Bálint Lakatos
National Archives of Hungary, Research Group for Medieval Studies (HUN-REN—MNL—SZTE), Senior Research Fellow
Research Group for Medievistics (Hungarian Academy of Sciences - National Archives of Hungary - University of Szeged) / HIM-MTA-MOL-SZTE Magyar Medievisztikai Kutatócsoport, Department of Sigismundian Period / Zsigmondkori oklevéltár szerkesztősége, Research Assistant
Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty Of Humaities, Department of Medieval and Early Modern History, Former PhD candidate
Hungarian National Archives, Research Group for Medieval Studies (HUN-REN—MNL—SZTE), Senior Research Fellow
Bálint Lakatos (PhD) is member of the Research Group for Medieval Studies of the HAS-National Archives of Hungary since 2012. Born in 1983 and living in Budapest, Hungary. Graduated (2006) and finished his PhD (2013) at Eötvös Loránd University. The English title of his PhD thesis is: "Official Local Written Culture and Administration in Late Medieval Market Towns (Oppida) of the Hungarian Kingdom, in the Mirror of Their Charters" (- including towns in Slavonia and Transylvania as well). He is one of the editors of the source series Zsigmondkori oklevéltár (Charters concerning the history of the Kingdom of Hungary under the reign of Sigismund of Luxemburg, 1387-1437). Currently he has been working on the edition of the Hungarian reports of Habsburg diplomats (1522-1525).
Supervisors: András Kubinyi † and István Tringli
Supervisors: András Kubinyi † and István Tringli
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century. The weekly sessions of the inner council were held on Mondays–Tuesdays and on Fridays–Saturdays. In the case of real estate matters, charters were often issued on 24 December or on the vigil of Pentecost (“sealing day”). Turda used a single seal until the end of the 15th century, then a larger and a smaller one. The coat of arms was a variant of the
Hungarian royal coat of arms with red and silver cut. This was forgotten by the 17th century.
In the end, Balbi received the small Bishopric of Gurk, located in the north-west of the Duchy of Carinthia, under the metropolitan rule of the Archbishop of Salzburg. The bishops, however, were obliged to take an oath of loyalty to the archbishop, against the landlord’s rights and interests of the Austrian Archduke. The diocese was in the possession of Cardinal Matthäus Lang (1468–1540), Archbishop of Salzburg, who did not give up his possession upon acquiring the archbishop’s seat in 1519. Yet, he was obliged by multiple treaties to pay a yearly duty of 800 Rhenish Florins to Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Administrator of the Bishopric of Passau, he was not unwilling to pass the diocese on to someone else. The Archduke Ferdinand had to consider, besides Balbi, the interests of his powerful chamberlain, Gabriel Salamanca of Castile, Count of Ortenburg, who aimed at acquiring an ecclesiastical benefice for his nephew, Antonio Salamanca-Hoyos, aged 18. The archbishop and the archduke agreed on the details of the project at the Reichstag (imperial assembly) at Nuremberg in the autumn of 1522 (specifically, in mid-November). According to their agreement, Cardinal Lang ceded the Diocese of Gurk to Balbi, who, in turn, obliged himself to continue to pay the yearly fee imposed on the bishopric by his predecessor, as well as to be coadjutor to Antonio Salamanca-Hoyos at Gurk, maintaining his right to inheritance.
This paper focusses on Balbi’s mission to Rome as ambassador of Archduke Ferdinand I to Pope Adrian VI, completed together with the ambassador Pedro de Córdoba, during the spring of 1523. The mission proved successful for Balbi: besides accomplishing the tasks he was instructed to carry out concerning issues of political and ecclesiastical government, he succeeded in convincing the Pope to issue papal bulls ensuring his own appointment as bishop, as well as the appointment of Antonio Salamanca-Hoyos as auxiliary bishop. While the original copies of the main charter of appointment issued for Hoyos with the date March 11th, 1523, and the appended charters with the same date as well as March 14th, have been entirely preserved in the charter series of the Archive of the Diocese of Gurk (Archiv der Diözese Gurk), today found in Klagenfurt, Girolamo Balbi’s charters have been lost.
Balbi, in the summer of 1526, some years after his appointment, resigned his bishopric, and settled in Rome for good. Unfortunately, the registry copies of the bulls do not survive in Lateran series of the Vatican’s Apostolic Archive (Archivio Apostolico Vaticano), either: the volume in question was destroyed while being carried to Paris – and back to Rome – in the early 19th century. We only know its contents from an indexical volume from the 18th century. The dates of issue and the contents of Balbi’s charters can thus be established quite approximately, using other sources relating to the case. The appendix to this paper contains the most important sources relating to the episcopal appointment, in Latin and German, dating from between 1522 and 1524, found in the Vatican, Vienna and Klagenfurt.
to Vladislaus II and their curial divorce, lasted until 1500). Florence’s connections extended to commercial interests. With the Pope and Venice there was a reciprocal, balanced ambassadorial presence, also because of the common Ottoman threat, but on the Hungarian side an ‘ultramontane’, more archaic system of ad hoc missions, based on personal specialisation, can be compared with a hierarchical and representational
diplomatic organisation with long-term assignments.
entrusted with the task of accompanying the princess and future queen, Mary of Habsburg to Hungary in May 1521. The mission was planned to be short, but Burgo ended up staying in the court of the Hungarian–Bohemian king, Louis II, for more than two and a half years, until the end of the Congress of Wiener Neustadt in October 1523. Whilst representing the Habsburg brothers, Charles V and archduke Ferdinand I, Burgo played a role as a confident top advisor of the young royal couple in the political decision-making processes, e.g. in arranging the voyage of Louis II and Queen Mary to Bohemia and the replacement of the Czech government in Prague in February 1523. More than 147 reports and letters are preserved from his mission, which are outstanding sources of Hungarian and Bohemian political history.
with a seal, which was sculpted at the end of the 15th century and depicts a variant of the Rátót kindred’s coat of arms: a lime leaf growing
from a trimmed branch. According to the inscription it was originally a private seal of the member of the medieval seigneurial Paksi family,
Szemere or a descendant of him. The village may have recieved the seal from János Paksi or his successors probably at the turn of the 16th
and 17th centuries, who maintained their landlord rights despite the Ottoman conquest. But this makeshift and temporary solution became
permanent by the beginning of the 18th century: the coat of arms of the landlords have transformed into Dunapataj’s own emblem. The
study describes this metamorphosis and reinterpretation from the newer seal made in 1704 (witch names the settlement in its inscription)
to the seal variants of the 20th century and up to the present day.
Who represented the kings abroad, which were the features of this activity? I have compiled a database of embassies between 1490–1526. (This is published in 2/2020 issue.) A total of 178 missions are detected with 111 identified people. These were mainly led to the neighboring countries. The ruler employed confidental courtiers. “General diplomats” could be deployed everywhere, “specialists” were sent many times to the same destination. There was no tendency to establish permanent embassies.
century. The weekly sessions of the inner council were held on Mondays–Tuesdays and on Fridays–Saturdays. In the case of real estate matters, charters were often issued on 24 December or on the vigil of Pentecost (“sealing day”). Turda used a single seal until the end of the 15th century, then a larger and a smaller one. The coat of arms was a variant of the
Hungarian royal coat of arms with red and silver cut. This was forgotten by the 17th century.
In the end, Balbi received the small Bishopric of Gurk, located in the north-west of the Duchy of Carinthia, under the metropolitan rule of the Archbishop of Salzburg. The bishops, however, were obliged to take an oath of loyalty to the archbishop, against the landlord’s rights and interests of the Austrian Archduke. The diocese was in the possession of Cardinal Matthäus Lang (1468–1540), Archbishop of Salzburg, who did not give up his possession upon acquiring the archbishop’s seat in 1519. Yet, he was obliged by multiple treaties to pay a yearly duty of 800 Rhenish Florins to Ernest, Duke of Bavaria and Administrator of the Bishopric of Passau, he was not unwilling to pass the diocese on to someone else. The Archduke Ferdinand had to consider, besides Balbi, the interests of his powerful chamberlain, Gabriel Salamanca of Castile, Count of Ortenburg, who aimed at acquiring an ecclesiastical benefice for his nephew, Antonio Salamanca-Hoyos, aged 18. The archbishop and the archduke agreed on the details of the project at the Reichstag (imperial assembly) at Nuremberg in the autumn of 1522 (specifically, in mid-November). According to their agreement, Cardinal Lang ceded the Diocese of Gurk to Balbi, who, in turn, obliged himself to continue to pay the yearly fee imposed on the bishopric by his predecessor, as well as to be coadjutor to Antonio Salamanca-Hoyos at Gurk, maintaining his right to inheritance.
This paper focusses on Balbi’s mission to Rome as ambassador of Archduke Ferdinand I to Pope Adrian VI, completed together with the ambassador Pedro de Córdoba, during the spring of 1523. The mission proved successful for Balbi: besides accomplishing the tasks he was instructed to carry out concerning issues of political and ecclesiastical government, he succeeded in convincing the Pope to issue papal bulls ensuring his own appointment as bishop, as well as the appointment of Antonio Salamanca-Hoyos as auxiliary bishop. While the original copies of the main charter of appointment issued for Hoyos with the date March 11th, 1523, and the appended charters with the same date as well as March 14th, have been entirely preserved in the charter series of the Archive of the Diocese of Gurk (Archiv der Diözese Gurk), today found in Klagenfurt, Girolamo Balbi’s charters have been lost.
Balbi, in the summer of 1526, some years after his appointment, resigned his bishopric, and settled in Rome for good. Unfortunately, the registry copies of the bulls do not survive in Lateran series of the Vatican’s Apostolic Archive (Archivio Apostolico Vaticano), either: the volume in question was destroyed while being carried to Paris – and back to Rome – in the early 19th century. We only know its contents from an indexical volume from the 18th century. The dates of issue and the contents of Balbi’s charters can thus be established quite approximately, using other sources relating to the case. The appendix to this paper contains the most important sources relating to the episcopal appointment, in Latin and German, dating from between 1522 and 1524, found in the Vatican, Vienna and Klagenfurt.
to Vladislaus II and their curial divorce, lasted until 1500). Florence’s connections extended to commercial interests. With the Pope and Venice there was a reciprocal, balanced ambassadorial presence, also because of the common Ottoman threat, but on the Hungarian side an ‘ultramontane’, more archaic system of ad hoc missions, based on personal specialisation, can be compared with a hierarchical and representational
diplomatic organisation with long-term assignments.
entrusted with the task of accompanying the princess and future queen, Mary of Habsburg to Hungary in May 1521. The mission was planned to be short, but Burgo ended up staying in the court of the Hungarian–Bohemian king, Louis II, for more than two and a half years, until the end of the Congress of Wiener Neustadt in October 1523. Whilst representing the Habsburg brothers, Charles V and archduke Ferdinand I, Burgo played a role as a confident top advisor of the young royal couple in the political decision-making processes, e.g. in arranging the voyage of Louis II and Queen Mary to Bohemia and the replacement of the Czech government in Prague in February 1523. More than 147 reports and letters are preserved from his mission, which are outstanding sources of Hungarian and Bohemian political history.
with a seal, which was sculpted at the end of the 15th century and depicts a variant of the Rátót kindred’s coat of arms: a lime leaf growing
from a trimmed branch. According to the inscription it was originally a private seal of the member of the medieval seigneurial Paksi family,
Szemere or a descendant of him. The village may have recieved the seal from János Paksi or his successors probably at the turn of the 16th
and 17th centuries, who maintained their landlord rights despite the Ottoman conquest. But this makeshift and temporary solution became
permanent by the beginning of the 18th century: the coat of arms of the landlords have transformed into Dunapataj’s own emblem. The
study describes this metamorphosis and reinterpretation from the newer seal made in 1704 (witch names the settlement in its inscription)
to the seal variants of the 20th century and up to the present day.
Who represented the kings abroad, which were the features of this activity? I have compiled a database of embassies between 1490–1526. (This is published in 2/2020 issue.) A total of 178 missions are detected with 111 identified people. These were mainly led to the neighboring countries. The ruler employed confidental courtiers. “General diplomats” could be deployed everywhere, “specialists” were sent many times to the same destination. There was no tendency to establish permanent embassies.
contributors: Ádám Bollók, Lajos Berkes, Tamás Barta, Tünde Cserpes, Imre Garai, Balázs Krémer, Bálint Lakatos, Béla Mihalik, Viktor Marsai, Bence Péterfi, Rudolf Paksa, Mariann Slíz, Erzsébet Szlamka, Mariann Szlavkovszky, Károly Tóth, Márta Vajnági and Áron Zarnóczki.
Final manuscript version before typesetting (tördelés előtti végleges kézirat), without preliminary pages (címnegyed nélkül);
publisher: ELTE BTK Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszék and ELTE Eötvös József Collegium
ISBN 963 463 8651