This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The introduction of the Bologna process into the universities led to significant changes in the t... more The introduction of the Bologna process into the universities led to significant changes in the teaching-learning process. Since 2010, the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU has invested a great deal of effort and it is promoting active teaching methodologies. Among others, a cooperative and dynamic teaching-learning model (IKD model) was developed, and the Project based methodologies respond to this model. The positive aspects of the methodology are well known and they have been demonstrated by different authors in the last years. However, the difficulty arises when groupal participation of individual students has to be evaluated, as no all the students present the same degree of involvement. This paper is focused on the need to develop an objective and fair assessments of students when participating in groupal activities. For this aim, a methodology to assess individual students contributions by the peer evaluation of the group members was developed. A case study was implemented in different degrees and subjects of the Construction Engineering area and through different evaluation conditions. The outcomes of the different casuistry allowed authors to identify the problems of the group performance so the assessment methodology allows to establish necessary actions for its improvement.
In the field of experimental tests in 2D wave tanks, it is of vital importance to know the reflec... more In the field of experimental tests in 2D wave tanks, it is of vital importance to know the reflection generated by the structures responsible for dissipating the waves that reach the end of the installation. The field of application of this type of tanks is wide and is generally directly related to technology, structures, and, in general, systems that perform their functions in the sea environment. During the process of validating the behavior of these systems, scale models of the prototypes are usually tested in wave tanks, minimizing the influence of the waves reflected in the physical limits of the tank itself. In this regard, the present work has characterized the phenomenon of dissipation and reflection of the incident wave on a mobile solid structure placed at one end of a 2D wave tank, defining the dependence of the dissipation and reflection phenomenon for each typology. wave (heights and periods) and the geometric arrangement of the solid surface. The experimental work contains a total of 256 individual tests, where the interaction of 8 monochromatic waves with different height, period, wavelength and depth has been characterized. These waves have interacted with 10 beach positions with different inclination angles (between 8 and 26º). For all the cases, the reflection coefficient has been extracted from the envelope curve resulting from the superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave in the structure. The result of the study provides optimal inclination positions of the parabolic absorption system that minimize the reflection coefficient. The results are expressed as a function of the properties of the incident waves and on the corresponding Iribarren dimensionless number.
Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the feasibility of applying the m... more Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the feasibility of applying the micromix combustion principle (MCP) to design low NOx burners using 100% H2 as fuel for domestic and industrial boilers. Previous investigations studying the MCP on stationary and aero gas turbine applications, showed low NOx emissions without flashback risk, which represent the two main issues when burning 100% H2. Since boiler burner operating conditions differ from gas turbine combustors, the present paper studies the MCP through CFD calculations under re-defined conditions for domestic and industrial burners, adapting the energy densities, air-fuel equivalence ratios and pre-heated air temperatures. A reference geometry was built to validate the selected numerical models with experimental results from literature. Afterwards, burners were re-dimensioned following an existing geometry-scaling methodology. The obtained results evidenced that MCP characteristics were still maintained for the defined cases, keeping low NOx values between 4 and 14 ppm. The numerical results were also validated through experimental NOx measurements in a laboratory scale micromix burner prototype. In order to assess the benefits of using hydrogen micromix burners in domestic and industrial boilers, the present work includes a final discussion with practical design considerations. The present study lays the groundwork for complementary experimental research work, which is being carried out in laboratory-scale prototypes.
Highlights • Hydrogen is a potential fuel for domestic burners • NO x reduction can be achieved b... more Highlights • Hydrogen is a potential fuel for domestic burners • NO x reduction can be achieved by flame splitting method • Laminar and turbulent flames show opposite NO x trends with increasing inlet powers • In low Reynolds number flames lower equivalence ratios imply higher NO x concentrations • Competing factors describing local NO x production intensity can be defined
Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series, 2018
The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a novel approach for simulating convection-diffusion proble... more The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a novel approach for simulating convection-diffusion problems. It can be easily parallelized and hence can be used to simulate fluid flow in multi-core computers using parallel computing. LES (large eddy simulation) is widely used in simulating turbulent flows because of its lower computational needs compared to others such as direct numerical simulation (DNS), where the Kolmogorov scales need to be solved. The aim of this chapter consists of introducing the reader to the treatment of turbulence in fluid dynamics through an LES approach applied to LBM. This allows increasing the robustness of LBM with lower computational costs without increasing the mesh density in a prohibitive way. It is applied to a standard D2Q9 structure using a unified formulation.
Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series, 2018
Shallow water conditions are produced in coastal and river areas and allow the simplification of ... more Shallow water conditions are produced in coastal and river areas and allow the simplification of fluid solving by integrating in height to the fluid equations, discarding vertical flow so a 3D problem is solved with a set of 2D equations. Usually the boundary conditions defined by the surface pressure are discarded, as it is considered that the difference in atmospheric pressure in simulation domain is irrelevant in most hydraulic and coastal engineering scenarios. However, anticyclones and depressions produce noticeable pressure gradients that may affect the consequences of phenomena like tides and tsunamis. This chapter demonstrates how to remove this weakness from the LBM-SW by incorporating pressure into the LBM for this kind of scenario in a consistent manner. Other small-scale effects like buoyancy may be solved using this approach.
Group learning mechanisms are often used in engineering degrees at university level and many rese... more Group learning mechanisms are often used in engineering degrees at university level and many research studies have concluded benefits when using Collaborative Learning (CL) in most of the cases. In the present work, we bring a group formation strategy that has been widely used around the world in many companies and organizations in order to improve results of working groups. It is based on the Belbin's Team-Roles Theory, introduced by M. Belbin on 1981, which sets main 9 different roles that human being can play working as a team. Then, after analysing each member behaviour as a team worker, makes the group composition so that the team is balanced in all its roles. The presented Belbin group formation strategy has been applied in the Fluid Mechanics course (2nd year), in a class group formed by 86 students from four mixed different Engineering Degrees (Mechanical, Electric, Electronics and Chemical). Among all students of this class, 31 formed their working groups by the Belbin method, rest were self-organized. Working Groups were used in two kinds of activities: Laboratory Practice sessions and a Project Based Learning (PBL) activity. Laboratory accounts for the 20% of the final mark and the PBL activity for the 10%. Conclusions are presented by comparison between both group formation strategies at both activities.
Teaching creative thinking to undergraduate students in industrial engineering requires the desig... more Teaching creative thinking to undergraduate students in industrial engineering requires the design of new methodologies and assessment methods. These methodologies need not only changing the teaching methods but also the learning environment in which traditional classes are carried out. Nowadays, in order to improve the capabilities of the students the universities have developed new education resources which lead to improve the teaching methodologies. They include the blended learning concept (b-learning) as one of the most innovative tool for developing new ideas in the educational environment. The virtual platforms provided by universities allow having communication between lecturers and student outside the classroom in an easy way. Under this point of view the inperson learning experiences inside the classroom are combined with online teaching classes outside of the educational center. In the case under study in this paper the creativity capabilities are defined as transversal competences, being the specific competences the technological ones. Although transversal competences are currently considered a key factor of the outcomes of Higher Education, the way in which these competences are implemented in the curricula remains a challenge for which there is little guidance. This paper deals with a case study where the development of creativity skills of the students has been implemented using a b-learning methodology. Thus, the full description of the learning methodology is described in the paper including the learning activities inside and outside the classroom, with particular emphasis in the use of virtual platforms. The result of this study demonstrates that it is possible to integrate specific and transversal competences by means of using b-learning methodologies. This fact allows developing creativity skills in the student at the same time that they have the opportunity to develop the full level of the cognitive domain. Furthermore, the assessment of these competences can be done easily by the instructor due to the registration of the activities carried out by the students using a portfolio.
The present paper investigates the feasibility of using H 2 /CH 4 fuel blends in micromix-type bu... more The present paper investigates the feasibility of using H 2 /CH 4 fuel blends in micromix-type burners applied to industrial combustion systems. The micromix burner concept, characterised by the formation of miniaturised and compact turbulent diffusion flames, was developed for gas turbine hydrogen burners showing low NO x emissions (below 10 ppm) without flashback risk, which represent the main issues when using pure hydrogen or hydrogen enriched natural gas blends as fuel, making it a promising concept to be applied in industrial burners. The study was carried out through numerical CFD simulations, accounting for detailed chemistry calculations of turbulent micromix flames and previously validated through experimental measurements in a laboratory-scale micromix burner prototype. The resulting flow, temperature and exhaust emission characteristics for three H 2 /CH 4 fuel blends with H 2 content of 90, 75 and 60% respectively were analysed and discussed for air-fuel equivalence ratios at λ =1.8 and 1.6 (lower than the well-characterised airfuel equivalence ratios in micromix gas turbine burners at λ =2.5 and closer to current industrial burners), considering an energy density of 14 MW/m 2 bar. Numerical results showed low fuel flexibility for industrialscale micromix burners, with still low NO x emissions (12-85 ppm) but relatively high CO emissions (448-4970 ppm) for the considered blends and λ values. The lowest CO emissions were given together with jet penetration phenomena, ruling out the feasibility of these design points due to the greater importance of the latter phenomenon.
In this work the phenomenon of the wave reflection has been studied using a self-developed passiv... more In this work the phenomenon of the wave reflection has been studied using a self-developed passive extinction system. Twenty one type of waves were generated in the laboratory using a piston-type wave maker. The variation of the reflection coefficient, Kr, was studied at several depths (h [m] of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5), periods (0.636 < T [s] < 1.526), wave heights (0.010 < H [m] < 0.064), slopes (3 < α [ • ] < 17) and vertical end positions of the extinction system (y 1 [m] and y 2 [m] defined by y 1 [m] and α [ • ]), covering the linear and nonlinear regions of the "Le Méhauté" chart. In parallel, an unsteady numerical model based on the Eulerian multiphase VOF was designed and validated according to the free surface displacement, ɳ i , and the calculation of the Kr values. Both type of validations were successful so this model was used in order to determine Kr values at slopes [ • ] that could not be physically reached by the extinction system. The obtained results allowed to determine the minimum Kr values for each set of experiments and finding a useful non-dimensional relationship of Kr,(h-y 1)/λ and Ir as a function of the dispersion parameter, kh.
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Sep 1, 2019
The performance assessment of industrial marine energy converters involves the integrated treatme... more The performance assessment of industrial marine energy converters involves the integrated treatment of their hydrodynamic design and the optimization of their device hulls. Nowadays, such tasks require extensive experimental work and simulation plans, consuming considerable resources and time. In this comprehensive review of integrated approaches to numerical and experimental testing, the advantages and disadvantages of existing tools, from full-scale prototype and wave tank models to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and potential flow simulations, are all analysed. Likewise, current challenges such as experimental scale effects, numerical viscosity, and turbulence treatment are all studied. The novelty of this research is an integrated approach that employs experimental wave tank tests to validate a numerical wave tank model based on CFD that serves to calibrate a fast potential flow solver with Morison's correction terms. The model allows running, on tight resources, the necessary simulation for the design and optimisation of marine energy converters under multiple sea state conditions. Given the operating regimes of conventional marine energy converters, the results show that the influence of turbulence may be small, due to the unsteady nature of the oscillatory boundary layer flows.
Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia de uso y distr... more Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).
ABSTRACT In this paper, a new methodology was developed for the design and optimization of a low ... more ABSTRACT In this paper, a new methodology was developed for the design and optimization of a low NOx−CO burner. To begin, the working of an experimental 2 MW, natural gas burner, in a superheated steam boiler, was studied. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built and validated with the data obtained from the above-mentioned experimental burner, which included the input of working conditions, simplifications (if any), geometrical model, mesh-refining process, setting up physical models, contour conditions, handling of algorithms of solution, and the incorporation of improved user-defined functions (UDF). A new burner design evolved as a result of this, and the first model was then modified to obtain a secondary CFD, low NOx−CO emission model, which was called the “prototype burner”.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The introduction of the Bologna process into the universities led to significant changes in the t... more The introduction of the Bologna process into the universities led to significant changes in the teaching-learning process. Since 2010, the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU has invested a great deal of effort and it is promoting active teaching methodologies. Among others, a cooperative and dynamic teaching-learning model (IKD model) was developed, and the Project based methodologies respond to this model. The positive aspects of the methodology are well known and they have been demonstrated by different authors in the last years. However, the difficulty arises when groupal participation of individual students has to be evaluated, as no all the students present the same degree of involvement. This paper is focused on the need to develop an objective and fair assessments of students when participating in groupal activities. For this aim, a methodology to assess individual students contributions by the peer evaluation of the group members was developed. A case study was implemented in different degrees and subjects of the Construction Engineering area and through different evaluation conditions. The outcomes of the different casuistry allowed authors to identify the problems of the group performance so the assessment methodology allows to establish necessary actions for its improvement.
In the field of experimental tests in 2D wave tanks, it is of vital importance to know the reflec... more In the field of experimental tests in 2D wave tanks, it is of vital importance to know the reflection generated by the structures responsible for dissipating the waves that reach the end of the installation. The field of application of this type of tanks is wide and is generally directly related to technology, structures, and, in general, systems that perform their functions in the sea environment. During the process of validating the behavior of these systems, scale models of the prototypes are usually tested in wave tanks, minimizing the influence of the waves reflected in the physical limits of the tank itself. In this regard, the present work has characterized the phenomenon of dissipation and reflection of the incident wave on a mobile solid structure placed at one end of a 2D wave tank, defining the dependence of the dissipation and reflection phenomenon for each typology. wave (heights and periods) and the geometric arrangement of the solid surface. The experimental work contains a total of 256 individual tests, where the interaction of 8 monochromatic waves with different height, period, wavelength and depth has been characterized. These waves have interacted with 10 beach positions with different inclination angles (between 8 and 26º). For all the cases, the reflection coefficient has been extracted from the envelope curve resulting from the superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave in the structure. The result of the study provides optimal inclination positions of the parabolic absorption system that minimize the reflection coefficient. The results are expressed as a function of the properties of the incident waves and on the corresponding Iribarren dimensionless number.
Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the feasibility of applying the m... more Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the feasibility of applying the micromix combustion principle (MCP) to design low NOx burners using 100% H2 as fuel for domestic and industrial boilers. Previous investigations studying the MCP on stationary and aero gas turbine applications, showed low NOx emissions without flashback risk, which represent the two main issues when burning 100% H2. Since boiler burner operating conditions differ from gas turbine combustors, the present paper studies the MCP through CFD calculations under re-defined conditions for domestic and industrial burners, adapting the energy densities, air-fuel equivalence ratios and pre-heated air temperatures. A reference geometry was built to validate the selected numerical models with experimental results from literature. Afterwards, burners were re-dimensioned following an existing geometry-scaling methodology. The obtained results evidenced that MCP characteristics were still maintained for the defined cases, keeping low NOx values between 4 and 14 ppm. The numerical results were also validated through experimental NOx measurements in a laboratory scale micromix burner prototype. In order to assess the benefits of using hydrogen micromix burners in domestic and industrial boilers, the present work includes a final discussion with practical design considerations. The present study lays the groundwork for complementary experimental research work, which is being carried out in laboratory-scale prototypes.
Highlights • Hydrogen is a potential fuel for domestic burners • NO x reduction can be achieved b... more Highlights • Hydrogen is a potential fuel for domestic burners • NO x reduction can be achieved by flame splitting method • Laminar and turbulent flames show opposite NO x trends with increasing inlet powers • In low Reynolds number flames lower equivalence ratios imply higher NO x concentrations • Competing factors describing local NO x production intensity can be defined
Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series, 2018
The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a novel approach for simulating convection-diffusion proble... more The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a novel approach for simulating convection-diffusion problems. It can be easily parallelized and hence can be used to simulate fluid flow in multi-core computers using parallel computing. LES (large eddy simulation) is widely used in simulating turbulent flows because of its lower computational needs compared to others such as direct numerical simulation (DNS), where the Kolmogorov scales need to be solved. The aim of this chapter consists of introducing the reader to the treatment of turbulence in fluid dynamics through an LES approach applied to LBM. This allows increasing the robustness of LBM with lower computational costs without increasing the mesh density in a prohibitive way. It is applied to a standard D2Q9 structure using a unified formulation.
Advances in computer and electrical engineering book series, 2018
Shallow water conditions are produced in coastal and river areas and allow the simplification of ... more Shallow water conditions are produced in coastal and river areas and allow the simplification of fluid solving by integrating in height to the fluid equations, discarding vertical flow so a 3D problem is solved with a set of 2D equations. Usually the boundary conditions defined by the surface pressure are discarded, as it is considered that the difference in atmospheric pressure in simulation domain is irrelevant in most hydraulic and coastal engineering scenarios. However, anticyclones and depressions produce noticeable pressure gradients that may affect the consequences of phenomena like tides and tsunamis. This chapter demonstrates how to remove this weakness from the LBM-SW by incorporating pressure into the LBM for this kind of scenario in a consistent manner. Other small-scale effects like buoyancy may be solved using this approach.
Group learning mechanisms are often used in engineering degrees at university level and many rese... more Group learning mechanisms are often used in engineering degrees at university level and many research studies have concluded benefits when using Collaborative Learning (CL) in most of the cases. In the present work, we bring a group formation strategy that has been widely used around the world in many companies and organizations in order to improve results of working groups. It is based on the Belbin's Team-Roles Theory, introduced by M. Belbin on 1981, which sets main 9 different roles that human being can play working as a team. Then, after analysing each member behaviour as a team worker, makes the group composition so that the team is balanced in all its roles. The presented Belbin group formation strategy has been applied in the Fluid Mechanics course (2nd year), in a class group formed by 86 students from four mixed different Engineering Degrees (Mechanical, Electric, Electronics and Chemical). Among all students of this class, 31 formed their working groups by the Belbin method, rest were self-organized. Working Groups were used in two kinds of activities: Laboratory Practice sessions and a Project Based Learning (PBL) activity. Laboratory accounts for the 20% of the final mark and the PBL activity for the 10%. Conclusions are presented by comparison between both group formation strategies at both activities.
Teaching creative thinking to undergraduate students in industrial engineering requires the desig... more Teaching creative thinking to undergraduate students in industrial engineering requires the design of new methodologies and assessment methods. These methodologies need not only changing the teaching methods but also the learning environment in which traditional classes are carried out. Nowadays, in order to improve the capabilities of the students the universities have developed new education resources which lead to improve the teaching methodologies. They include the blended learning concept (b-learning) as one of the most innovative tool for developing new ideas in the educational environment. The virtual platforms provided by universities allow having communication between lecturers and student outside the classroom in an easy way. Under this point of view the inperson learning experiences inside the classroom are combined with online teaching classes outside of the educational center. In the case under study in this paper the creativity capabilities are defined as transversal competences, being the specific competences the technological ones. Although transversal competences are currently considered a key factor of the outcomes of Higher Education, the way in which these competences are implemented in the curricula remains a challenge for which there is little guidance. This paper deals with a case study where the development of creativity skills of the students has been implemented using a b-learning methodology. Thus, the full description of the learning methodology is described in the paper including the learning activities inside and outside the classroom, with particular emphasis in the use of virtual platforms. The result of this study demonstrates that it is possible to integrate specific and transversal competences by means of using b-learning methodologies. This fact allows developing creativity skills in the student at the same time that they have the opportunity to develop the full level of the cognitive domain. Furthermore, the assessment of these competences can be done easily by the instructor due to the registration of the activities carried out by the students using a portfolio.
The present paper investigates the feasibility of using H 2 /CH 4 fuel blends in micromix-type bu... more The present paper investigates the feasibility of using H 2 /CH 4 fuel blends in micromix-type burners applied to industrial combustion systems. The micromix burner concept, characterised by the formation of miniaturised and compact turbulent diffusion flames, was developed for gas turbine hydrogen burners showing low NO x emissions (below 10 ppm) without flashback risk, which represent the main issues when using pure hydrogen or hydrogen enriched natural gas blends as fuel, making it a promising concept to be applied in industrial burners. The study was carried out through numerical CFD simulations, accounting for detailed chemistry calculations of turbulent micromix flames and previously validated through experimental measurements in a laboratory-scale micromix burner prototype. The resulting flow, temperature and exhaust emission characteristics for three H 2 /CH 4 fuel blends with H 2 content of 90, 75 and 60% respectively were analysed and discussed for air-fuel equivalence ratios at λ =1.8 and 1.6 (lower than the well-characterised airfuel equivalence ratios in micromix gas turbine burners at λ =2.5 and closer to current industrial burners), considering an energy density of 14 MW/m 2 bar. Numerical results showed low fuel flexibility for industrialscale micromix burners, with still low NO x emissions (12-85 ppm) but relatively high CO emissions (448-4970 ppm) for the considered blends and λ values. The lowest CO emissions were given together with jet penetration phenomena, ruling out the feasibility of these design points due to the greater importance of the latter phenomenon.
In this work the phenomenon of the wave reflection has been studied using a self-developed passiv... more In this work the phenomenon of the wave reflection has been studied using a self-developed passive extinction system. Twenty one type of waves were generated in the laboratory using a piston-type wave maker. The variation of the reflection coefficient, Kr, was studied at several depths (h [m] of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5), periods (0.636 < T [s] < 1.526), wave heights (0.010 < H [m] < 0.064), slopes (3 < α [ • ] < 17) and vertical end positions of the extinction system (y 1 [m] and y 2 [m] defined by y 1 [m] and α [ • ]), covering the linear and nonlinear regions of the "Le Méhauté" chart. In parallel, an unsteady numerical model based on the Eulerian multiphase VOF was designed and validated according to the free surface displacement, ɳ i , and the calculation of the Kr values. Both type of validations were successful so this model was used in order to determine Kr values at slopes [ • ] that could not be physically reached by the extinction system. The obtained results allowed to determine the minimum Kr values for each set of experiments and finding a useful non-dimensional relationship of Kr,(h-y 1)/λ and Ir as a function of the dispersion parameter, kh.
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Sep 1, 2019
The performance assessment of industrial marine energy converters involves the integrated treatme... more The performance assessment of industrial marine energy converters involves the integrated treatment of their hydrodynamic design and the optimization of their device hulls. Nowadays, such tasks require extensive experimental work and simulation plans, consuming considerable resources and time. In this comprehensive review of integrated approaches to numerical and experimental testing, the advantages and disadvantages of existing tools, from full-scale prototype and wave tank models to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and potential flow simulations, are all analysed. Likewise, current challenges such as experimental scale effects, numerical viscosity, and turbulence treatment are all studied. The novelty of this research is an integrated approach that employs experimental wave tank tests to validate a numerical wave tank model based on CFD that serves to calibrate a fast potential flow solver with Morison's correction terms. The model allows running, on tight resources, the necessary simulation for the design and optimisation of marine energy converters under multiple sea state conditions. Given the operating regimes of conventional marine energy converters, the results show that the influence of turbulence may be small, due to the unsteady nature of the oscillatory boundary layer flows.
Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia de uso y distr... more Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia de uso y distribución Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).
ABSTRACT In this paper, a new methodology was developed for the design and optimization of a low ... more ABSTRACT In this paper, a new methodology was developed for the design and optimization of a low NOx−CO burner. To begin, the working of an experimental 2 MW, natural gas burner, in a superheated steam boiler, was studied. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built and validated with the data obtained from the above-mentioned experimental burner, which included the input of working conditions, simplifications (if any), geometrical model, mesh-refining process, setting up physical models, contour conditions, handling of algorithms of solution, and the incorporation of improved user-defined functions (UDF). A new burner design evolved as a result of this, and the first model was then modified to obtain a secondary CFD, low NOx−CO emission model, which was called the “prototype burner”.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
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