James Hunt
I am a marine sedimentologist at the NOC. Before embarking on PhD studies, I completed a BSc in Geology and MSc in Petroleum Geoscience, specialising in terrestrial and shallow marine reservoir sedimentology. In 2008, I completed the journey from hinterland to abyssal plain by starting a PhD in turbidite sedimentology and geochemistry at the NOC. On completion of my PhD I have continued at the NOC as a PDRA and project manager of the £2.2Million LANDSLIDE-TSUNAMI project funded by the NERC Arctic Research Programme.
Supervisors: Dr Peter Talling and Dr Russell Wynn
Address: National Oceanography Centre
European Way
Southampton
SO14 3ZH
Supervisors: Dr Peter Talling and Dr Russell Wynn
Address: National Oceanography Centre
European Way
Southampton
SO14 3ZH
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Papers by James Hunt
at oxygen isotope stage (OIS) boundaries. This study of Agadir Basin confirms that two major turbidites (beds A5 and A12) occurred during glacial–interglacial transitions associated with OIS4 and OIS6. However, this association is based on just two examples, and two other large-volume turbidites (beds A7 and A11), did not occur at a stage boundary. The main conclusion of this study is that 90% of turbidites and landslides occurred during rising
and high sea level, which represents 40% of the total time during the last 600 ka. Only 10% of the turbidites and
landslides occurred during glacials (40% of the time), with a paucity of turbidites and landslides at peak glacial
lowstands. A comparison to sediment accumulation rates in the source area of the turbidite suggests that landslides
did not occur preferentially during periods of more rapid sedimentation rate, although sedimentation
rates in this area only varied from 4 to 6 g cm−2 ka−1.
at oxygen isotope stage (OIS) boundaries. This study of Agadir Basin confirms that two major turbidites (beds A5 and A12) occurred during glacial–interglacial transitions associated with OIS4 and OIS6. However, this association is based on just two examples, and two other large-volume turbidites (beds A7 and A11), did not occur at a stage boundary. The main conclusion of this study is that 90% of turbidites and landslides occurred during rising
and high sea level, which represents 40% of the total time during the last 600 ka. Only 10% of the turbidites and
landslides occurred during glacials (40% of the time), with a paucity of turbidites and landslides at peak glacial
lowstands. A comparison to sediment accumulation rates in the source area of the turbidite suggests that landslides
did not occur preferentially during periods of more rapid sedimentation rate, although sedimentation
rates in this area only varied from 4 to 6 g cm−2 ka−1.
The depositional mechanisms exerted on turbidite muds is complex owing to the inherent cohesive properties. Metre-thick mudcaps have been recorded in the Madeira Abyssal Plain. These turbidite muds have been found to pond into the centre of basin and between rift ridges. Previous studies have indicated potential for non-turbulent processes to be in operation. Geochemical studies of these muds has resolved the turbulent primary transport mechanism, laminar flow transformation on deposition, and final post-depositional remobilisation. These turbidite muds comprise TOC >2% in some cases with volumes of >100 km3. Diagenesis can dramatically reduce the TOC through the propagation of oxidation fronts. High resolution geochemical studies have allowed a better understanding of case examples. Indeed, although affected by the action of oxidation fronts the metre-thick nature of the deposits preserves and buries large quantities of carbon.
Metre-thick mudcaps have been observed to thicken in subtle basin lows. Previous studies have eluded to deposition from highly concentrated non-turbulent (laminar) flows. Grain-size and geochemical vertical and spatial profiles indicate that fluid turbulence is instead the primary transport mechanism for sediment dispersal. However, during sedimentation yield-strength fluids are generated as the fine-grained material consolidates. This is then able to flow under laminar flow conditions and redistribute the mudcap preferentially into the basin lows as fluid muds.
On basin margins there is additional evidence to suggest that the rapid deposition of metre-thick mudcaps has led to destabilisation of the accumulation. This has led to remobilisation of the mudcap deposit as a yield-strength mudflow. Understanding the architectures of these turbidite muds and the controls on their distribution is captured here in an unparalleled core and geophysical dataset. The hope is that the heterogeneities resolved in the present study can be used to aid petroleum system evaluations both from reservoir and source rock perspectives.
Turbidites are generated from volcanic island flank collapses and records of landslide occurrence can be constructed from these more distal gravity flow archives. With appropriate mapping of a respective turbidite with sediment cores, accurate volume estimates can be made and added to those from the proximal debris avalanche. In addition, recent studies have shown that the landslide mechanism (single block or multi-stage) can be deduced from the turbidite architecture by the presence/lack of subunits (repeating sequences of turbidite sand and mud). Subunits represent multistage events, and furthermore, the study of the interbedded mud intervals can provide details on the time required between events to allow the mud to settle and consolidate.
The Icod turbidite in the Moroccan Turbidite System originating from the northern flank of Tenerife (165 ka) is composed of a series of seven subunit events. These have developed from a multistage retrogressive failure during the Icod landslide. Of the 360 km3 volume of the landslide, 210 km3 comprises the turbidite. This is then divided between the subunits, where the initial three are the most volumetrically significant (70-75 km3) compared to the upper four (15-25 km3). Geochemical, grain-size, petrological and geotechnical data have shown the subunit events are the product of the landslide mechanism, rather than flow reflection, multiple sources or multiple pathways. Analysis of the distal deposit highlights the presence of seven upwards-fining sands with intervening muds. These muds present suspension fallout deposition between each failure and demonstrate conservative time intervals of 3 to 22 days. From studying the turbidite associated with the landslide numerous properties of the landslide event can be gleaned. Firstly, the Icod flank collapse has been shown to be multistage and retrogressive. Therefore, the overall considerable volume has been shown to be distributed amongst the subunit events. The result here is that the mass entering the ocean at once is decreased, and thus the potential tsunami wave amplitude is reduced. Study of the debris avalanche shows considerable slide material disaggregation and flow transformation from avalanche to debris flow. This shows the slide material has low coherency, which will affect the tsunami wave properties. Importantly, this case study is not ubiquitous and can be applied to others in the study area. The implication is that catastrophic volcanic landslides in the Canary Islands are commonly multistage and not single block failures, so the tsunamigenic potential is much reduced.
Turbidites are generated from volcanic island flank collapses and records of landslide occurrence can be constructed from these more distal gravity flow archives. With appropriate mapping of a respective turbidite with sediment cores, accurate volume estimates can be made and added to those from the proximal debris avalanche. In addition, recent studies have shown that the landslide mechanism (single block or multi-stage) can be deduced from the turbidite architecture by the presence/lack of subunits (repeating sequences of turbidite sand and mud). Subunits represent multistage events, and furthermore, the study of the interbedded mud intervals can provide details on the time required between events to allow the mud to settle and consolidate.
The Icod turbidite in the Moroccan Turbidite System originating from the northern flank of Tenerife (165 ka) is composed of a series of seven subunit events. These have developed from a multistage retrogressive failure during the Icod landslide. Of the 360 km3 volume of the landslide, 210 km3 comprises the turbidite. This is then divided between the subunits, where the initial three are the most volumetrically significant (70-75 km3) compared to the upper four (15-25 km3). Geochemical, grain-size, petrological and geotechnical data have shown the subunit events are the product of the landslide mechanism, rather than flow reflection, multiple sources or multiple pathways. Analysis of the distal deposit highlights the presence of seven upwards-fining sands with intervening muds. These muds present suspension fallout deposition between each failure and demonstrate conservative time intervals of 3 to 22 days. From studying the turbidite associated with the landslide numerous properties of the landslide event can be gleaned. Firstly, the Icod flank collapse has been shown to be multistage and retrogressive. Therefore, the overall considerable volume has been shown to be distributed amongst the subunit events. The result here is that the mass entering the ocean at once is decreased, and thus the potential tsunami wave amplitude is reduced. Study of the debris avalanche shows considerable slide material disaggregation and flow transformation from avalanche to debris flow. This shows the slide material has low coherency, which will affect the tsunami wave properties. Importantly, this case study is not ubiquitous and can be applied to others in the study area. The implication is that catastrophic volcanic landslides in the Canary Islands are commonly multistage and not single block failures, so the tsunamigenic potential is much reduced.
The Moroccan turbidite system (MTS) is located on the northwest African margin north of the Canary archipelago. It is composed of three interconnected basins: Agadir Basin, Seine Abyssal Plain and the Madeira Abyssal Plain (Wynn et al., 2002). The system here is the site of infrequent but large volume (>75km3) volcaniclastic (Tenerife and El Hierro) and siliciclastic (Moroccan margin) turbidity current events in the last 200ka. The turbidites display an array of architectures from single to stacked events. Furthermore, there is a prevalence of grain-size breaks, contorted mudcaps and well developed linked debrites.
The Horseshoe Abyssal Plain (HAP) is fed by the Sao Vincente and Portimão canyons from southwest Iberia. While the Tagus Abyssal Plain (TAP), immediately to the north, is fed by the Cascais, Lisbon and Sebúbal canyons. Here the Tagus and Sado rivers release sediment laden outflows directly into the canyons feeding the TAP; while along-shore drift in primarily responsible for sediment reaching the Sao Vincente canyon to the HAP. High turbidite sedimentation rates are facilitated by high sediment flux to the basins and intermittent high magnitude earthquake activity. The deposits are atypical to textbook turbidite models with a dominance of ripple-laminations, prevalence of grain-size breaks and thick contorted mudcaps.
The Iberian Abyssal Plain (IAP) represents the site of a number of large volume organic-rich siliciclastic turbidites and debrites. The IAP is fed by the Nazare, Aveiro and Porto canyons with a number of intervening sub-basins. Like the turbidites of the TAP and HAP biotite, muscovite and quartz are the dominant grain types. However, many turbidites contain an abundance of silt to granule-sized organic carbon particles. There is an increasing influence of laminar flow processes here with highly contorted muds and sands, principally owing to the higher mud content.
This study presents a culmination in decades of core recovery in the Northeast Atlantic. This has allowed detailed event histories and sediment budgets to be calculated for the respective depocentres. However, in providing bed-scale correlations invaluable information can be gleaned in regards to the depositional processes. The present study highlights the prevalence of linked debrites and the strong influence of mud content on the depositional mechanism along the entire margin.
There are three primary examples of major flank collapses recorded as turbidites, including: El Golfo, Icod and Las Playas II events. A common feature of the facies architecture of the turbidite deposits of these events is the vertically stacked interbedded sands and muds. Grain-size and geochemical evidence suggests that this facies can signify multistage collapses mechanisms at source. These large-volume multistage collapse events are in stark contrast to large volume siliciclastic events, which occur as single-stage events.
The stacked multistage signature in the turbidite record is not ubiquitous to major flank collapses. Indeed, events of smaller magnitude which are not tied to such collapses also show this facies. These smaller events can be linked to collapses of terminal barranco accumulations, which destabilise and failure. However, the mechanism of these smaller scale failures can be deemed to be multistage.
There are also a number of deposits represented by coarse-grained massive sands capped by a grain-size break and a limited mudcap. This facies architecture can be attributed to either proximal bypass or a record of a surging behaviour in the flow (Mulder & Alexander, 2001). These have attributed to barranco outwash events and/or small scale single failures.
The development of turbidity current associated bedforms (parallel laminations, cross laminations, and convolute laminations) appears to only be present in large volume surge-like flows that have develop a long enough flow bodies (Mulder & Alexander, 2001). In contrast shorter duration, lower volume events may not possess the length of flow body required to develop bedforms.
Sylvester and Lowe (2004) quantified the grain-size ranges and mud content over which turbidity current associated bedforms were found to develop in Oligocene turbidites in the East Carpathians. The analytical technique is applied to these modern volcaniclastic sediment systems where grain-size analysis can be quantified by use of a laser-diffraction particle analyser. This study aims to assess some of the controls on sedimentation, bedform development and facies association with particular flow behaviours.
Indeed there are seven spatially correlated events within the Icod turbidite. The bulk chemistries for these intervals has been ascertained using standard ICP-AES and ICP-MS methodologies and supplemented with more novel techniques such as ITRAX μXRF. These bulk signatures show an evolutionary trend, becoming increasingly evolved, with a progressively higher content of phonolitic glasses. Major element chemistries of the glasses show that material from the Diego Hernendez Formation have been failed. The glasses were analysed using standard SEM EDS, but also supplemented by using a tabletop SEM EDS (TM1000) and μXRF using the Eagle III. The uppermost failures do not include any highly altered glasses or minerals, which indicate that the Cañadas III edifice was not failed in the Icod landslide. Given that the edifice was not involved in the flank collapse and the high volume of volcanic glass it could be speculatively stated that the wall of the Las Cañadas caldera does not represent the landslide scar. The reduced volumes of the deposits, reduction in grain-size and calculated time lags for the events, indicate that the tsunamigenic potential for these failure events in greatly reduced.
Thus distal turbidites prove a vital constituent when studying landslide processes. In regards to completing hazard assessments of marine regions such as oceanic volcanic islands or continental margins, the study of turbidites provide vital insights. This investigation also highlights the importance of a multidiscipline approach to the study of turbidites.
The volcaniclastic turbidites associated with the geologically recent El Golfo and Icod landslides show unusual dispersal patterns, in that they appear to record multistage failures at source. The vertically stacked sequences of interbedded turbidite sands and muds in the Icod turbidite, Agadir Basin, demonstrate individual failures in a multistage event. This is based on basal grain-size data and geochemical heterogeneities. The inter-event suspension deposits from these succinct failures demonstrate processes of topographic interaction and proximal erosive removal.
Another major control on the distribution of the Icod volcaniclastic turbidite is post-depositional remobilisation of the thick mudcap that was initially deposited. Mudcap isopachs of the Icod turbidite show excess thickening on the southern margin of the Agadir Basin. The mudcaps also show contorted laminations of silt within an ungraded clay matrix. Grain-size analysis shows that this contorted facies represents the grain-sizes and distributions associated with laminated muddy silts (Bouma Td) and graded muds (Bouma Te).
A model for a process of remobilised mudflow is proposed here:
1) Deposition from a decelerating turbidity current commences, depositing massive sands (T¬a), parallel laminated sands (Tb), and ripple laminated sands (Tc).
2) Convolute laminated clay-rich sands develop, where flocculated clays trap water and instigate overpressure during burial. The application of shear stress to the developing ripples results in plastic deformation and convolution of the original bedforms.
3) Deposition of planar silty clay-dominated laminations (Td) proceeds, again with the development of overpressure due to accumulation rate and nature of impermeable clays involved.
4) Commencement of graded clays (Te) further develops overpressure to a critical point. Upon Te deposition, overpressure diffuses vertically through the coarser Tc interval and builds up in the Td interval.
5) Failure commences in the Td interval due to the action of bed shear stress and gravitational potential on the basin margins, facilitated by the development of overpressure.
6) The mudcap comprising the Td and Te intervals are remobilised as a laminar mudflow. There is little energy in the flow to overcome cohesive forces, enabling preservation of silt laminations as plastically deformed contortions and larger silty clasts. The remobilised mudflow deposits at the base of slope on the basin margin.
This study shows that distal turbidite deposition involves a complex interplay of many mechanisms that can profoundly influence the final architecture of the deposits. This study also highlights a previously undocumented flow process of remobilised mudflow. This process can be potentially categorised amongst other processes that develop the hybrid bed or cogenetic linked debrite facies.
Siliciclastic turbidty currents here are affected by both grain-size bypass and flow transformations owing to sensitive interactions with topography (Talling et al. 2006). These deposits form tabular sheets through the centre of the basin, with bypass within the Madeira Channel System and recommencing deposition in the distal Madeira Abyssal Plain. Volcaniclastic deposits vary in their behaviour since they travel up-gradient through the Agadir Basin, with the deposit architectures not only affected by topographic interactions but with the characteristics of the landslide failures that generated them. Large scale volcaniclastic turbidites, such as those from Tenerife and El Hierro, exhibit a vertically stacked sand facies relating to the failure mechanism at source. This facies architecture is maintained >400km away from source in the Agadir Basin. In comparison smaller flank failures generate localised turbidite lobes feeding off small aprons, which have been found to be restricted by basin topography. There are also a number of small volcaniclastic turbidites relating to barranco canyon outwash events, which though not regionally extensive, could still yield important information regarding climate controls on weathering rates. Adding to these siliciclastic and volcaniclastic deposits are a number of carbonate-rich turbidites originating from volcaniclastic draped seamounts such as the Selvage Islands.
Understanding the provenance area of each turbidite, its composition and pathway are pivotal in understanding the mechanics of the gravity flows that deposited them. Understanding how turbidity currents, debris flows and debris avalanches react to the basin settings is in turn important, since this records how the basin is evolving through time both distally here in the deep sea and within the hinterland.
This presentation serves to show the successful application of the TM-1000 tabletop SEM EDS analyser, ITRAX micro-XRF analyser and the GEOTEK XYZ logger, in coincidence with traditional destructive methods. These instruments can only supply semi-quantitative data, unless correct calibration can be achieved, and will be shown here.
The 160,000ka Icod landslide from Tenerife generated a 150km3 debris avalanche with a runout of 105km and a >180km3 turbidity, which will form the case study for application of these instruments. The vertically stacked subunit facies of the Icod turbidite has been attributed to generation from a multistage retrogressive failure (Wynn & Masson, 2003). Here there have been five regular subunit packages identified and correlated. This failure mechanism would have significant consequences of decreasing ensuing tsunamigenic potential. Variations in subunit mineralogy, bulk geochemistry, and volcanic glass geochemistry could yield results to support this hypothesis, and rule out other generation mechanisms such as flow reflection.
ITRAX micro-XRFmeasurements taken every 100µm show variations in bulk geochemistry. Major element (K, Ca, Ti, Fe) and trace element (Zr, Y an Sr) demonstrate this when plotted in Harker variation diagrams against silica. However these variations, along with those from ICP-AES, ICP-MS and XRF, could be accounted for by density fractionation of basaltic mafic clasts and volcanic glass constituents within the turbidity current. In regards to the mineral composition, the basal subunit contains altered volcanic glass with authigenic Ti-Fe oxide growths, seen using the TM-1000 SEM, compared to unaltered glasses found in the later four intervals. Furthermore, focussed studies of the volcanic glasses using the TM-1000 SEM EDS showed that the basal subunit had volcanic glasses of different major element compositions compared to the later four subunit intervals. This study, demonstrates the application of non-destructive geochemical analytical tools in not only discriminating provenance, but being able to aid deciphering of flow mechanical problems. Also, using non-destructive geochemical instruments will help discern provenance of further deposits around the Canary Islands.
Geochemical methodologies including ICP-AES, ICP-MS, XRF, ITRAX micro-XRF, SEM EDS and laser-diffraction grain-size analysis have been employed here to investigate the potential of a retrogressive failure at source being the driver of this facies. Evidence suggests that this stacked sand facies in this case is derived from the failure mechanism at source.
Five vertical sand packages have been identified and correlated through the Agadir Basin, with the initial basal package representing the thickest. However, this amalgamated sand displays degrees of complexity with correlated internal erosional surfaces marked by sand-sand grain-size breaks. There are also sand-sand grain-size breaks found at the transition between facies associated with flow properties i.e. Bouma Tb parallel laminations and Bouma Tc ripple laminations. Each of the stacked sand intervals also has a sand-mud grain-size break present at the top of the package. This sand-mud break could possibly indicate (1) bypass of coarse silt or (2) removal of previously deposited silt by erosion of a post-depositional mudflow associated with mudcap remobilisation.
Further to the stacked subunit facies and grain-size breaks, there are additional complexities to the deposit. An omission of a typical Bouma Ta facies is observed, replaced with a thick well-developed banded Bouma Tb, representing density sorting and flow fractionation of dense basaltic clasts and >100μm foraminifera. Above developing ripple laminations associated with Bouma Tc development is a 0.2-0.5m thick convolute laminated sand. This convoluted sand represents increasing shear stress across developing ripples.
The non-destructive and high resolution (500μm) methodology of the ITRAX µXRF core logger highlights this instrument’s importance as an analytical tool. Results from each subunit sand are compared in core CD166/27, and show variations in the bulk geochemical signatures. There are five separate subunit sands (SBU1-5), of which the basal sand interval is composed of three further compositional divisions (SBU1a-c). Within chemical variation plots there is a distinct field for SBU1a, while SBU1b-c and SBU2-3 fall within a similar field, and SBU4-5 fall within another distinct field. To quantify the results further, bulk XRF measurements were taken from the subunits sands, lower pelagic interval and mudcap to attempt a calibration of the incoherence normalised raw counts to give oxide wt% of major elements and ppm concentrations of trace elements.
However, it may be argued that density sorting may contribute to the generation of these chemical variations. Data from volcanic grains of similar hydrodynamic properties may yield unequivocal results in determining subtle variations in provenance on the northern Tenerife flank. Volcanic glasses 100-150μm were targeted using the Eagle III µXRF analyser chemical to supplement the ITRAX results. Here volcanic glasses from SBU1a-c develop disparate geochemical fields to those of volcanic glasses from SBU2-5.
The implications of the ITRAX and Eagle III results are that catastrophic volcanic flank collapses, such as the Icod landslide, may occur as multistage events rather than as a single event. In addition to the inferences to landslide and turbidite process mechanisms, there is a major implication to tsunami generation from volcanic island flank collapses. Since the Ward and Day (2001) mega-tsunami model of a La Palma landslide relies on a single slab block failure, the results discovered in this study could imply that flank collapses occur in multiple stages, thus generating smaller tsunami hazards.
The studied cores have been visually logged and mineralogical analysis of turbidite samples carried out. Provenance of turbidites has been ascertained using a variety of bulk and grain-specific geochemical techniques. In addition, petrophysical examinations have been completed to enable correlations between cores, which have been aided by the use of biostratigraphic coccolithophore dating. Foraminiferal studies have yielded δ18O curves using stable isotope analytical techniques, resulting in correlation of events to key climatic episodes.
Volcaniclastic turbidites demonstrate a variety of compositions, supporting deposition from 1) erosional outflows from barrancos, 2) large scale flank collapses, and 3) remobilisation of volcanic and biogenic material previously deposited on seamounts. Provenance analysis of individual events has highlighted the high flux of turbidites derived from El Hierro compared to Tenerife or La Palma. Furthermore, the presence of thick (>1.0m) granular turbidite deposits in the El Julan Fan (southwest El Hierro) has contributed to the generation of the Canary Debris Flow “concrete facies”.
A multidisciplinary approach has been adopted to study both of these widespread deposits, in an attempt to decipher whether multistage retrogressive failure is the primary cause of the stacked subunit architecture. Analysed datasets include: visual logs, grain size analysis, petrographic composition, bulk and grain-specific geochemistry and petrophysics.
Initial results for the Icod turbidite are encouraging, with five regular subunit packages being identified and correlated. Variations in subunit mineralogy and bulk geochemistry, in addition to grain size analysis, invoke a multistage event generated at source rather than an effect of flow reflection. Furthermore, investigations of the Icod turbidite demonstrate added complexities to the process of its emplacement, with grain size breaks and internal erosion surfaces indicating flow bypass, convolute rippled laminations indicating periodic dewatering, and a widespread contorted mudcap facies indicating post-depositional remobilisation.
occur predominantly at transitions from glacial to interglacial periods. The latest landslides identified from the Western Canary Islands, the El Golfo and Icod landslides, have been proposed to be multistage. This is based on the resence of multiple fining-upwards sequences, known as subunits, within the associated sediment gravity flow deposits. Grain-size data, core petrophysics, bulk geochemistry and volcanic glass geochemistry has shown that the subunits within the Icod deposit originate from a multistage collapse. The Late Quaternary volcaniclastic turbidites in the Madeira Abyssal Plain in the last 1.5 Ma are also investigated, and found to potentially represent the El Golfo, Icod, Cumbre Nueva, Orotava, El Julán, Güímar, Tinor and Rogues de García landslides from the Western Canary Islands. These deposits also represent multistage landslides, which show that this failure mechanism is more common and has major implications for tsunamigenesis. Furthermore, analysis of ODP volcaniclastic turbidites (0-17 Ma) shows that deposits are coincidental in age and provenance with periods of voluminous and explosive volcanism on specific islands.
afforded to Agadir Basin deposits has provided an unparalleled opportunity to derive accurate records of turbidite (and associated landslide) frequency and volume for the last 600 ka. Previous studies in the more distal Madeira Abyssal Plain depocentre of the Moroccan Turbidite System have indicated that large volume (>50 km3) turbidites occurred at oxygen isotope stage (OIS) boundaries. This study of Agadir Basin confirms that major turbidites (>50 km3) occurred at high sea-levels either immediately prior to or after each OIS boundary. Patterns in siliciclastic turbidite frequency indicate increases in the number and magnitude of events during the transgression from glacial lowstand to interglacial highstand. However, numerous large-volume and smallervolume events also occur during mid-OIS interglacial highstands. In addition to climate change and associated rising sea-level, the present study indicates that sediment flux, including ocean productivity, continental erosion (siliciclastic) and effusive volcanism (volcaniclastic) are potentially significant preconditioning factors for submarine landsliding and turbidite generation.
+ Quaternary landslide-induced volcaniclastic turbidites in the Canary Basin: a systematic investigation of distribution, provenance and event history.
+ Relationship between caldera-forming eruptions and major flank collapses.
+ Growth of the Canary Islands recorded in the distal turbidite record.
+ Turbidite record of Northwest African Continental Slope Landslides.
+ Canary Island Submarine Landslides
+ Turbidite Records of the deepwater basins of the NE Altantic
+ Deepwater Depostional Processes
+ Burial of Organic Carbon in Turbidites