2022-2024 by Liam Grealy
Australian Journal of Social Issues, 2024
This paper traces the temporal tactics of continually renewed coloniality—where some impasses are... more This paper traces the temporal tactics of continually renewed coloniality—where some impasses are made to appear insurmountable while others demand swift solutions—in relation to housing and mining at Borroloola in Australia's Northern Territory. Distinct policy and regulatory regimes encourage analyses that set housing and mining apart. Yet together they signal the settler state's simultaneous remedial and extractive orientations to remote Aboriginal communities. Mining leeches into housing, and housing is a promise extracted from late liberal recognition, for community members forced to wait for promised amenities while fighting for long-term environmental protections. The analysis demonstrates the central significance of temporal control to settler colonialism: by selectively deferring action; by producing the appearance of actions that are not actually taken; and by intervening to expedite processes that serve the interests of extractive capital. We argue that the confection of intermittent urgency to intervene is a key feature of the deferrals enacted by Australian settler governance, as it rations remedial solutions and displaces harms into mortgaged futures.
Somatechnics, 2023
This article explores how water acts on permeable housing and the documentary infrastructures tha... more This article explores how water acts on permeable housing and the documentary infrastructures that mitigate its impact and enable its flows. It does so through consideration of ongoing litigation brought by public housing tenants at the remote communities of Ltyentye Apurte (Santa Teresa) and Laramba in the Northern Territory of Australia for incomplete repairs and unsafe drinking water. I offer a distinction between pragmatist and functionalist housing, as competing concepts for framing, respectively, the impact of entrenched low expectations on remote housing performance and management and the minimum amenity that contemporary housing should provide. The litigation by Ltyentye Apurte and Laramba householders is notable for challenging the habitability standard that remote community housing must meet and for introducing the provision of safe drinking water as a matter of habitable housing. While water searches out cracks and refuses expulsion from the housing assemblage, necessitating repairs and maintenance, such mobility provides a challenge for allocating specific obligations to various settler colonial authorities that are collectively involved in maintaining house function. Drawing on close analyses of a series of legal decisions, the article examines how legal frameworks and intra-governmental funding arrangements are employed to eschew responsibility for safe drinking water inside remote community housing.
Menzies School of Health Research, 2023
Healthy Homes is framed as a new approach to housing maintenance that incorporates cyclical and p... more Healthy Homes is framed as a new approach to housing maintenance that incorporates cyclical and preventive approaches and prioritises supporting residents to undertake ‘healthy living practices’. Having commenced in 2021, the program applies to 73 NT remote communities, Alice Springs town camps, and Tennant Creek community living areas. The Project Report includes 32 recommendations. Healthy Homes is not currently meeting its goal to generalise a preventive maintenance approach across remote housing. To improve and impact the quality of housing in remote communities and town camps in the Northern Territory, it must act on the recommendations identified by the evaluation.
Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 2023
Building on recent literature on supervision practice that has turned
away from previous efforts ... more Building on recent literature on supervision practice that has turned
away from previous efforts to construct typologies, and towards
‘dialogic’ models that emphasise iterative feedback processes
between students and supervisors in situ , this article examines
how the curiosity of the supervisor expressed in supervision meetings
can both model a relationship to scholarship and collegiality
and support the development of confidence and self-trust in the
doctoral candidate. Drawing on a qualitative study of videorecorded
supervision meetings across multiple Australian universities,
this article examines the entanglements of scholarly discourse,
interpersonal conviviality, and curiosity within supervision relationships.
To understand this, we adopt a ‘post-critical’ approach to
doctoral training and borrow the concept of ‘tacit knowledge’ to
consider the role of trust, conviviality, and informal ‘know-how’ in
the development of formalised expertise. Analysis of exchanges
within supervision meetings encourages the consideration of care
as a relational structure linked to practices of curiosity and the
sharing of tacit knowledge. We argue that although institutional
pressures may continue to reshape doctoral candidatures in the
neoliberal university, supervision meetings offer important sites for
developing doctoral candidates’ intellectual self-trust, including
through the expression of curiosity by their supervisors.
Catalyst, 2023
On the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in northwest South Australia, an environ... more On the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in northwest South Australia, an environmental health worker salvages discarded washing machines to reinstall in remote community homes. Tracking the fate of washing machines and householder well-being, this essay traces the militarized genealogies running contemporary settler colonial occupation in Australia. We are particularly interested in how the colonizing project decants militarized operations into the intimacies of domestic inhabitation. Where once this project facilitated a gendered labor reserve, today it enables the continued pathologization of Indigenous residents, such that renewed interferences and dispossessions may be authorized at policy convenience.
Geoforum, 2022
Managed retreat is part of the planners’ analytical toolkit. It considers that human displacement... more Managed retreat is part of the planners’ analytical toolkit. It considers that human displacements driven by climate change will be more just if they are strategically managed by well-resourced authorities. In contrast to the contradistinction this discourse establishes between the status quo of ad hoc displacement and planned relocation, managed retreat disregards other policies that similarly encourage migration from places the state deems unviable. This article argues that slow withdrawal as managed retreat offers a framework for understanding policies that facilitate the reduction or discontinuation of services that settler colonial states formerly delivered to particular contexts. It does so through historical analysis of state support for housing and essential services infrastructure at Indigenous homelands and remote communities in the Northern Territory of Australia. Slow withdrawal as managed retreat emphasises the geographically differentiated character of state investment, highlights the reconfiguration of obligations for service provision between different levels of government, and considers whether and how ‘abandonment’ is appropriate ‘land back’ policy advancing Indigenous sovereignty. The article examines how the settler state withdraws specific supports while remaining present, and it considers the process of slow withdrawal as managed retreat in relation to contemporary demands for greater community control of Indigenous housing.
Australian Geographer, 2022
Power doesn’t come for free, but who should pay the cost? On the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytja... more Power doesn’t come for free, but who should pay the cost? On the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in northwest South Australia, Anangu households have not historically been billed for domestic energy consumption. The state government has recently introduced a prepayment regime, ostensibly to curb supply costs. Yet extending the norms of customer payment for domestic energy requires significant administrative labour, with limited potential to recoup costs through billing. This article asks: why is enforced commensuration preferable to the status quo? It describes the invention of household energy insecurity via policy reform, including the establishment of a ‘compensatory bureaucratic infrastructure’ of customer policies, contracts, tariffs, and concessions designed to mitigate the harms produced by the introduction of prepayment. With the status quo deemed untenable and the transition to mainstreaming customer payment apparently inevitable, the article examines how geography and race operate as organising principles for
the limits of difference among citizens under late liberal government in remote Australia.
Housing Studies, 2022
Once housing is constructed, its sustainability depends on the efficacy of property maintenance. ... more Once housing is constructed, its sustainability depends on the efficacy of property maintenance. In remote Indigenous communities in Australia, responsive or reactive approaches to property maintenance dominate over planned and preventive attention, leaving housing in various states of disrepair. By documenting an approach that is succeeding in this wider context, this article shows the commonplace situation of poorly maintained social housing is entirely interruptible. It does so by examining an alternative and exceptional approach taken on the remote Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in South Australia, where housing benefits from a planned maintenance program combined with an environmental health program. Through detailed empirical analysis of program datasets, interviews, and ethnographic fieldwork, this article describes the expert, systematic, and attentive work required to sustain functional housing in the wider context of undersupply, crowding, and challenging environmental conditions. We argue for the necessity of planned maintenance approaches as an essential component of sustainable housing, both to extend the life of housing assets and to ensure householder health and wellbeing.
This article considers the spatial and material implications of drinking water regulation in the ... more This article considers the spatial and material implications of drinking water regulation in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. Responding to water contamination and scarcity events in remote NT communities, we argue that the politicobureaucratic edifice of uniform drinking water governance and service provision across the NT is a state-curated fiction. The article outlines the available legislative protections for drinking water supply in the NT, which include minimum quality standards, water allocation mechanisms, testing regimes, and so on. These are shown to vary significantly between geographic locations and we argue that this produces a racialised 'archipelago' of differentiated islands of drinking water governance (Bakker 2003. "Archipelagos and Networks: Urbanization and Water Privatization in the South." The Geographical Journal 169 (4): 328-341). Using the Gulf country town of Borroloola as a case study, the article then examines the colonial and land rights bases of this spatial variegation, and its significance for drinking water infrastructure provision and remediation. In doing so, we consider how the entropic materialities of ageing infrastructures work to further confound effective drinking water regulations and their practical enactments. The article argues that it is crucial to understand the limits of drinking water regulation in the NT, in order to elucidate the racialised distribution of potential environmental harms, and to mitigate further toxic inheritances.
Journal Articles by Liam Grealy
Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 2021
Drinking water security has been a neglected issue in Australian water reform. This article consi... more Drinking water security has been a neglected issue in Australian water reform. This article considers Australia's chief water policy of the past two decades, the National Water Initiative, and its aim to provide healthy, safe, and reliable water supplies. Taking the Northern Territory as a case study, we describe how despite significant policy and research attention, the NWI has failed to ensure drinking water security in Indigenous communities in the NT, where water supply remains largely unregulated. The article describes shortcomings of legislated drinking water protections, the recent history of Commonwealth water policy, and areas where national reforms have not been satisfactorily undertaken in the NT. We aim to highlight key regulatory areas that require greater attention in NT water research and, more specifically, in the Productivity Commission's ongoing inquiry process.
Boyhood Studies, 2021
This critical commentary considers the significance of Connell's The Men and the Boys in the deve... more This critical commentary considers the significance of Connell's The Men and the Boys in the development of an affirmative feminist boys studies. In particular, the article asks: How can research on boys contribute to feminist research on childhood and youth, without either establishing a false equivalency with girls studies, or overstating the singularity of "the boy" across diverse cultural and historical contexts? Connell's four-tiered account of social relations-political, economic, emotional, and symbolic-provides an important corrective to reductionist approaches to both feminism and boyhood, and this article draws on The Men and the Boys to think through contrasting sites of identity formation around boys: online cultures of "incels" (involuntary celibates); transmasculinities and the biological diversity of the category "man"; and the social power excercised within an elite Australian boys school. The article concludes by identifying contemporary challenges emerging from the heuristic model offered in The Men and the Boys.
Continuum, 2021
Contemporary media discourse suggests that feminists exclusively understand boys and the experien... more Contemporary media discourse suggests that feminists exclusively understand boys and the experience of boyhood through such frameworks as 'toxic masculinity', positioning boys as the default inheritors of a 'patriarchal dividend'. Media narratives might be expected to favour such agonistic oppositions, but the dominant forms of scholarship on boys also often take this line, or position boys as subjects at risk of harm done by either the contemporary expectations of masculinity or the historical impact of feminism that has helped produce them. This paper considers some cultural and intellectual problems arising from these dominant ideas about the relations between feminism and boyhood. Through close analysis of Netflix series Stranger Things in the context of the narratives about boys that surround it, we consider representations of boyhood heroism and the pressures on boyhood. We also outline a case for the necessity of feminist research that engages with ideas and images of boys and experiences of boyhood in affirmative terms, which avoids a presumed opposition between the interests of boys and feminism.
Housing Studies, 2021
Without proper attention, houses disassemble. In public housing, property management regimes are ... more Without proper attention, houses disassemble. In public housing, property management regimes are charged with performing the repairs and maintenance necessary to combat this entropic tendency. This article argues that such governance regimes can accelerate housing’s disassembly, through rules that restrict housing interventions, bureaucratic technologies that misrecognize housing failure, and processes that defer and delay necessary fixwork. It analyzes Indigenous housing in the Northern Territory of Australia, in terms of three specific legal-bureaucratic instruments and the temporalizations they constitute: the lease and promise; the tender and repetition; the condition report and waiting. The article considers the effects of these pairings in Alice Springs town camps and the challenge of thinking beyond bureaucratic housing regimes.
International Journal of Housing Policy, 2021
Healthy housing provisions promise to ensure housing quality and thereby improve residents' healt... more Healthy housing provisions promise to ensure housing quality and thereby improve residents' health outcomes. Following the proliferation of such policies across numerous national contexts, this article uses theories of genre to understand healthy housing provisions as a particular textual class, with recognisable formal features and common requirements of social actors for their implementation. The tools of genre studies are appropriated to support policy development and comparative analyses of healthy housing policies, with attention paid to the production of generic components in relation to particular contexts. This article takes established healthy homes standards in New Zealand and ongoing efforts in New Orleans, Louisiana, to establish a healthy housing register as case studies. The case studies both exemplify how theories of genre can elucidate features of housing policy and represent the political, institutional, and technical work required to develop and administer effective healthy housing provisions.
Roadsides, 2021
Australian Indigenous housing, water and energy infrastructures are the unheralded achievements o... more Australian Indigenous housing, water and energy infrastructures are the unheralded achievements of Indigenous political action, representing an insistence on the right to live on or near ancestral country. Even so, when mitigating the sensory effects of infrastructural inheritances from fragmented state service histories and climate catastrophe, there is no wishing unbearable heat away by leaning on Indigenous political savvy and resilience (Whyte 2017). In remote Indigenous communities, houses
are sweltering, and the settler state’s infrastructural gestures remain partial and inadequate (Weszkalnys 2017).
Australian Geographer, 2020
This article considers the spatial and material implications of drinking water regulation in the ... more This article considers the spatial and material implications of drinking water regulation in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. Responding to water contamination and scarcity events in remote NT communities, we argue that the politicobureaucratic edifice of uniform drinking water governance and service provision across the NT is a state-curated fiction. The article outlines the available legislative protections for drinking water supply in the NT, which include minimum quality standards, water allocation mechanisms, testing regimes, and so on. These are shown to vary significantly between geographic locations and we argue that this produces a racialised ‘archipelago’ of differentiated islands of drinking water governance (Bakker 2003. “Archipelagos and Networks: Urbanization and Water Privatization in the South.” The Geographical Journal 169 (4): 328–341). Using the Gulf country town of Borroloola as a case study, the article then examines the colonial and land rights bases of this spatial variegation, and its significance for drinking water infrastructure provision and remediation. In doing so, we consider how the entropic materialities of ageing infrastructures work to further confound effective drinking water regulations and their practical enactments. The article argues that it is crucial to understand the limits of drinking water regulation in the NT, in order to elucidate the racialised distribution of potential environmental harms, and to mitigate further toxic inheritances.
Japan Forum, 2020
This article provides a detailed history of film classification, or age
ratings, in Japan. It des... more This article provides a detailed history of film classification, or age
ratings, in Japan. It describes historical precedents for Eirin, the agency
responsible for film classification in Japan, and key moments in Eirin’s organisational formation and reform. Drawing on multi-sited archival research and interviews with Eirin staff, the article recognises the importance of the US Production Code Authority as a model for Eirin’s formation during the United States’ occupation of Japan, but also argues against understanding age ratings in Japan as just another American import. By tracing earlier domestic precedents and by highlighting similar controversies overseas, the article considers
the crucial role of both state and non-state actors, as well as international models and markets, in reforming film governance for youth spectators in Japan. Two exemplary scandals involving the Zigomar films in the early 1910s and the taiyozoku (sun tribe) films in the mid-1950s demonstrate lasting concerns over youth that Eirin seeks to address. The article describes the redevelopment of the classification system in the late 1950s that underpinned an enduring form of now internationally-recognised regulation.
Policy Sciences, 2020
This article develops a heuristic framework to help analysts navigate an important but under-rese... more This article develops a heuristic framework to help analysts navigate an important but under-researched issue: 'policy success for whom?' It identifies different forms of policy success across the policy making, program, political and temporal realms, to assess how a specific policy can differentially benefit a variety of stakeholders, including governments, lobbyists, not-for-profits, community groups and individuals. The article identifies a three-step process to aid researchers in examining any policy initiative in order to understand the forms and extent of success experienced by any actor/stakeholder. Central to these steps is the examination of plausible assessments and counter assessments to help interrogate issues of 'success for whom.' The article demonstrates a practical application of the framework to a case study focused on the Fixing Houses for Better Health (FHBH) program in Australia-a time-limited Commonwealth government-funded program aimed at improving Indigenous health outcomes by fixing housing.
Uploads
2022-2024 by Liam Grealy
away from previous efforts to construct typologies, and towards
‘dialogic’ models that emphasise iterative feedback processes
between students and supervisors in situ , this article examines
how the curiosity of the supervisor expressed in supervision meetings
can both model a relationship to scholarship and collegiality
and support the development of confidence and self-trust in the
doctoral candidate. Drawing on a qualitative study of videorecorded
supervision meetings across multiple Australian universities,
this article examines the entanglements of scholarly discourse,
interpersonal conviviality, and curiosity within supervision relationships.
To understand this, we adopt a ‘post-critical’ approach to
doctoral training and borrow the concept of ‘tacit knowledge’ to
consider the role of trust, conviviality, and informal ‘know-how’ in
the development of formalised expertise. Analysis of exchanges
within supervision meetings encourages the consideration of care
as a relational structure linked to practices of curiosity and the
sharing of tacit knowledge. We argue that although institutional
pressures may continue to reshape doctoral candidatures in the
neoliberal university, supervision meetings offer important sites for
developing doctoral candidates’ intellectual self-trust, including
through the expression of curiosity by their supervisors.
the limits of difference among citizens under late liberal government in remote Australia.
Journal Articles by Liam Grealy
are sweltering, and the settler state’s infrastructural gestures remain partial and inadequate (Weszkalnys 2017).
ratings, in Japan. It describes historical precedents for Eirin, the agency
responsible for film classification in Japan, and key moments in Eirin’s organisational formation and reform. Drawing on multi-sited archival research and interviews with Eirin staff, the article recognises the importance of the US Production Code Authority as a model for Eirin’s formation during the United States’ occupation of Japan, but also argues against understanding age ratings in Japan as just another American import. By tracing earlier domestic precedents and by highlighting similar controversies overseas, the article considers
the crucial role of both state and non-state actors, as well as international models and markets, in reforming film governance for youth spectators in Japan. Two exemplary scandals involving the Zigomar films in the early 1910s and the taiyozoku (sun tribe) films in the mid-1950s demonstrate lasting concerns over youth that Eirin seeks to address. The article describes the redevelopment of the classification system in the late 1950s that underpinned an enduring form of now internationally-recognised regulation.
away from previous efforts to construct typologies, and towards
‘dialogic’ models that emphasise iterative feedback processes
between students and supervisors in situ , this article examines
how the curiosity of the supervisor expressed in supervision meetings
can both model a relationship to scholarship and collegiality
and support the development of confidence and self-trust in the
doctoral candidate. Drawing on a qualitative study of videorecorded
supervision meetings across multiple Australian universities,
this article examines the entanglements of scholarly discourse,
interpersonal conviviality, and curiosity within supervision relationships.
To understand this, we adopt a ‘post-critical’ approach to
doctoral training and borrow the concept of ‘tacit knowledge’ to
consider the role of trust, conviviality, and informal ‘know-how’ in
the development of formalised expertise. Analysis of exchanges
within supervision meetings encourages the consideration of care
as a relational structure linked to practices of curiosity and the
sharing of tacit knowledge. We argue that although institutional
pressures may continue to reshape doctoral candidatures in the
neoliberal university, supervision meetings offer important sites for
developing doctoral candidates’ intellectual self-trust, including
through the expression of curiosity by their supervisors.
the limits of difference among citizens under late liberal government in remote Australia.
are sweltering, and the settler state’s infrastructural gestures remain partial and inadequate (Weszkalnys 2017).
ratings, in Japan. It describes historical precedents for Eirin, the agency
responsible for film classification in Japan, and key moments in Eirin’s organisational formation and reform. Drawing on multi-sited archival research and interviews with Eirin staff, the article recognises the importance of the US Production Code Authority as a model for Eirin’s formation during the United States’ occupation of Japan, but also argues against understanding age ratings in Japan as just another American import. By tracing earlier domestic precedents and by highlighting similar controversies overseas, the article considers
the crucial role of both state and non-state actors, as well as international models and markets, in reforming film governance for youth spectators in Japan. Two exemplary scandals involving the Zigomar films in the early 1910s and the taiyozoku (sun tribe) films in the mid-1950s demonstrate lasting concerns over youth that Eirin seeks to address. The article describes the redevelopment of the classification system in the late 1950s that underpinned an enduring form of now internationally-recognised regulation.
http://brightlightsfilm.com/challenging-censor-interview-indian-political-documentarian-rakesh-sharma/#.WESmqndh2Rs
Established to ease the economic burden of the coronavirus pandemic, and with a Northern Territory (NT) election scheduled for August, the HIS aims to support the construction industry by subsidising residential housing upgrades. By using the HIS, the public are “helping save a Territorian’s job,” Treasurer Nicole Manison said.
This is a lift-out that was included in The New Orleans Advocate newspaper in December 2019.
Located at the University of Sydney, the Incubator is funded by the Henry Halloran Trust, the University of Sydney Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, the University of Sydney Medical School, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, and
The Fred Hollows Foundation. This Issues Paper describes the political and policy context in which the Incubator has been established and outlines its planned program of research.
Available here: https://blogs.crikey.com.au/northern/2019/05/31/are-there-legal-protections-for-drinking-water-in-the-northern-territory/
We asked participants to map the drinking water system where they were born, live now, or work. We are grateful to everyone who sat down to draw with us, and our collective efforts follow.
This paper uses the notions of mobility and documentation to consider the aims and effects of these governmental practices in three sections. First, I will provide an overview of contemporary practices in terms of their legal and social significance and in relation to justifications by the state that both cite race and seek to make it irrelevant. Second, I will situate practices of ‘being moved (on)’ (Lea et al. 2012) in Australian histories of regulating public space, in particular relating to public alcohol consumption. Finally, I want to consider ‘paperlessness’ as a technique of governance, in relation to both surveillance studies claims about the proliferation of individual data and the particular status of indigenous people subject to state surveillance regimes.
The cliché frequently uttered that ‘there are no academic jobs anymore’ is both pedagogically significant and, like all clichés, provides the opening for debate (Morris 2013): about its empirical truth and about the most ethical ways to proceed in HDR supervision. This paper considers the tacit pedagogies through which doctoral candidates learn about academic labour, in particular examining gossip as a form of minor speech. Drawing on a pragmatist understanding of truth as that which binds us together and directs or inspires our conduct, I am interested in the common sense that underpins the academic habitus in HDR supervision. This is a common sense both explicitly and tacitly developed, which orients doctoral candidates’ positions on academic futures.
Here we will primarily focus on the emergence of media classification in Japan. Though there are pre-WWII precedents for Japanese film classification, Japan’s film rating authority, Eirin, was established under U.S. occupation in 1949. At the time, the U.S. itself maintained a simpler permit system. This paper seeks to trace the emergence of this classification regime, with attention paid to the specificity of the occupation situation and to what ideas about childhood and/or youth might be apparent in the formation and transformation of this system. We will use this paper to begin outlining changes in Japanese media classification and the ways they are usually related to the emergence of new film genres and other media technologies in the years following the occupation. In the history of media classification Japan is an important case for examining both the significance of international relations to these systems and the emergence of new media technologies in organising governmental approaches to the protection and education of young people.
In particular, I am interested in the way that ‘common sense’ is cited as the grounds for such interventions or when their legitimacy is called into question. Taking the examples related to the surveillance of young people’s sex above, this paper considers the relevance of common sense as a trope related to governmental thinking about young people and for cultural studies generally. Despite a tendency to emphasise conflict and difference over sameness, cultural studies has a history of relevant concepts here, in structures of feeling, common culture, and hegemony. I am interested, specifically, in the usefulness of ‘common sense’ as a way to both justify and understand governmental approaches to young people. What common concepts structure culture and our experience of social relations, and what implications might this have for cultural studies engagement with law and government? What is the common sense that underpins governmental interventions for youth in relation to sex and what significance might this have for youth studies researchers?
This collection foregrounds this broader understanding of pedagogy by framing enquiry through a series of questions and across a range of settings. How, for example, are the processes of ‘teaching’ and ‘learning’ realised within and across the pedagogic processes specific to various social sites? What ensembles of people, things and practices are brought together in specific institutional and everyday settings to accomplish these processes?
This collection brings together researchers whose work across the interdisciplinary nexus of cultural studies, sociology, media studies, education and museology offers significant insights into these ‘cultural pedagogies’ – the practices and relations through which cumulative changes in how we act, feel and think occur. Cultural Pedagogies and Human Conduct opens up debate across disciplines, theoretical perspectives and empirical foci to explore both what is pedagogical about culture and what is cultural about pedagogy.