The current convergence of global challenges, particularly the climate change emergency, the Covi... more The current convergence of global challenges, particularly the climate change emergency, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Black Lives Matter movement, have highlighted the need for a new lens to challenge and interrogate key urban planning assumptions related to spatial urban inequality. Yet urban inequality is often and invariably described from a limited economic perspective, commonly interpreted and measured as income inequality. This is an overtly statistical measure, or Gini-Type index, often giving limited and unsatisfactory results. Yet, in practice, the spatial distribution and concentration of income inequality is a multi-scalar, multi-variant, and multi-disciplinary issue and has links with other and wider dimensions of inequality and well-being. As such, this article argues for a holistic understanding of urban inequality that goes beyond narrow empirical and quantitative models. It presents collaborative research that aims to impact the actions of urban professionals, to a...
The study proposes to operationalise sustainable development within an urban environment and at a... more The study proposes to operationalise sustainable development within an urban environment and at a variety of scalesstrategic to neighbourhood.
The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborativ... more The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborative retrofitting projects within an architectural SME. Through the use of a series of 'live' case studies, mixed and multiple methods of data and reality capture are tested for speed, cost, accuracy, interoperability and level of detail suitable for concept / detail designs, outline costing, options testing, energy modelling and visualisation tasks. The paper demonstrates an approach to reverse engineering from the perspectives of the different technical and non-expert stakeholders involved within a multidisciplinary design team to ensure reality capture is appropriately specified and fit for purpose. Specific tasks / activities for (i) data / reality capture, (ii) data integration / editing and (iii) data analysis within a retrofitting architectural and construction project are described using the IDEF0 process mapping methodology and integrated within a standard RIBA architectural 'plan of works'. Examples include measured building survey, photo-matching, structured photogrammetry survey, thermal imagery and both ground level and aerial LiDar survey, combining primary and secondary data sets and utilising a mix of software packages. A comparative evaluation of these reality capture methods sets out the appropriate operational requirements and specifications for a BIM Level 2 project within an SME. The paper explains the benefits of process mapping to understand the interactions between different disciplines and the important role that BIM has in supporting collaboration between SMEs within the AEC sector. The authors also discuss the benefits of utilizing hybrid models as part of a collaborative and unpredictable design process and make recommendations for cost-effective reality capture.
LiDAR (light detection and ranging) is an optical remote-sensing technique that uses laser light ... more LiDAR (light detection and ranging) is an optical remote-sensing technique that uses laser light to densely sample surfaces, producing highly accurate measurements. It is primarily used in airborne laser mapping applications. However it offers a huge potential for improving the data input available for modelling urban energy systems and visualising urban carbon emissions. This paper explores this potential and highlights some of the limitations of the information that can be obtained from LiDAR data and how these limitations can be ameliorated. To do so it presents an example of the use of LiDAR data and aerial imagery to provide input data for building geometry and building physics models to develop an energy model of a mixed-use inner urban area in the North East of England. The work presented highlights the significance of data accuracy for the assessment of heat-loss parameters, orientation, shading and renewable energy micro-generation; and the limitations of remotely sensed data and how these can be ameliorated using a combination of open-source property data, such as building age, occupancy, tenure and existing stakeholder data sets, including building services and measured energy performance. The paper concludes that there are significant benefits in the use of LiDAR data for improved accuracy in, and visualization of, urban energy use and carbon emission calculations. However it also highlights that further work is required to reduce the data manipulation required if the potential of Lidar data is to be fully exploited to inform urban energy modeling.
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use wh... more Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in the present publication. The European Commission is not responsible for the external web sites referred to in the present publication. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official European Commission view on the subject.
The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborativ... more The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborative retrofitting projects within an architectural SME. Through the use of a series of ‘live’ case studies, mixed and multiple methods of data and reality capture are tested for speed, cost, accuracy, interoperability and level of detail suitable for concept / detail designs, outline costing, options testing, energy modelling and visualisation tasks. The paper demonstrates an approach to reverse engineering from the perspectives of the different technical and non-expert stakeholders involved within a multi-disciplinary design team to ensure reality capture is appropriately specified and fit for purpose. Specific tasks / activities for (i) data / reality capture, (ii) data integration / editing and (iii) data analysis within a retrofitting architectural and construction project are described using the IDEF0 process mapping methodology and integrated within a standard RIBA architectural ‘plan...
Hulme Manchester is one of the cradle of industrial revolution, urbanization and modern urbanism ... more Hulme Manchester is one of the cradle of industrial revolution, urbanization and modern urbanism experiment in Europe. This article summaries the deficiencies in early period of industrialization, and serious problems during modern urbanism, especially the large estate development for underprivileged classes. Hulme also holds important status in contemporary creative culture and art filed. Urban regeneration focuses on communication works with local citizens in recent years. A series of measurements to communication skills have been developed for local identity cultivation and promotion of diversified community development. With the aids of New Urbanism concepts, experts work together with local public to improve environmental quality for sustainable development.
The urban renaissance that took place in major UK cities during the late 1990’s was seen as a res... more The urban renaissance that took place in major UK cities during the late 1990’s was seen as a response to counter-urbanisation and inner city decline. This chapter will argue that there has been an implementation gap between the intent of urban design policy and its impact on the ground. Drawing upon the experiences of the lead author as an urban designer in the North-East of England over this period, the text will present examples of the unforeseen consequences that have accompanied the policy trajectory of sustainability and quality within the built environment, specifically looking at a move towards community-led development away from centralisation, by passing local government in the process. The chapter will examine how this urban renaissance has emerged through policies focused on the renewal of the housing market and more sustainable communities (e.g. HMR Pathfinder) to the creation of the Big Society with devolved services and funding, initiatives aimed at individual househo...
One of the dominant trends in housing policy over the last 30 years has been the politicization o... more One of the dominant trends in housing policy over the last 30 years has been the politicization of social housing through a variety of explicit and tacit control mechanisms, ranging from national to local scale and stakeholders, which is creating an increasingly complex context for effective investments and decision-making within the social housing sector. Perhaps the first step towards addressing these emergent challenges is to recognise and describe the complexity of these political characteristics. In response, the authors have produced a contemporary ontology of the structure of social housing within the UK; mapping the political relationships between the range of legal structures, organisational governance, internal / external scrutiny, public / private funding and the use of assets; to construct a theoretical framework from contemporary practice. This is based on a mix of practitioner reflection, data mining open and closed organisational resources, with verification within pr...
The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Aroun... more The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Around 27% of emissions of carbon dioxide [the main greenhouse gas] is generated by housing in use. Around 30% of the UK housing stock is social landlord and local authority owned. Meanwhile, fuel prices are increasing, and consequently fuel poverty. Turnover in the building stock is much lower than for any other product; buildings have a much longer average life, and most new build is additional not replacement, so the most important impacts on energy use and carbon emissions will come from the existing stock even in 2050. Thus considerable innovation and investment is needed to meet the ambitious carbon reduction targets and to contain rising energy costs, by reducing demand and decarbonising supply. Taken together, these factors create a considerable problem for social housing providers who are increasingly looking for guidance in making investment and management decisions on energy effici...
In response to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) most EU member states have es... more In response to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) most EU member states have established a national energy calculation methodology to measure the energy performance of buildings. The EPBD came into effect on 4th January 2003. Its principal objective is to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings through cost-effective measures. To achieve this it is obviously necessary to have a way of measuring and comparing the energy performance of buildings. Each of the European countries has developed a different methodology, tailoring them to the specific characteristics of their country. In the UK the chosen standard was SAP. One common feature of all of these methodologies is that they principally attempt to perform a detailed energy calculation for the house concerned. Doing this requires that considerable quantities of detailed information regarding the house are gathered. When such information can be gathered with minimal effort, such as for new bui...
One of the repeating themes around the provision of the knowledge and skills needed for deliverin... more One of the repeating themes around the provision of the knowledge and skills needed for delivering sustainable communities is the idea of a “common language” for all built environment professionals. This suggestion has been repeated regularly with each new political and professional review within and between different sectors responsible for the delivery of sustainable communities. There have been multiple efforts to address academic limitations, industry fragmentation and promote more interdisciplinary working and sector collaboration. This research explored the role of skills for sustainable communities, particularly within the higher education (HE) sector, and the responses to support the development of a “common language of sustainability” that can be shared between different sectors, professional disciplines and stakeholders. As an interdisciplinary group of academics and practitioners working with the HE sector in the North East of England, we evaluate the progression of secto...
The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) is a parametric modelling spreadsheet for building ener... more The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) is a parametric modelling spreadsheet for building energy performance designed initially for the certification of buildings that meet passivhaus and EnerPHit refurbishment standards. However there is also a growing use of PHPP as a design stage tool to test strategic options for new build, hybrid and refurbishment development projects. As passive design principles follow a fabric-first approach to achieve a whole-house energy performance, the concept design stages are critical to success as decisions are made regarding orientation and heat-loss parameters arising out of the building geometry. In this context, PHPP is a trusted calculation tool that is comprehensive in the scope of factors and variables included to make it one of the most scientifically superior tools available. Its practical value is reinforced from a series of comparative studies which have undertaken triangulation in design stage energy assessments and PHPP has proved to b...
This paper explores the potential for using remotely sensed data from a combination of commercial... more This paper explores the potential for using remotely sensed data from a combination of commercial and open-sources, to improve the functionality, accuracy of energy-use calculations and visualisation of carbon emissions. We present a study demonstrating the use of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data and aerial imagery for a mixed-use inner urban area within the North East of England and how this can improve the quality of input data for modelling standardised energy uses and carbon emissions. We explore the scope of possible input data for both (1) building geometry and building physics models from these sources. We explain the significance of improved data accuracy for the assessment of heat-loss parameters, orientation, and shading and renewable energy micro-generation. We also highlight the limitations around the sole use of remotely sensed data and how these concerns can be partially addressed through combinations with open-source property data, such as age, occupancy, tenure and (2) existing stakeholder data sets, including building services and measured performance. We set out some of the technical challenges; addressed through data approximation (considering data quality and metadata protocols) and a combination of automated or manual processing; in the use, adaptation, and transferability of this data. We elucidate how the output can be visualised and be supported by many of industry-standard CAD, GIS, and BIM software applications hence, broadening the scope for realworld applications. We demonstrate the support of commercial interest and potential drawing evidence from primary market research regarding the principal applications, functionality, and output. In summary, we conclude on the benefits in the use of remotely sensed data for improved accuracy in energy use and carbon emission calculations, the need for semantic integration of mixed data sources and the importance of output visualisation.
The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Aroun... more The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Around 27% of emissions of carbon dioxide [the main greenhouse gas] is generated by housing in use. Around 30% of the UK housing stock is social landlord and local authority owned. Meanwhile, fuel prices are increasing, and consequently fuel poverty. Turnover in the building stock is much lower than for any other product; buildings have a much longer average life, and most new build is additional not replacement, so the most important impacts on energy use and carbon emissions will come from the existing stock even in 2050. Thus considerable innovation and investment is needed to meet the ambitious carbon reduction targets and to contain rising energy costs, by reducing demand and decarbonising supply.
The current convergence of global challenges, particularly the climate change emergency, the Covi... more The current convergence of global challenges, particularly the climate change emergency, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Black Lives Matter movement, have highlighted the need for a new lens to challenge and interrogate key urban planning assumptions related to spatial urban inequality. Yet urban inequality is often and invariably described from a limited economic perspective, commonly interpreted and measured as income inequality. This is an overtly statistical measure, or Gini-Type index, often giving limited and unsatisfactory results. Yet, in practice, the spatial distribution and concentration of income inequality is a multi-scalar, multi-variant, and multi-disciplinary issue and has links with other and wider dimensions of inequality and well-being. As such, this article argues for a holistic understanding of urban inequality that goes beyond narrow empirical and quantitative models. It presents collaborative research that aims to impact the actions of urban professionals, to a...
The study proposes to operationalise sustainable development within an urban environment and at a... more The study proposes to operationalise sustainable development within an urban environment and at a variety of scalesstrategic to neighbourhood.
The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborativ... more The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborative retrofitting projects within an architectural SME. Through the use of a series of 'live' case studies, mixed and multiple methods of data and reality capture are tested for speed, cost, accuracy, interoperability and level of detail suitable for concept / detail designs, outline costing, options testing, energy modelling and visualisation tasks. The paper demonstrates an approach to reverse engineering from the perspectives of the different technical and non-expert stakeholders involved within a multidisciplinary design team to ensure reality capture is appropriately specified and fit for purpose. Specific tasks / activities for (i) data / reality capture, (ii) data integration / editing and (iii) data analysis within a retrofitting architectural and construction project are described using the IDEF0 process mapping methodology and integrated within a standard RIBA architectural 'plan of works'. Examples include measured building survey, photo-matching, structured photogrammetry survey, thermal imagery and both ground level and aerial LiDar survey, combining primary and secondary data sets and utilising a mix of software packages. A comparative evaluation of these reality capture methods sets out the appropriate operational requirements and specifications for a BIM Level 2 project within an SME. The paper explains the benefits of process mapping to understand the interactions between different disciplines and the important role that BIM has in supporting collaboration between SMEs within the AEC sector. The authors also discuss the benefits of utilizing hybrid models as part of a collaborative and unpredictable design process and make recommendations for cost-effective reality capture.
LiDAR (light detection and ranging) is an optical remote-sensing technique that uses laser light ... more LiDAR (light detection and ranging) is an optical remote-sensing technique that uses laser light to densely sample surfaces, producing highly accurate measurements. It is primarily used in airborne laser mapping applications. However it offers a huge potential for improving the data input available for modelling urban energy systems and visualising urban carbon emissions. This paper explores this potential and highlights some of the limitations of the information that can be obtained from LiDAR data and how these limitations can be ameliorated. To do so it presents an example of the use of LiDAR data and aerial imagery to provide input data for building geometry and building physics models to develop an energy model of a mixed-use inner urban area in the North East of England. The work presented highlights the significance of data accuracy for the assessment of heat-loss parameters, orientation, shading and renewable energy micro-generation; and the limitations of remotely sensed data and how these can be ameliorated using a combination of open-source property data, such as building age, occupancy, tenure and existing stakeholder data sets, including building services and measured energy performance. The paper concludes that there are significant benefits in the use of LiDAR data for improved accuracy in, and visualization of, urban energy use and carbon emission calculations. However it also highlights that further work is required to reduce the data manipulation required if the potential of Lidar data is to be fully exploited to inform urban energy modeling.
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use wh... more Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in the present publication. The European Commission is not responsible for the external web sites referred to in the present publication. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official European Commission view on the subject.
The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborativ... more The paper explores the use of reality capture and building information modelling for collaborative retrofitting projects within an architectural SME. Through the use of a series of ‘live’ case studies, mixed and multiple methods of data and reality capture are tested for speed, cost, accuracy, interoperability and level of detail suitable for concept / detail designs, outline costing, options testing, energy modelling and visualisation tasks. The paper demonstrates an approach to reverse engineering from the perspectives of the different technical and non-expert stakeholders involved within a multi-disciplinary design team to ensure reality capture is appropriately specified and fit for purpose. Specific tasks / activities for (i) data / reality capture, (ii) data integration / editing and (iii) data analysis within a retrofitting architectural and construction project are described using the IDEF0 process mapping methodology and integrated within a standard RIBA architectural ‘plan...
Hulme Manchester is one of the cradle of industrial revolution, urbanization and modern urbanism ... more Hulme Manchester is one of the cradle of industrial revolution, urbanization and modern urbanism experiment in Europe. This article summaries the deficiencies in early period of industrialization, and serious problems during modern urbanism, especially the large estate development for underprivileged classes. Hulme also holds important status in contemporary creative culture and art filed. Urban regeneration focuses on communication works with local citizens in recent years. A series of measurements to communication skills have been developed for local identity cultivation and promotion of diversified community development. With the aids of New Urbanism concepts, experts work together with local public to improve environmental quality for sustainable development.
The urban renaissance that took place in major UK cities during the late 1990’s was seen as a res... more The urban renaissance that took place in major UK cities during the late 1990’s was seen as a response to counter-urbanisation and inner city decline. This chapter will argue that there has been an implementation gap between the intent of urban design policy and its impact on the ground. Drawing upon the experiences of the lead author as an urban designer in the North-East of England over this period, the text will present examples of the unforeseen consequences that have accompanied the policy trajectory of sustainability and quality within the built environment, specifically looking at a move towards community-led development away from centralisation, by passing local government in the process. The chapter will examine how this urban renaissance has emerged through policies focused on the renewal of the housing market and more sustainable communities (e.g. HMR Pathfinder) to the creation of the Big Society with devolved services and funding, initiatives aimed at individual househo...
One of the dominant trends in housing policy over the last 30 years has been the politicization o... more One of the dominant trends in housing policy over the last 30 years has been the politicization of social housing through a variety of explicit and tacit control mechanisms, ranging from national to local scale and stakeholders, which is creating an increasingly complex context for effective investments and decision-making within the social housing sector. Perhaps the first step towards addressing these emergent challenges is to recognise and describe the complexity of these political characteristics. In response, the authors have produced a contemporary ontology of the structure of social housing within the UK; mapping the political relationships between the range of legal structures, organisational governance, internal / external scrutiny, public / private funding and the use of assets; to construct a theoretical framework from contemporary practice. This is based on a mix of practitioner reflection, data mining open and closed organisational resources, with verification within pr...
The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Aroun... more The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Around 27% of emissions of carbon dioxide [the main greenhouse gas] is generated by housing in use. Around 30% of the UK housing stock is social landlord and local authority owned. Meanwhile, fuel prices are increasing, and consequently fuel poverty. Turnover in the building stock is much lower than for any other product; buildings have a much longer average life, and most new build is additional not replacement, so the most important impacts on energy use and carbon emissions will come from the existing stock even in 2050. Thus considerable innovation and investment is needed to meet the ambitious carbon reduction targets and to contain rising energy costs, by reducing demand and decarbonising supply. Taken together, these factors create a considerable problem for social housing providers who are increasingly looking for guidance in making investment and management decisions on energy effici...
In response to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) most EU member states have es... more In response to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) most EU member states have established a national energy calculation methodology to measure the energy performance of buildings. The EPBD came into effect on 4th January 2003. Its principal objective is to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings through cost-effective measures. To achieve this it is obviously necessary to have a way of measuring and comparing the energy performance of buildings. Each of the European countries has developed a different methodology, tailoring them to the specific characteristics of their country. In the UK the chosen standard was SAP. One common feature of all of these methodologies is that they principally attempt to perform a detailed energy calculation for the house concerned. Doing this requires that considerable quantities of detailed information regarding the house are gathered. When such information can be gathered with minimal effort, such as for new bui...
One of the repeating themes around the provision of the knowledge and skills needed for deliverin... more One of the repeating themes around the provision of the knowledge and skills needed for delivering sustainable communities is the idea of a “common language” for all built environment professionals. This suggestion has been repeated regularly with each new political and professional review within and between different sectors responsible for the delivery of sustainable communities. There have been multiple efforts to address academic limitations, industry fragmentation and promote more interdisciplinary working and sector collaboration. This research explored the role of skills for sustainable communities, particularly within the higher education (HE) sector, and the responses to support the development of a “common language of sustainability” that can be shared between different sectors, professional disciplines and stakeholders. As an interdisciplinary group of academics and practitioners working with the HE sector in the North East of England, we evaluate the progression of secto...
The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) is a parametric modelling spreadsheet for building ener... more The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) is a parametric modelling spreadsheet for building energy performance designed initially for the certification of buildings that meet passivhaus and EnerPHit refurbishment standards. However there is also a growing use of PHPP as a design stage tool to test strategic options for new build, hybrid and refurbishment development projects. As passive design principles follow a fabric-first approach to achieve a whole-house energy performance, the concept design stages are critical to success as decisions are made regarding orientation and heat-loss parameters arising out of the building geometry. In this context, PHPP is a trusted calculation tool that is comprehensive in the scope of factors and variables included to make it one of the most scientifically superior tools available. Its practical value is reinforced from a series of comparative studies which have undertaken triangulation in design stage energy assessments and PHPP has proved to b...
This paper explores the potential for using remotely sensed data from a combination of commercial... more This paper explores the potential for using remotely sensed data from a combination of commercial and open-sources, to improve the functionality, accuracy of energy-use calculations and visualisation of carbon emissions. We present a study demonstrating the use of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data and aerial imagery for a mixed-use inner urban area within the North East of England and how this can improve the quality of input data for modelling standardised energy uses and carbon emissions. We explore the scope of possible input data for both (1) building geometry and building physics models from these sources. We explain the significance of improved data accuracy for the assessment of heat-loss parameters, orientation, and shading and renewable energy micro-generation. We also highlight the limitations around the sole use of remotely sensed data and how these concerns can be partially addressed through combinations with open-source property data, such as age, occupancy, tenure and (2) existing stakeholder data sets, including building services and measured performance. We set out some of the technical challenges; addressed through data approximation (considering data quality and metadata protocols) and a combination of automated or manual processing; in the use, adaptation, and transferability of this data. We elucidate how the output can be visualised and be supported by many of industry-standard CAD, GIS, and BIM software applications hence, broadening the scope for realworld applications. We demonstrate the support of commercial interest and potential drawing evidence from primary market research regarding the principal applications, functionality, and output. In summary, we conclude on the benefits in the use of remotely sensed data for improved accuracy in energy use and carbon emission calculations, the need for semantic integration of mixed data sources and the importance of output visualisation.
The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Aroun... more The UK has set a highly ambitious target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Around 27% of emissions of carbon dioxide [the main greenhouse gas] is generated by housing in use. Around 30% of the UK housing stock is social landlord and local authority owned. Meanwhile, fuel prices are increasing, and consequently fuel poverty. Turnover in the building stock is much lower than for any other product; buildings have a much longer average life, and most new build is additional not replacement, so the most important impacts on energy use and carbon emissions will come from the existing stock even in 2050. Thus considerable innovation and investment is needed to meet the ambitious carbon reduction targets and to contain rising energy costs, by reducing demand and decarbonising supply.
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