each) resulted in degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen up to 100%, and 56% in the case of metronidazole. As both nitrification and denitrification processes were affected, the total nitrogen removal was significantly reduced from 53% to 22%.
CONCLUSION
Complete degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen, and partial degradation of metronidazole were observed in a synthetic wastewater using the activated sludge process. As the presence of emerging pollutants in a wastewater affects the general efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants, other physical or chemical pre-treatment should be utilized to minimize the harmful effect of contaminants on the biological processes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical Papers, 2019
This investigation compares bacterial leaching to chemical leaching to solubilize copper from a c... more This investigation compares bacterial leaching to chemical leaching to solubilize copper from a copper containing ore of the new site Northern Qarashoshaq in Zhylandy (Kazakhstan) which is currently under commercial development. From ICP-OES analysis the bulk ore sample contains 1.5% of Cu and a trace level at 0.0024 % of Ag. Phase analysis shows the main copper containing minerals are covellite, сhalcocite, malachite, chrysocolla and chalcopyrite. According to X-ray diffraction analysis silver is mainly presented as jalpaite (Ag3CuS2) minerals. Copper leaching was carried out by acidophilic bioleaching for comparison with extraction by chemical methods involving the addition of sulfuric acid and Fe3+ or only sulfuric acid in flasks, as well as column leaching tests to simulate heap leaching. Ag was extracted by cyanidation methods again in flasks as well as column leaching tests. Results showed that copper extraction is up to 95% when using bioleaching in the flask, 83% in the case of Fe3+ with sulfuric acid and 76% for sulfuric acid. Furthermore, subsequent extraction of Ag reaches 97% for bioleaching and 92% for chemical leaching. Column bioleaching tests showed an 82.3% yield of copper after 70 days of the experiment and a 70% of silver, whereas for chemical leaching the yield of copper is 66.8% and silver is 51%. In conclusion this investigation demonstrated higher extraction for both copper and silver from the primary ore in the bioleaching sample compared to the chemical leaching sample. More silver was extracted in the bioleaching case as there was less copper remaining to compete for the cyanide anions.
Books by Yerkanat Kanafin
Clean Water and Sanitation. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer Nature., 2021
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are chemical treatment techniques used in water and wastewate... more Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are chemical treatment techniques used in water and wastewater treatment. To enhance the water treatment efficiency, ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis) or solar light irradiation, and ultrasound technology (US) are frequently used. UV and Vis irradiation include bands from 100 to 400 nm and from 400 to 800 nm, respectively. Solar light at the earth surface has a wavelength between 300 nm and 1 mm, including UV, Vis, and Infrared (IR) light regions. US is a high-frequency sound, which can decompose many organic pollutants. To accelerate the AOPs, catalysts are widely used. These compounds increase the rate of the reaction without being used up.
Conference Presentations by Yerkanat Kanafin
3rd International Conference on Environmental Design, Athens, Greece, 2022
The presence of antibiotics in wastewater is risky for the environment as the conventional wastew... more The presence of antibiotics in wastewater is risky for the environment as the conventional wastewater treatment plants are not always capable of removing them completely. Therefore, antibiotics may enter the water bodies and affect the health of aquatic living organisms. In this work, the effluent after the continuous flow activated sludge process was collected and analyzed. The average total organic carbon (TOC) and metronidazole (MNZ) concentrations were 43 ± 13.1 mg/L and 5.3 ± 0.2 mg/L, respectively. The catalytic activities of TiO, TiO2, Bi2O3, and WO3 were tested under the visible light (VIS, 500 nm) and near-visible ultraviolet light (UV, 365 nm) irradiations. The structure and properties of the catalysts have been verified using SEM-EDX and Mastersizer 3000. 25% of MNZ have been degraded under VIS only after 150 min. Even though all four catalysts were able to degrade MNZ to some extent (28-33%) after 150 min of VIS irradiation, they were not able to mineralize the organic compounds of the wastewater. On the other hand, the application of UV alone and with the catalysts resulted in the complete degradation of MNZ. Moreover, UV/TiO2 achieved 52% TOC removal after 150 min of the experiment.
The International Research and Practice Conference “Achievements and Prospects for the Development of Phytochemistry”, Karaganda, Kazakhstan, 2015
VI All-Russian Conference: New advances in chemistry and chemical technology of plant materials, 2014
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Papers by Yerkanat Kanafin
BACKGROUND
The aim of this work was to study the biological treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing emerging contaminants. The 95-day experiment was conducted in an 81 L continuous flow conventional activated sludge apparatus consisting of anoxic and aerobic reactors with internal recycling, and a clarifier with activated sludge recycling. Real activated sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Nur-Sultan city was used. The degradation efficiencies of caffeine, metronidazole, and ibuprofen in the synthetic wastewater were studied either separately or in combination.
RESULTS
When treated separately at the concentration of 30 mg/L, the degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen was up to 100%, while the degradation of metronidazole was in the range of 12–27%. Caffeine and ibuprofen inhibited the nitrification process, while the presence of metronidazole in the system suppressed the activity of denitrifying microorganisms. The biological treatment of the synthetic wastewater containing all three compounds (at the concentration of 10 mg/L each) resulted in degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen up to 100%, and 56% in the case of metronidazole. As both nitrification and denitrification processes were affected, the total nitrogen removal was significantly reduced from 53% to 22%.
CONCLUSION
Complete degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen, and partial degradation of metronidazole were observed in a synthetic wastewater using the activated sludge process. As the presence of emerging pollutants in a wastewater affects the general efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants, other physical or chemical pre-treatment should be utilized to minimize the harmful effect of contaminants on the biological processes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Books by Yerkanat Kanafin
Conference Presentations by Yerkanat Kanafin
BACKGROUND
The aim of this work was to study the biological treatment of a synthetic wastewater containing emerging contaminants. The 95-day experiment was conducted in an 81 L continuous flow conventional activated sludge apparatus consisting of anoxic and aerobic reactors with internal recycling, and a clarifier with activated sludge recycling. Real activated sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Nur-Sultan city was used. The degradation efficiencies of caffeine, metronidazole, and ibuprofen in the synthetic wastewater were studied either separately or in combination.
RESULTS
When treated separately at the concentration of 30 mg/L, the degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen was up to 100%, while the degradation of metronidazole was in the range of 12–27%. Caffeine and ibuprofen inhibited the nitrification process, while the presence of metronidazole in the system suppressed the activity of denitrifying microorganisms. The biological treatment of the synthetic wastewater containing all three compounds (at the concentration of 10 mg/L each) resulted in degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen up to 100%, and 56% in the case of metronidazole. As both nitrification and denitrification processes were affected, the total nitrogen removal was significantly reduced from 53% to 22%.
CONCLUSION
Complete degradation of caffeine and ibuprofen, and partial degradation of metronidazole were observed in a synthetic wastewater using the activated sludge process. As the presence of emerging pollutants in a wastewater affects the general efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants, other physical or chemical pre-treatment should be utilized to minimize the harmful effect of contaminants on the biological processes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry