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Sara Bano

Michigan State University, Educational Administration: Higher, Adult, & Lifelong Educ, Graduate Student

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I am an assistant professor, in the School of Education at North Dakota State University. I received her Ph.D. in the Higher, Adult, and Lifelong Education program (HALE) from Michigan State University. My research interests focus on international and comparative higher education, adult learning, and transformative learning in global context.
Address: East Lansing, Michigan, United States

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Papers by Sara Bano

Perceptions of Cultural Learning in Study Abroad Programs in the United States: Chinese Student Perspectives

Proceedings of the 2021 AERA Annual Meeting, 2021

Developing Intercultural Competency in Public Health Study Abroad Program

Comparative & international higher education, Oct 19, 2022

In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focu... more In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focusing on the experiences of Chinese undergraduate students from the field of Public Health in the United States of America. We used Weick's (1995) Sensemaking theory to understand how Chinese undergraduate students made sense of their experiences of learning about other cultures in both personal and professional spaces. We applied a qualitative research design and used interviews, a focus group, and reflection papers for data collection. We found that Chinese undergraduate students focused on social behaviors and attitudes. They used comparison as a tool to make sense of new experiences. Their sensemaking process shifted from simple to complex concepts, and guided learning helped them understand complex social issues related to public health in the U.S. They did not consider learning related to public health knowledge, English language, or life skills as cultural learning.

Chinese Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Learning

Comparative & international higher education, Mar 14, 2020

Global Higher Education Partnerships: Perceptions of Chinese and Sub-Saharan African Visiting Scholarsof Engagement in US Universities

UMT education review, Dec 31, 2021

This paper focuses on the participants' perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of... more This paper focuses on the participants' perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of visiting scholars from Sub-Saharan Africa and China. We used Mezirow's (2000) Transformative Learning Theory to explore how the scholars made meaning of their experiences while in the U.S. We employed a qualitative research method and conducted in-depth interviews with visiting scholars from two separate programs. The findings of this study showed that the participants considered their time spent at the U.S. university as a professional development opportunity to help advance their career objectives. Scholars from both groups appreciated the high level of resources available in the U.S., since it allowed them to increase their research and teaching skills. They aimed to make an impact on their home societies with the knowledge gained abroad. Each set of scholars was interested in building social networks in the U.S. to help propel their career goals. However, Chinese scholars expressed more interest in personal growth and learning English while in the U.S., compared to their Sub-Saharan African counterparts.

From Brain Drain to Reverse Brain Drain

Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series, 2018

A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled... more A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled workers educated as international students in Western countries to Asian countries. This chapter explores the brain drain to reverse brain drain situation in South Asia and highlights the implications for South Asia and the United States of America through an extensive literature review. The author argues that understanding the effects of reverse brain drain for South Asia and the USA can be crucial, and special policies and governmental programs are required to manage the trend in South Asia, and fill the void of professional workers in the USA.

COVID-19 and Collective Transformation: Changes in Online Nursing Faculty Pedagogical Practices

Journal of Transformative Education

Our study explored the experiences of fully online nursing faculty during COVID-19. Using Mezirow... more Our study explored the experiences of fully online nursing faculty during COVID-19. Using Mezirow’s transformative learning theory and Hoggan’s typology as our framework, we engaged in qualitative hermeneutic phenomenology, interviewing 10 online nursing faculty members to learn about their experiences teaching online during the pandemic. Results from our findings suggest COVID-19 was a collective disorienting dilemma. While working through this disorienting dilemma, faculty discovered the importance of both collaboration and professional development in the sense-making process. Furthermore, faculty pedagogical practices transformed as flexibility and compassion emerged as a necessary part of supporting students during the pandemic.

Chinese undergraduate students' perceptions of mobile learning: Conceptions, learning profiles, and approaches

Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2019

Close links between students' conceptions of and approaches to learning were established in t... more Close links between students' conceptions of and approaches to learning were established in the past research. However, only a few quantitative studies investigated this relationship particularly with regard to mobile learning (m‐learning). The correlation between learners' conceptions and approaches to m‐learning was analysed using a partial least squares analysis applied to data obtained from a sample of 971 undergraduate students in China. The results indicated that students' conceptions of m‐learning could be classified into reproductive, transitional, and constructive levels. Students may hold multiple m‐learning applications than a predominant one; hence, examining m‐learning as one monolithic entity may provide limited information. Latent profile analysis identified four learning profiles based on students' preferred m‐learning applications: passive, mixed, surface‐supportive, and high‐engagement.. Moreover, a general trend was observed, whereby students with ...

Factors Contributing to Imposter Phenomenon in Doctoral Students: A US-Based Qualitative Study

International Journal of Doctoral Studies

Aim/Purpose: Our study explores the factors contributing to the Imposter Phenomenon among doctora... more Aim/Purpose: Our study explores the factors contributing to the Imposter Phenomenon among doctoral students in the United States. Background: Many studies show that Imposter Phenomenon impacts women doctoral students and students from minority groups, especially if they are enrolled in Predominantly White Institutions. Our study focuses explicitly on contributing factors to the Imposter Phenomenon among doctoral students in the United States. The study also explored how Imposter Phenomenon is related to doctoral students’ academic goals and achievements. Methodology: We utilized a qualitative phenomenological research design and conducted semi-structured interviews (45-90 minutes) in person and via Zoom. This study was conducted at a public research university in mid-western United States. A total of 14 (3 male and 11 female) doctoral students participated in the study. These students self-identified as White (9), African American (1), South Asian (2), mixed race (1), and Latina (1)...

Developing Intercultural Competency in Public Health Study Abroad Program

Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education

In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focu... more In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focusing on the experiences of Chinese undergraduate students from the field of Public Health in the United States of America. We used Weick’s (1995) Sensemaking theory to understand how Chinese undergraduate students made sense of their experiences of learning about other cultures in both personal and professional spaces. We applied a qualitative research design and used interviews, a focus group, and reflection papers for data collection. We found that Chinese undergraduate students focused on social behaviors and attitudes. They used comparison as a tool to make sense of new experiences. Their sensemaking process shifted from simple to complex concepts, and guided learning helped them understand complex social issues related to public health in the U.S. They did not consider learning related to public health knowledge, English language, or life skills as cultural learning.

Perceptions of Cultural Learning in Study Abroad Programs in the United States: Chinese Student Perspectives

Proceedings of the 2021 AERA Annual Meeting

Practical Implications of Online Learning with Nurses During Coronavirus Disease 2019

Nursing Clinics of North America

A brief analysis of Japanese educational values, the status of English usage in Pakistani and Japanese societies

抄録: This article is a brief review of my educational experience in Japan. I have analyzed my six ... more

Learning Styles Adopted by Adult Learners: A Case of an Institution of Higher Learning in Ghana

s of the 2017 International PreConference October 29-31 Memphis, Tennessee American Association f... more

Global Higher Education Partnerships: Perceptions of Chinese and Sub-Saharan African Visiting Scholarsof Engagement in US Universities

UMT Education Review, 2021

This paper focuses on the participants’ perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of... more This paper focuses on the participants’ perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of visiting scholars from Sub-Saharan Africa and China. We used Mezirow’s (2000) Transformative Learning Theory to explore how the scholars made meaning of their experiences while in the U.S. We employed a qualitative research method and conducted in-depth interviews with visiting scholars from two separate programs. The findings of this study showed that the participants considered their time spent at the U.S. university as a professional development opportunity to help advance their career objectives. Scholars from both groups appreciated the high level of resources available in the U.S.,since it allowed them to increase their research and teaching skills.They aimed to make an impact on their home societies with the knowledge gained abroad. Each set of scholars was interested in building social networks in the U.S. to help propel their career goals. However, Chinese scholars expressed mo...

Becoming More Visible

From Brain Drain to Reverse Brain Drain

International Student Mobility and Opportunities for Growth in the Global Marketplace, 2018

A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled... more A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled workers educated as international students in Western countries to Asian countries. This chapter explores the brain drain to reverse brain drain situation in South Asia and highlights the implications for South Asia and the United States of America through an extensive literature review. The author argues that understanding the effects of reverse brain drain for South Asia and the USA can be crucial, and special policies and governmental programs are required to manage the trend in South Asia, and fill the void of professional workers in the USA.

Opening the Black Box: Experiences of Chinese Graduate Students in a Visiting Scholars Program

We are proud to welcome you to the 5th edition of the Michigan State University Alliance for Grad... more We are proud to welcome you to the 5th edition of the Michigan State University Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate Science Today Bulletin! The purpose of this peerreviewed scholarly publication is to highlight innovative research conducted by members of the Michigan State University AGEP community and share it with the general public. The research you will find in this edition illustrates the breadth of topics and questions asked by a group of incredible graduate students-who are critical collaborators in making the Science Today Bulletin come into fruition. We would like to thank these graduate students for sharing stories of their research, passion, and for the commitment they have tenaciously exemplified in completing their work. This project could not have happened without the support that we received from them. Pursuing a graduate education today is more difficult than ever before. Graduate students face waves of uncertainty regarding funding sources and a shortage in available faculty positions. The scholars and laboratories included within this publication pursue research that aids in the advancement of science, technology, engineering, mathematics as well as the social science fields that helps make our world a better place. We hope that the work you find in this publication demonstrates the importance of supporting graduate students and their work. To our prospective authors, the AGEP Science Today Bulletin is a great opportunity to practice showcasing your science communication skills as well as create future platforms to share your research with members at Michigan State and beyond. Submitting to the Bulletin is also strongly recommended for those in our community that are interested in applying for the AGEP Scholar Award. The 2018 AGEP Science Today Bulletin will be accepting submissions September 2018. If you are interested in sharing your work for the upcoming 2018 Bulletin, please visit the MSU AGEP website at www.grad.msu.edu/AGEP.

Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition

Pakistaniaat a Journal of Pakistan Studies, Dec 25, 2009

Sufism: Definitions and Beginnings To undertake such an exploration, it is helpful to define term... more Sufism: Definitions and Beginnings To undertake such an exploration, it is helpful to define terms, especially for the non-specialist. Sufism, or Tasawwuf as it is known in the Muslim world, is often characterized as Islamic mysticism (Lings 15). The first people to call themselves Sufi were a group of disciples of the Prophet Mohammed, Praise Be Unto Him (henceforth abbreviated in this paper as PBUH), who would often sit at his feet to listen to the tenets of Islam and receive enlightenment in the faith. Seyyedeh Dr. Nahid Angha writes an interesting definition of Sufism and of its early beginnings: The history of the origin of Sufism records that during the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH), fifteen centuries ago, there was a group of pious individuals from different nations who, guided by the Laws of Islam, sought for the direct experience of the Divine. Companions of the Prophet, they were people of principles practicing certain disciplines and meditations for the sake of purification, the realization of Divine love, and the understanding of reality. They were the Lovers of God who sought union with Him through losing the limited self in His Divinity (fana), and remaining alive in that Reality (bagha). These individuals met on the platform, or suffe, of the mosque where Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) used to pray in Medina, Arabia. They would meet there almost every day to discuss the ways to inner knowledge, the truths of revelation, and the meanings of the verses of the Koran. Thus the platform of that mosque in Medina became the first gathering place of one of the most influential groups in the history of mankind's spiritual civilization. They were called ahle suffe, the People of the Platform.

Perceptions of Cultural Learning in Study Abroad Programs in the United States: Chinese Student Perspectives

Proceedings of the 2021 AERA Annual Meeting, 2021

Developing Intercultural Competency in Public Health Study Abroad Program

Comparative & international higher education, Oct 19, 2022

In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focu... more In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focusing on the experiences of Chinese undergraduate students from the field of Public Health in the United States of America. We used Weick's (1995) Sensemaking theory to understand how Chinese undergraduate students made sense of their experiences of learning about other cultures in both personal and professional spaces. We applied a qualitative research design and used interviews, a focus group, and reflection papers for data collection. We found that Chinese undergraduate students focused on social behaviors and attitudes. They used comparison as a tool to make sense of new experiences. Their sensemaking process shifted from simple to complex concepts, and guided learning helped them understand complex social issues related to public health in the U.S. They did not consider learning related to public health knowledge, English language, or life skills as cultural learning.

Chinese Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Learning

Comparative & international higher education, Mar 14, 2020

Global Higher Education Partnerships: Perceptions of Chinese and Sub-Saharan African Visiting Scholarsof Engagement in US Universities

UMT education review, Dec 31, 2021

This paper focuses on the participants' perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of... more This paper focuses on the participants' perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of visiting scholars from Sub-Saharan Africa and China. We used Mezirow's (2000) Transformative Learning Theory to explore how the scholars made meaning of their experiences while in the U.S. We employed a qualitative research method and conducted in-depth interviews with visiting scholars from two separate programs. The findings of this study showed that the participants considered their time spent at the U.S. university as a professional development opportunity to help advance their career objectives. Scholars from both groups appreciated the high level of resources available in the U.S., since it allowed them to increase their research and teaching skills. They aimed to make an impact on their home societies with the knowledge gained abroad. Each set of scholars was interested in building social networks in the U.S. to help propel their career goals. However, Chinese scholars expressed more interest in personal growth and learning English while in the U.S., compared to their Sub-Saharan African counterparts.

From Brain Drain to Reverse Brain Drain

Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series, 2018

A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled... more A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled workers educated as international students in Western countries to Asian countries. This chapter explores the brain drain to reverse brain drain situation in South Asia and highlights the implications for South Asia and the United States of America through an extensive literature review. The author argues that understanding the effects of reverse brain drain for South Asia and the USA can be crucial, and special policies and governmental programs are required to manage the trend in South Asia, and fill the void of professional workers in the USA.

COVID-19 and Collective Transformation: Changes in Online Nursing Faculty Pedagogical Practices

Journal of Transformative Education

Our study explored the experiences of fully online nursing faculty during COVID-19. Using Mezirow... more Our study explored the experiences of fully online nursing faculty during COVID-19. Using Mezirow’s transformative learning theory and Hoggan’s typology as our framework, we engaged in qualitative hermeneutic phenomenology, interviewing 10 online nursing faculty members to learn about their experiences teaching online during the pandemic. Results from our findings suggest COVID-19 was a collective disorienting dilemma. While working through this disorienting dilemma, faculty discovered the importance of both collaboration and professional development in the sense-making process. Furthermore, faculty pedagogical practices transformed as flexibility and compassion emerged as a necessary part of supporting students during the pandemic.

Chinese undergraduate students' perceptions of mobile learning: Conceptions, learning profiles, and approaches

Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2019

Close links between students' conceptions of and approaches to learning were established in t... more Close links between students' conceptions of and approaches to learning were established in the past research. However, only a few quantitative studies investigated this relationship particularly with regard to mobile learning (m‐learning). The correlation between learners' conceptions and approaches to m‐learning was analysed using a partial least squares analysis applied to data obtained from a sample of 971 undergraduate students in China. The results indicated that students' conceptions of m‐learning could be classified into reproductive, transitional, and constructive levels. Students may hold multiple m‐learning applications than a predominant one; hence, examining m‐learning as one monolithic entity may provide limited information. Latent profile analysis identified four learning profiles based on students' preferred m‐learning applications: passive, mixed, surface‐supportive, and high‐engagement.. Moreover, a general trend was observed, whereby students with ...

Factors Contributing to Imposter Phenomenon in Doctoral Students: A US-Based Qualitative Study

International Journal of Doctoral Studies

Aim/Purpose: Our study explores the factors contributing to the Imposter Phenomenon among doctora... more Aim/Purpose: Our study explores the factors contributing to the Imposter Phenomenon among doctoral students in the United States. Background: Many studies show that Imposter Phenomenon impacts women doctoral students and students from minority groups, especially if they are enrolled in Predominantly White Institutions. Our study focuses explicitly on contributing factors to the Imposter Phenomenon among doctoral students in the United States. The study also explored how Imposter Phenomenon is related to doctoral students’ academic goals and achievements. Methodology: We utilized a qualitative phenomenological research design and conducted semi-structured interviews (45-90 minutes) in person and via Zoom. This study was conducted at a public research university in mid-western United States. A total of 14 (3 male and 11 female) doctoral students participated in the study. These students self-identified as White (9), African American (1), South Asian (2), mixed race (1), and Latina (1)...

Developing Intercultural Competency in Public Health Study Abroad Program

Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education

In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focu... more In this study, we explored the notions of cultural learning from non-western perspectives by focusing on the experiences of Chinese undergraduate students from the field of Public Health in the United States of America. We used Weick’s (1995) Sensemaking theory to understand how Chinese undergraduate students made sense of their experiences of learning about other cultures in both personal and professional spaces. We applied a qualitative research design and used interviews, a focus group, and reflection papers for data collection. We found that Chinese undergraduate students focused on social behaviors and attitudes. They used comparison as a tool to make sense of new experiences. Their sensemaking process shifted from simple to complex concepts, and guided learning helped them understand complex social issues related to public health in the U.S. They did not consider learning related to public health knowledge, English language, or life skills as cultural learning.

Perceptions of Cultural Learning in Study Abroad Programs in the United States: Chinese Student Perspectives

Proceedings of the 2021 AERA Annual Meeting

Practical Implications of Online Learning with Nurses During Coronavirus Disease 2019

Nursing Clinics of North America

A brief analysis of Japanese educational values, the status of English usage in Pakistani and Japanese societies

抄録: This article is a brief review of my educational experience in Japan. I have analyzed my six ... more

Learning Styles Adopted by Adult Learners: A Case of an Institution of Higher Learning in Ghana

s of the 2017 International PreConference October 29-31 Memphis, Tennessee American Association f... more

Global Higher Education Partnerships: Perceptions of Chinese and Sub-Saharan African Visiting Scholarsof Engagement in US Universities

UMT Education Review, 2021

This paper focuses on the participants’ perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of... more This paper focuses on the participants’ perceptions of engagement and compares the experiences of visiting scholars from Sub-Saharan Africa and China. We used Mezirow’s (2000) Transformative Learning Theory to explore how the scholars made meaning of their experiences while in the U.S. We employed a qualitative research method and conducted in-depth interviews with visiting scholars from two separate programs. The findings of this study showed that the participants considered their time spent at the U.S. university as a professional development opportunity to help advance their career objectives. Scholars from both groups appreciated the high level of resources available in the U.S.,since it allowed them to increase their research and teaching skills.They aimed to make an impact on their home societies with the knowledge gained abroad. Each set of scholars was interested in building social networks in the U.S. to help propel their career goals. However, Chinese scholars expressed mo...

Becoming More Visible

From Brain Drain to Reverse Brain Drain

International Student Mobility and Opportunities for Growth in the Global Marketplace, 2018

A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled... more A reverse brain drain trend has resulted in a significant shift in the mobility of highly skilled workers educated as international students in Western countries to Asian countries. This chapter explores the brain drain to reverse brain drain situation in South Asia and highlights the implications for South Asia and the United States of America through an extensive literature review. The author argues that understanding the effects of reverse brain drain for South Asia and the USA can be crucial, and special policies and governmental programs are required to manage the trend in South Asia, and fill the void of professional workers in the USA.

Opening the Black Box: Experiences of Chinese Graduate Students in a Visiting Scholars Program

We are proud to welcome you to the 5th edition of the Michigan State University Alliance for Grad... more We are proud to welcome you to the 5th edition of the Michigan State University Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate Science Today Bulletin! The purpose of this peerreviewed scholarly publication is to highlight innovative research conducted by members of the Michigan State University AGEP community and share it with the general public. The research you will find in this edition illustrates the breadth of topics and questions asked by a group of incredible graduate students-who are critical collaborators in making the Science Today Bulletin come into fruition. We would like to thank these graduate students for sharing stories of their research, passion, and for the commitment they have tenaciously exemplified in completing their work. This project could not have happened without the support that we received from them. Pursuing a graduate education today is more difficult than ever before. Graduate students face waves of uncertainty regarding funding sources and a shortage in available faculty positions. The scholars and laboratories included within this publication pursue research that aids in the advancement of science, technology, engineering, mathematics as well as the social science fields that helps make our world a better place. We hope that the work you find in this publication demonstrates the importance of supporting graduate students and their work. To our prospective authors, the AGEP Science Today Bulletin is a great opportunity to practice showcasing your science communication skills as well as create future platforms to share your research with members at Michigan State and beyond. Submitting to the Bulletin is also strongly recommended for those in our community that are interested in applying for the AGEP Scholar Award. The 2018 AGEP Science Today Bulletin will be accepting submissions September 2018. If you are interested in sharing your work for the upcoming 2018 Bulletin, please visit the MSU AGEP website at www.grad.msu.edu/AGEP.

Reconciling Religion: Bulleh Shah, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Transcendentalist Tradition

Pakistaniaat a Journal of Pakistan Studies, Dec 25, 2009

Sufism: Definitions and Beginnings To undertake such an exploration, it is helpful to define term... more Sufism: Definitions and Beginnings To undertake such an exploration, it is helpful to define terms, especially for the non-specialist. Sufism, or Tasawwuf as it is known in the Muslim world, is often characterized as Islamic mysticism (Lings 15). The first people to call themselves Sufi were a group of disciples of the Prophet Mohammed, Praise Be Unto Him (henceforth abbreviated in this paper as PBUH), who would often sit at his feet to listen to the tenets of Islam and receive enlightenment in the faith. Seyyedeh Dr. Nahid Angha writes an interesting definition of Sufism and of its early beginnings: The history of the origin of Sufism records that during the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH), fifteen centuries ago, there was a group of pious individuals from different nations who, guided by the Laws of Islam, sought for the direct experience of the Divine. Companions of the Prophet, they were people of principles practicing certain disciplines and meditations for the sake of purification, the realization of Divine love, and the understanding of reality. They were the Lovers of God who sought union with Him through losing the limited self in His Divinity (fana), and remaining alive in that Reality (bagha). These individuals met on the platform, or suffe, of the mosque where Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) used to pray in Medina, Arabia. They would meet there almost every day to discuss the ways to inner knowledge, the truths of revelation, and the meanings of the verses of the Koran. Thus the platform of that mosque in Medina became the first gathering place of one of the most influential groups in the history of mankind's spiritual civilization. They were called ahle suffe, the People of the Platform.