Papers by Sari Jammo
Dealing with the Dead: Studies on Burial Practices in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant, 2022
In the Levant, during the PPN period, the dead were believed to be deeply connected to their home... more In the Levant, during the PPN period, the dead were believed to be deeply connected to their homes. After death, people were buried close to/ in their houses, and the rituals of the disposal of the dead were also performed close to/ in their houses. This included prolonged secondary, and sometimes, tertiary funeral practices. However, the discovery of the Kerkh Pottery Neolithic cemetery shows how this relationship between the living and the dead had changed in the following Pottery Neolithic period. The dead were gradually liberated from their homes. In this study, we would like to discuss this new living–dead relationship, while summarizing the emergence process of the outdoor communal cemetery at Tell el‑Kerkh during the Pottery Neolithic period.
Orient 57: 93-112., 2022
Neolithic societies have been characterized by a long-term process of evolution in funerary pract... more Neolithic societies have been characterized by a long-term process of evolution in funerary practices and shift of burial locations. Thousands of burials uncovered from different regions have shed light on various aspects of human behavior in these societies. The spatial location of burials and burial customs underwent significant changes throughout the development of these societies from the hunter-gatherer way of the life in the Natufian to the settled farming societies in the Neolithic period. People tended to bury their dead within the settlement boundaries and in close association with residential buildings. Burials took place beneath the floor of residential and non-residential buildings bearing symbolic significance, between buildings and in courtyards. The building-burial relations were intertwined with ritual in the Neolithic, particularly household and community rituals that were integrated into daily life. Therefore, there was a spatial-based relationship between the location of the burials and the communal activities that were undertaken which also reinforced memories of place. This legacy continued into the Pottery Neolithic period, however, a shift from indoor to crowded outdoor cemeteries has been documented at several sites. The changes in the location of the burials and the decline in building-burial relations might be attributed to social changes during the transition from the Late PPNB to the PN periods. People in the PN period did not maintain a fixed ancestral abode as was the case in succeeding periods. Rather, there was diversity in the burial context that reflected the diversity of household practices and increased household autonomy. This paper presents a chronological overview of the shift in burial location during the development of Neolithic societies through investigation of the spatial context of burials and the association between the living and the dead.
Archaeopress, 2022
Excavations at Tell el-Kerkh since 1997 to 2010 yielded 244 individuals uncovered from an outdoor... more Excavations at Tell el-Kerkh since 1997 to 2010 yielded 244 individuals uncovered from an outdoor communal cemetery located adjacent to the residential area. Deceased were interred in different ways, and various and complex funeral were uncovered. This chapter intends to shed the light on some aspects of the burial customs and funerary practices including skull removal and manipulation of human remains from different burial types. Ten headless individuals have revealed from the primary burials belong mainly to young adult females and small children. Moreover, a number of individuals were identified by detached skulls/crania accompanied with or without long bones. The skulls/crania were even solo discovered on the cemetery ground, or found beside individuals in the primary burials, or accompanied with/without long bones and discovered in the collective burials and crematorium pits. Investigations illustrated a remarkable number of individuals were subjected to multi-stage treatments before ultimately interred in the final deposit. Further, some bodily remains seem to have been retrieved from its original interment context and transfer to another which indicates to circulation of bodily parts.
Archaeopress, 2022
Tell el-Kerkh revealed 244 individuals in an outdoor communal cemetery located in Squares E251, E... more Tell el-Kerkh revealed 244 individuals in an outdoor communal cemetery located in Squares E251, E270, and E271, adjacent to the habitation zone in the Central Area (Figure 4-1). Deceased of both sexes, from all age groups, were uncovered, and the cemetery had been used for hundreds of years in the late 7th millennium BC. The deceased in the cemetery were categorized into four burial types showing simple and complex interment patterns. The deceased were buried individually or in groups aggregated in different burial contexts. Stratigraphically, the cemetery is divided into three main layers, Layers 4, 5, and 6, from the top to the bottom. Each layer of the cemetery is distinguished by the number of deceased, burial customs, and funerary
practices.
Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden, 2020
People in the Neolithic Near Eastern societies buried their dead in various locations. Most often... more People in the Neolithic Near Eastern societies buried their dead in various locations. Most often the deceased were buried in the settlement associated with certain building structures and in courtyards. However, excavations in the northern Levantine Neolithic sites have revealed real cemeteries for the first time in this period. In this context, the excavations at Tell el-Kerkh (northwestern Syria) have revealed a unique outdoor communal Pottery Neolithic cemetery. This cemetery was utilized for inhumation of the deceased regardless of age and sex. Up to the 2010 excavation season, the cemetery was confirmed within layers 6-4 of the Rouj 2c phase, dated to between 6400-6200 cal. BC., and revealed c.241 individuals, which suggests the continuous use of the cemetery over hundreds of years. The cemetery at Tell el-Kerkh is considered one of the oldest outdoor communal cemeteries discovered in the Near East, so far. This paper will introduce the excavation results, how the cemetery was uncovered and the distribution of burials in each layer.
Museums nowadays are not merely places for displaying archaeological objects, but have a fundamen... more Museums nowadays are not merely places for displaying archaeological objects, but have a fundamental role of education and building linkage between people and their heritage. Moreover, educating local people strongly influence their behavior and attitudes in relation to protecting heritage and promoting public awareness.
Tsukuba Archaeological Studies, 2014
Thesis Chapters by Sari Jammo
Skull removal practices flourished during the PPNA and PPNB periods and dominated the funeral rit... more Skull removal practices flourished during the PPNA and PPNB periods and dominated the funeral rituals in society. The treatment of the skull reflected the importance of the skull in Neolithic societies. The skull had a relationship with the life and identity of the dead, and created linkage between the living and dead. In the following Pottery Neolithic Period, this custom obviously decreased. The cemetery of Tell el Kerkh in northwestern Syria presented six clear specimens of skull removal in the primary burials. These specimens may help to understand the reason for continuity of skull removal in this period. Therefore, I will highlight both the rapid decrease of skull removal practices in general and its survival at a few sites in the Pottery Neolithic period. I believe that this kind of study furthers understanding of skull symbolism in Near Eastern Neolithic societies.
Conference Presentations by Sari Jammo
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 11 1 2 3 a c b 5 cm 5 cm 12 13 14 15 16 17 Figure 8 Str. 1058, middle adult ... more 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 11 1 2 3 a c b 5 cm 5 cm 12 13 14 15 16 17 Figure 8 Str. 1058, middle adult male a) DFBW bowl; b) 1-4 deer horns; C-1) deer horn; 2-4) bone awls; 5) Amuq-type flint point; 6-10) flint blade; 11) clay stamp seal; 12-14) pumice stone; 15-17) Stone axe. In addition to 20 chipped flints, 1 pumice stone, 1 whetstone. 4
Teaching Documents by Sari Jammo
يُعتَبَرُ مَعبدُ عَين دَارَا أَحَدَ أَهَّمِ المَعَابِدِ التي تَمَّ التَنقِيبُ عَنهَا في سُورْيَة.... more يُعتَبَرُ مَعبدُ عَين دَارَا أَحَدَ أَهَّمِ المَعَابِدِ التي تَمَّ التَنقِيبُ عَنهَا في سُورْيَة. بُنِيَ المَعبَدُ في الأَلفِ الثَانِي قَبلَ المِيلادِ، ويُشتَهَرُ بِأَرضِيَّتِهِ مِن الحَجَرِ الكِلسِيِّ وَالَّتي تَضُمُّ بَلاطَاتٍ مَنقُوشَاً عَلَيهَا آَثَارُِ أَقْدَامٍ عِمْلَاقَةٍ. ويُعرَفُ أَيضَاً بِمنحُوتَاتِهِ ذَاتِ الطَابَعِ السُورِيِّ - الحِثِّيِّ (أَو الحِثِّيِّ الحَدِيثِ) وَالَّتي بَقيَتْ مَحْفُوظَةً حَتَّى الألفِ الأوَّلِ قَبلَ المِيلَادِ وما بَعدَهُ. وتَشْمَلُ هَذِهِ المَنْحُوْتَاتُ أُسُوْدَاً حَجَرِيَّةً مُعَقَّدَةً وَأَبُو الهَوْلِ، وَجُدْراناً مُزَيَّنَةً بمَخلُوقَاتٍ أُسْطُورِيَّةٍ، وَنُقُوشاً نَبَاتِيَّةً، وتَصَامِيمَ هَندَسِيَّةً.
لِسُوءِ الحَظِّ، تَدَمَّرَ المَعبَدُ جُزئِيَّاً في عَامِ ٢٠١٨ وفُقِدَتْ العَديدُ مِن عَنَاصِرِهِ المِعمَارِيَّةِ وَالزُخرُفيَّةِ المُمَيَّزَةِ. إلّا أنَّنَاَ نَأمَلُ مِن خِلَالِ هَذَا الكُتَيِّبِ المُصَوَّرِ أن نُسَلِّطَ الضَوءِ عَلى تَارِيخِ أَحَدِ المَوَاقِعِ التُرَاثِيَّةِ السُورِيَّةِ الَّتي لَا تُقَدَّرُ بِثَمَنٍ وَالَّذي لَعِبَ دَورَاً بَارِزَاً فِي تَارِيخِ البَشَرِيَّةِ. يُعتَبَرُ مَعبدُ عَين دَارَا جُزْءاً مِن الذَّاكِرَةِ الثَقَافِيَّةِ لِلسُورِيِّينَ بِشَكلٍ عَامٍّ، وأَهَالِيَ مَنطِقَةِ عِفرِينَ بِشَكلٍ خَاصٍّ، وبِدَورِنَا نُقدِّمُ هَذَا العَمَلَ لَهمُ جَمِيعَاً.
アイン・ダーラ神殿は、シリアで発掘された最も重要な神殿の一つです。紀元前2千年紀に建てられたこの神殿は、石灰岩の床に刻まれた巨大な足跡で有名です。また、シリア・ヒッタイト（新ヒッタイト）の彫刻で... more アイン・ダーラ神殿は、シリアで発掘された最も重要な神殿の一つです。紀元前2千年紀に建てられたこの神殿は、石灰岩の床に刻まれた巨大な足跡で有名です。また、シリア・ヒッタイト（新ヒッタイト）の彫刻でも知られ、それらは前1千年紀以降も残されています。石造のライオンやスフィンクス、神話上の生き物や花模様、幾何学模様で飾られた壁などがふくまれます。
残念ながら、この神殿は2018年に破壊され、美しい建築物や彫像類の多くが失われてしまいました。本書が、人類の歴史に欠かせない役割を果たしたシリアの貴重な遺産のひとつに光を当てることになればと願っています。アイン・ダーラ神殿は、シリアの文化的記憶の一部であり、特にアフリン地域の人々にとって重要なものです。それゆえ、私たちは本冊子を彼らに捧げます。
The temple of Ain Dara is one of the most important temples excavated in Syria. The temple was bu... more The temple of Ain Dara is one of the most important temples excavated in Syria. The temple was built in the 2nd millennium BC, and it is famous for its limestone floor imprinted with giant footprints. lt is also known for its Hittite and Syro-Hittite (or NeoHittite) sculptures, which survived into the 1st millennium BC and beyond. These include intricate stone lions, sphinxes, and walls decorated with mythical creatures, floral patterns, and geometric designs.
Unfortunately, the temple was partially destroyed in 2018 and many of its distinctive architectural and decorative elements are gone. However, we hope this pamphlet will shed light on one of Syria's invaluable heritage sites that played an essential role in human history. The temple is a part of Syria's cultural memory in general, and the Afrin region's people in particular. We therefore present them with this work.
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Papers by Sari Jammo
practices.
Thesis Chapters by Sari Jammo
Conference Presentations by Sari Jammo
Teaching Documents by Sari Jammo
لِسُوءِ الحَظِّ، تَدَمَّرَ المَعبَدُ جُزئِيَّاً في عَامِ ٢٠١٨ وفُقِدَتْ العَديدُ مِن عَنَاصِرِهِ المِعمَارِيَّةِ وَالزُخرُفيَّةِ المُمَيَّزَةِ. إلّا أنَّنَاَ نَأمَلُ مِن خِلَالِ هَذَا الكُتَيِّبِ المُصَوَّرِ أن نُسَلِّطَ الضَوءِ عَلى تَارِيخِ أَحَدِ المَوَاقِعِ التُرَاثِيَّةِ السُورِيَّةِ الَّتي لَا تُقَدَّرُ بِثَمَنٍ وَالَّذي لَعِبَ دَورَاً بَارِزَاً فِي تَارِيخِ البَشَرِيَّةِ. يُعتَبَرُ مَعبدُ عَين دَارَا جُزْءاً مِن الذَّاكِرَةِ الثَقَافِيَّةِ لِلسُورِيِّينَ بِشَكلٍ عَامٍّ، وأَهَالِيَ مَنطِقَةِ عِفرِينَ بِشَكلٍ خَاصٍّ، وبِدَورِنَا نُقدِّمُ هَذَا العَمَلَ لَهمُ جَمِيعَاً.
残念ながら、この神殿は2018年に破壊され、美しい建築物や彫像類の多くが失われてしまいました。本書が、人類の歴史に欠かせない役割を果たしたシリアの貴重な遺産のひとつに光を当てることになればと願っています。アイン・ダーラ神殿は、シリアの文化的記憶の一部であり、特にアフリン地域の人々にとって重要なものです。それゆえ、私たちは本冊子を彼らに捧げます。
Unfortunately, the temple was partially destroyed in 2018 and many of its distinctive architectural and decorative elements are gone. However, we hope this pamphlet will shed light on one of Syria's invaluable heritage sites that played an essential role in human history. The temple is a part of Syria's cultural memory in general, and the Afrin region's people in particular. We therefore present them with this work.
practices.
لِسُوءِ الحَظِّ، تَدَمَّرَ المَعبَدُ جُزئِيَّاً في عَامِ ٢٠١٨ وفُقِدَتْ العَديدُ مِن عَنَاصِرِهِ المِعمَارِيَّةِ وَالزُخرُفيَّةِ المُمَيَّزَةِ. إلّا أنَّنَاَ نَأمَلُ مِن خِلَالِ هَذَا الكُتَيِّبِ المُصَوَّرِ أن نُسَلِّطَ الضَوءِ عَلى تَارِيخِ أَحَدِ المَوَاقِعِ التُرَاثِيَّةِ السُورِيَّةِ الَّتي لَا تُقَدَّرُ بِثَمَنٍ وَالَّذي لَعِبَ دَورَاً بَارِزَاً فِي تَارِيخِ البَشَرِيَّةِ. يُعتَبَرُ مَعبدُ عَين دَارَا جُزْءاً مِن الذَّاكِرَةِ الثَقَافِيَّةِ لِلسُورِيِّينَ بِشَكلٍ عَامٍّ، وأَهَالِيَ مَنطِقَةِ عِفرِينَ بِشَكلٍ خَاصٍّ، وبِدَورِنَا نُقدِّمُ هَذَا العَمَلَ لَهمُ جَمِيعَاً.
残念ながら、この神殿は2018年に破壊され、美しい建築物や彫像類の多くが失われてしまいました。本書が、人類の歴史に欠かせない役割を果たしたシリアの貴重な遺産のひとつに光を当てることになればと願っています。アイン・ダーラ神殿は、シリアの文化的記憶の一部であり、特にアフリン地域の人々にとって重要なものです。それゆえ、私たちは本冊子を彼らに捧げます。
Unfortunately, the temple was partially destroyed in 2018 and many of its distinctive architectural and decorative elements are gone. However, we hope this pamphlet will shed light on one of Syria's invaluable heritage sites that played an essential role in human history. The temple is a part of Syria's cultural memory in general, and the Afrin region's people in particular. We therefore present them with this work.