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Empayar Bulgaria Kedua

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Empayar Bulgaria Kedua
ц︢рьство блъгарское
Второ българско царство
1185–1396
Bendera Bulgaria
Jata Imperial Bulgaria
Bendera Jata Imperial
Bulgaria di bawah Ivan Asen II
Bulgaria di bawah Ivan Asen II
Ibu negaraTarnovo
(1185 –1393)
Vidin dan Nikopol
(1393–1396)
Bahasa yang umum digunakanBulgaria Tengah
Agama
Kristian Ortodoks, Bogomilisme (diharamkan)
KerajaanMonarki
Tsar (Maharaja) 
• 1185–1190
Peter IV (pertama)
• 1396
Constantine II (akhir)
Era SejarahZaman Pertengahan
1185
1396
Keluasan
1205[1]248,000 km2 (96,000 bt2)
1241[1]477,000 km2 (184,000 bt2)
1350[1]137,000 km2 (53,000 bt2)
Kod ISO 3166BG
Didahului oleh		 Diganti oleh
Empayar Bulgaria Pertama
Empayar Byzantine
Empayar Uthmaniyyah
Sekarang sebahagian dari
Negara pada hari ini

Empayar Bulgaria Kedua (Bahasa Bulgaria: Второ българско царство, Vtorо Bălgarskо Tsartsvo) adalah sebuah negara Bulgaria pada Zaman Pertengahan yang wujud antara tahun 1185 sehingga 1396.[2] Ia merupakan negara penerus kepada Empayar Bulgaria Pertama, dan mencapai kemuncak kuasanya semasa di bawah pemerintahan Tsar Kaloyan dan Ivan Asen II sebelum secara perlahan-lahan ditakluk oleh Uthmaniyyah pada akhir kurun ke-14 dan awal kurun ke-15. Ia kemudian digantikan oleh Prinsipaliti Bulgaria dan kemudian Kerajaan Beraja Bulgaria pada tahun 1878.[3][4]

Sehingga tahun 1256, Empayar Bulgaria Kedua merupakan kuasa dominan di rantau Balkan, yang mana berjaya mengalahkan Empayar Byzantine dalam beberapa pertempuran penting. Pada tahun 1205, Maharaja Kaloyan mengalahkan Empayar Latin yang baru diasaskan dalam Pertempuran Adrianople. Anak saudara beliau, Ivan Asen II mengalahkan Despotate Epiros dan menjadikan Bulgaria sebuah kuasa wilayah sekali lagi. Semasa zaman pemerintahan beliau, wilayah Bulgaria meluas daripada Adriatik ke Laut Hitam dan ekonomi yang makmur. Bagaimanapun pada akhir kurun ke-13, kekuatan empayar ini mula jatuh di sebabkan serbuan berterusan oleh Mongol, Byzantines, Hungary, dan Serbia, selain kekacauan dan pemberontakan dalam negara. Kurun ke-14 menyaksikan kestabilan dan pemulihan sementara, serta kemuncak feudalisme Balkan sebagai pusat kekuasaan mula hilang di kebanyakan wilayah. Bulgaria kemudian dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian menjelang permulaan serangan Uthmaniyah.

Meskipun dipengaruhi kuat oleh Byzantine, para artis dan arkitek Bulgaria mencipta gaya mereka tersendiri. Pada kurun ke-14, di mana zaman ini dikenali sebagai Zaman Emas Kebudayaan Bulgaria Kedua, kesusasteraan dan kesenian berkembang pesat.[5] Ibu negara, Tarnovo, yang mana dianggap sebagai sebuah "Constantinople Baru", menjadi hub kebudayaan utama dan pusat dunia Ortodoks Timur untuk orang Bulgaria sezamannya.[6] Selepas penaklukan oleh Uthmaniyah, ramai sarjanawan dan alim Bulgaria berhijrah ke prinsipaliti Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia, dan Rusia, di mana mereka memperkenalkan budaya, buku dan idea hesychastik Bulgaria.[7]

Petikan

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  1. ^ a b c Kamburova, Violeta (1992). Atlas "History of Bulgaria". Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. m/s. 18, 20, 23.
  2. ^ Тютюнджиев, Иван; Пламен Павлов (1992). Българската държава и османската експанзия 1369–1422 (dalam bahasa Bulgarian). Велико Търново.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  3. ^ http://promacedonia.org/en/sr/
  4. ^ http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/index.html
  5. ^ Kǎnev, Petǎr (2002). "Religion in Bulgaria after 1989". South-East Europe Review (1): 81.
  6. ^ Obolensky, p. 246
  7. ^ Kazhdan 1991, halaman 334, 337

Sumber

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Rujukan

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