Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Informat... more Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will rise from about 31 billion metric tons in 2010 to 36 billion metric tons in 2020. The carbon dioxide emissions will further grow to 45 billion metric tons by 2040, resulting in a total of 46 percent increase. One of the major contributors to the emissions will be in the exhaust gases released from the vehicles. Therefore, it can be said that by employing zero-carbon print vehicle fuel a significant change can be observed in the carbon-dioxide emission levels. Research in the area of alternative fuels, renewable and nonrenewable, has demonstrated its applicability in the vehicle power train section, however, in a laboratory environment. With the available research findings, and considering the need of time, steps have to be taken towards the development of a fueling infrastructure. From the available alternat...
Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Sol... more Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Solid waste as renewable source of energy: Current and future possibility in Libya, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , http://dx.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology ... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.
C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce th... more C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas contains Methane is considered a potential source of clean renewable energy. This paper discusses the design of a combined heat, hydrogen and power system, which generated by Methane with use of Fuelcell, for the campus of Missouri University of Science and Technology located in Rolla, Missouri, USA. An energy flow and resource availability study was performed to identify sustainable type and source of feedstock needed to run the Fuelcell at its maximum capacity. FuelCell Energy's DFC1500 unit (a molten carbonate Fuelcell) was selected as the Fuelcell for the tri-generation (heat, hydrogen and electric power) system. This tri-generation system provides electric power to the campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other applications on the campus. In conclusi...
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
Countries are trying to reduce their energy consumption, fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas em... more Countries are trying to reduce their energy consumption, fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions. Recent guidelines generated by various government agencies indicate an increase in the fuel economy, with a reduction in green house gases. The use of both alternative fuel vehicles and renewable energy sources is thus necessary toward achieving this goal. This paper proposes a hydrogen fueling infrastructure design for the Northeastern United States. The design provides an implementation plan for a period of 13 years (from 2013 to 2025). This design gives priority to customer convenience with minimum additional investments for its implementation. Extensive research has been conducted on generating a hydrogen supply from factories and other potential sources that can satisfy demand in the region. Markers (e.g. population density, traffic density, legislation, and growth pattern) have driven the process of demand estimation.
Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Sol... more Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Solid waste as renewable source of energy: Current and future possibility in Libya, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , http://dx.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology ... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500TM unit as a MCFC. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately avai... more Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately available resource will allow countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and reliance on fossil fuels. This energy source is created by anaerobic digestion of feedstock. Sources for feedstock include organic and inorganic waste, agricultural waste, animal by-products, and industrial waste. All of these sources of biogas are a renewable energy source. Specifically a fuel cell can utilize the methane present in biogas using integrated heat, power, and hydrogen systems. A study was performed concerning energy flow and resource availability to ascertain the type and source of feedstock to run a fuel cell system unceasingly while maintaining maximum capacity. After completion of this study and an estimation of locally available fuel, the FuelCell Energy 1500 unit (a molten carbonate fuel cell) was chosen to be used on campus. This particular fuel cell will provide ele...
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Informat... more Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will rise from about 31 billion metric tons in 2010 to 36 billion metric tons in 2020. The carbon dioxide emissions will further grow to 45 billion metric tons by 2040, resulting in a total of 46 percent increase. One of the major contributors to the emissions will be in the exhaust gases released from the vehicles. Therefore, it can be said that by employing zero-carbon print vehicle fuel a significant change can be observed in the carbon-dioxide emission levels. Research in the area of alternative fuels, renewable and nonrenewable, has demonstrated its applicability in the vehicle power train section, however, in a laboratory environment. With the available research findings, and considering the need of time, steps have to be taken towards the development of a fueling infrastructure. From the available alternat...
Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately avai... more Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately available resource will allow countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and reliance on fossil fuels. This energy source is created by anaerobic digestion of feedstock. Sources for feedstock include organic and inorganic waste, agricultural waste, animal by-products, and industrial waste. All of these sources of biogas are a renewable energy source. Specifically a fuel cell can utilize the methane present in biogas using integrated heat, power, and hydrogen systems. A study was performed concerning energy flow and resource availability to ascertain the type and source of feedstock to run a fuel cell system unceasingly while maintaining maximum capacity. After completion of this study and an estimation of locally available fuel, the FuelCell Energy 1500 unit (a molten carbonate fuel cell) was chosen to be used on campus. This particular fuel cell will provide ele...
C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce th... more C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas contains Methane is considered a potential source of clean renewable energy. This paper discusses the design of a combined heat, hydrogen and power system, which generated by Methane with use of Fuelcell, for the campus of Missouri University of Science and Technology located in Rolla, Missouri, USA. An energy flow and resource availability study was performed to identify sustainable type and source of feedstock needed to run the Fuelcell at its maximum capacity. FuelCell Energy's DFC1500 unit (a molten carbonate Fuelcell) was selected as the Fuelcell for the tri-generation (heat, hydrogen and electric power) system. This tri-generation system provides electric power to the campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other applications on the campus. In conclusi...
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2000
Risk factors, prevalence, and intensity of infection with Schistosoma sp. and prevalence and magn... more Risk factors, prevalence, and intensity of infection with Schistosoma sp. and prevalence and magnitude of morbidity caused by schistosomiasis was assessed in a stratified random sample of 16,433 subjects from 2,409 households in 33 rural communities in Minya Governorate, Egypt. The prevalence of S. haematobium ranged from 1.9% to 32.7% among the communities and averaged 8.9%. The average intensity of infection was a geometric mean egg count (GMEC) of 8.5 per 10 ml of urine and ranged from 1.6 to 30.9. Prevalence was maximum (18-20%) in those 10-20 years of age and higher in males than in females. Intensity of infection followed the same pattern. Infection with S. mansoni was present almost exclusively in a single village, confirming spread of this species up the Nile River and its focality in Minya. Risk factors for S. haematobium infection were an age from 11 to 20; male gender; males bathing in, women washing clothing or utensils in, and children swimming or playing in canals; and...
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology ... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.
Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Informat... more Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will rise from about 31 billion metric tons in 2010 to 36 billion metric tons in 2020. The carbon dioxide emissions will further grow to 45 billion metric tons by 2040, resulting in a total of 46 percent increase. One of the major contributors to the emissions will be in the exhaust gases released from the vehicles. Therefore, it can be said that by employing zero-carbon print vehicle fuel a significant change can be observed in the carbon-dioxide emission levels. Research in the area of alternative fuels, renewable and nonrenewable, has demonstrated its applicability in the vehicle power train section, however, in a laboratory environment. With the available research findings, and considering the need of time, steps have to be taken towards the development of a fueling infrastructure. From the available alternat...
Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Sol... more Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Solid waste as renewable source of energy: Current and future possibility in Libya, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , http://dx.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology ... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.
C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce th... more C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas contains Methane is considered a potential source of clean renewable energy. This paper discusses the design of a combined heat, hydrogen and power system, which generated by Methane with use of Fuelcell, for the campus of Missouri University of Science and Technology located in Rolla, Missouri, USA. An energy flow and resource availability study was performed to identify sustainable type and source of feedstock needed to run the Fuelcell at its maximum capacity. FuelCell Energy's DFC1500 unit (a molten carbonate Fuelcell) was selected as the Fuelcell for the tri-generation (heat, hydrogen and electric power) system. This tri-generation system provides electric power to the campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other applications on the campus. In conclusi...
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
Countries are trying to reduce their energy consumption, fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas em... more Countries are trying to reduce their energy consumption, fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions. Recent guidelines generated by various government agencies indicate an increase in the fuel economy, with a reduction in green house gases. The use of both alternative fuel vehicles and renewable energy sources is thus necessary toward achieving this goal. This paper proposes a hydrogen fueling infrastructure design for the Northeastern United States. The design provides an implementation plan for a period of 13 years (from 2013 to 2025). This design gives priority to customer convenience with minimum additional investments for its implementation. Extensive research has been conducted on generating a hydrogen supply from factories and other potential sources that can satisfy demand in the region. Markers (e.g. population density, traffic density, legislation, and growth pattern) have driven the process of demand estimation.
Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Sol... more Cite this article as: Tarek A. Hamad, Abdulhakim A. Agll, Yousif M. Hamad, John W. Sheffield, Solid waste as renewable source of energy: Current and future possibility in Libya, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering , http://dx.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology ... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500TM unit as a MCFC. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately avai... more Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately available resource will allow countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and reliance on fossil fuels. This energy source is created by anaerobic digestion of feedstock. Sources for feedstock include organic and inorganic waste, agricultural waste, animal by-products, and industrial waste. All of these sources of biogas are a renewable energy source. Specifically a fuel cell can utilize the methane present in biogas using integrated heat, power, and hydrogen systems. A study was performed concerning energy flow and resource availability to ascertain the type and source of feedstock to run a fuel cell system unceasingly while maintaining maximum capacity. After completion of this study and an estimation of locally available fuel, the FuelCell Energy 1500 unit (a molten carbonate fuel cell) was chosen to be used on campus. This particular fuel cell will provide ele...
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri Uni... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage and high greenhouse gas emissions at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed the design of CHHP system for the campus using local resources. An energy flow and resource availability study is performed to identify the type and source of feedstock required to continuously run the fuel cell system at peak capacity. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell. The CHHP system provides electricity to power the university campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other needs. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions at the university campus.
Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Informat... more Abstract According to the International Energy Outlook 2013, released by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions will rise from about 31 billion metric tons in 2010 to 36 billion metric tons in 2020. The carbon dioxide emissions will further grow to 45 billion metric tons by 2040, resulting in a total of 46 percent increase. One of the major contributors to the emissions will be in the exhaust gases released from the vehicles. Therefore, it can be said that by employing zero-carbon print vehicle fuel a significant change can be observed in the carbon-dioxide emission levels. Research in the area of alternative fuels, renewable and nonrenewable, has demonstrated its applicability in the vehicle power train section, however, in a laboratory environment. With the available research findings, and considering the need of time, steps have to be taken towards the development of a fueling infrastructure. From the available alternat...
Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately avai... more Biogas is an untapped potential in regards to an alternative energy source. This immediately available resource will allow countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and reliance on fossil fuels. This energy source is created by anaerobic digestion of feedstock. Sources for feedstock include organic and inorganic waste, agricultural waste, animal by-products, and industrial waste. All of these sources of biogas are a renewable energy source. Specifically a fuel cell can utilize the methane present in biogas using integrated heat, power, and hydrogen systems. A study was performed concerning energy flow and resource availability to ascertain the type and source of feedstock to run a fuel cell system unceasingly while maintaining maximum capacity. After completion of this study and an estimation of locally available fuel, the FuelCell Energy 1500 unit (a molten carbonate fuel cell) was chosen to be used on campus. This particular fuel cell will provide ele...
C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce th... more C ountries around the world are trying to use alternative fuels and renewable energy to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas contains Methane is considered a potential source of clean renewable energy. This paper discusses the design of a combined heat, hydrogen and power system, which generated by Methane with use of Fuelcell, for the campus of Missouri University of Science and Technology located in Rolla, Missouri, USA. An energy flow and resource availability study was performed to identify sustainable type and source of feedstock needed to run the Fuelcell at its maximum capacity. FuelCell Energy's DFC1500 unit (a molten carbonate Fuelcell) was selected as the Fuelcell for the tri-generation (heat, hydrogen and electric power) system. This tri-generation system provides electric power to the campus, thermal energy for heating the anaerobic digester, and hydrogen for transportation, back-up power and other applications on the campus. In conclusi...
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2000
Risk factors, prevalence, and intensity of infection with Schistosoma sp. and prevalence and magn... more Risk factors, prevalence, and intensity of infection with Schistosoma sp. and prevalence and magnitude of morbidity caused by schistosomiasis was assessed in a stratified random sample of 16,433 subjects from 2,409 households in 33 rural communities in Minya Governorate, Egypt. The prevalence of S. haematobium ranged from 1.9% to 32.7% among the communities and averaged 8.9%. The average intensity of infection was a geometric mean egg count (GMEC) of 8.5 per 10 ml of urine and ranged from 1.6 to 30.9. Prevalence was maximum (18-20%) in those 10-20 years of age and higher in males than in females. Intensity of infection followed the same pattern. Infection with S. mansoni was present almost exclusively in a single village, confirming spread of this species up the Nile River and its focality in Minya. Risk factors for S. haematobium infection were an age from 11 to 20; male gender; males bathing in, women washing clothing or utensils in, and children swimming or playing in canals; and...
To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology ... more To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.
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